Minuscule 2427
New Testament manuscript | |
Text | Gospel of Mark |
---|---|
Date | alleged 13th, 19th |
Script | Greek |
Now at | University of Chicago Library |
Size | 11.5 x 8.5 cm |
Type | Alexandrian text-type |
Category | I |
Codex 2427 (in the
The codex is written in a tiny
The codex 2427 was found among the possessions of John Askitopoulos, an Athenian collector and dealer of antiquities, after his death in 1917. In 1937 the manuscript was sent to the University of Chicago Library, where it still resides (Ms. 972).[3]
Illustrations are very similar to those from
Archaic Mark
The text has some omissions (Mark 7:2-5, 8:11b, 13:28b-29, 10:29 is shorter). All these omissions have parallels in other Gospels, and for some scholars they look like non-interpolations, although they are not supported by any other manuscript.
Words before the bracket are the reading of NA27, words after the bracket are the reading of the codex
- Mark 1:3 Ησαια ] Ισαια
- Mark 1:14 Γαλιλαιαν ] Γαλλιλαιαν
- Mark 1:44 Μωυσης ] Μωησης
- Mark 2:7 ει μη ] ει μι
- Mark 2:22 οινον ωεον ] οινον παλαιον
- Mark 2:25 Δαυιδ ] Δαυειδ
- Mark 2:26 ιερεις ] αρχιερεις
- Mark 3:17 Βοανεργες ] Βουανηργες
- Mark 3:18 και Βαρθολομαιον ] brak
- Mark 3:32 και οι αδελφοι σου και αι αδελφοι σου εξω ζητουσιν σε ] omitted
- Mark 5:1 εις το περαν της θαλασσης ] omitted
- Mark 6:2 και γενομενου σαββατου ηρξατο διδασκειν εν τη συναγωγη ] omitted
- Mark 7:2-5 τους αρτους – οι γαρ Φαρισαιοι… – και επερωτωσιν ] τους αρτους και επερωτωσιν
- Mark 7:22 ασελγεια ] ασελγια
- Mark 8:11 συζητειν αυτω, ζητουντες παρ’ αυτου σημειον απο του ουρανου, πειραζοντες ] συζητειν αυτω πειραζοντες
- Mark 8:12 αμην λεγω υμιν, ει δοθησεται τη γενεα ταυτη σημειον ] omitted
- Mark 9:33 ηλθον ] ηλθαν
- Mark 9:43 εις την ζωην ] εν τη ζωη
- Μark 10:22 ην γαρ εχων κτηματα πολλα ] ην γαρ πλουσιος
- Mark 10:29 ος αφηκεν οικιαν… … και αγρους μετα διωγμων ] ος αφηκεν οικιαν η αδελφους η αδελφας η μητερα η πατηρα η αγρους μετα διωγμων
- Mark 11:28 η τις σοι ] και τις σοι
- Mark 13:28b-29 οτι εγγυς το θερος, εστιν ουτως και υμεις οταν ιδητε ταυτα γινομενα γινωσκετε οτι εγγυς εστιν επι θυραις ] οτι το θερος εγγυς εστιν επι θυραις
- Mark 14:72 και αναμνησθη ο Πετρος το ρημα ] – omitted[5]
The Greek text of the codex was a leading representative of the
Forgery
The manuscript found some early critics upon arriving in Chicago. Robert P. Casey "voiced his suspicion in 1947".[8] In 1988 Mary V. Orna found that one of the illustrations contained Prussian blue (KFe[Fe(CN)6]), produced since 1704 only.[9] This did not resolve the question of authenticity, however, as it was "conceivable that the illuminations could have been retouched in a naïve attempt at restoration."[10]
In early 2006 the
Furthermore, microscopic, chemical and codicological testing eventually proved in 2009 that the manuscript had been made in 1874 at the earliest.[14]
What made the text a forgery was that it was carefully manufactured in the style of a medieval codex, when it was in fact a very recent creation, no older than the late 19th century. What originally made scholars so suspicious was that it was textually the closest known manuscript – in fact, virtually identical – to Codex Vaticanus, but of a much later date. Furthermore, Greek codices of a single gospel are extremely unusual, further contributing to the suspicion that it was made as a souvenir.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
References
- ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 4.
- ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 5.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
- ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), p. 13.
- ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), ss. 19-35.
- ^ E.C. Colwell, An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark, The Emory University, Quarterly 1 (1945), pp. 65-75; E.C. Colwell, Some Unusual Abbreviations in ms. 2427, Studia evangelica, ed. K. Aland, F.L. Cross, T & U 73, Berlin 1959, pp. 778-779.
- ^ M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), pp. 1-35.
- ^ Stephen C. Carlson, "Archaic Mark" (MS 2427) and the Finding of a Manuscript Fake (2006).
- ^ Mary V. Orna, Applications of Infrared Microspectroscopy to Art Historical Questions about Medieval Manuscripts, Archaeological Chemistry, 4 (1988), pp. 270-288.
- ^ a b Carlson 2006a
- ^ Mitchell and Duncan 2006
- ^ Novum Testamentum Graece, ed. Ph. Buttman, 5th edition, (Leipzig 1878)
- ^ Stephen C. Carlson, The Nineteenth-Century Exemplar of “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427), SBL 2006.
- ^ “Chicago’s ‘Archaic Mark’ (ms 2427) II: Microscopic, Chemical and Codicological Analysis Confirms Modern Production” (with Joseph G. Barabe and Abigail B. Quandt). Novum Testamentum 52 (2010) 101-33.
Further reading
- Stephen C. Carlson, The Nineteenth-Century Exemplar of “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427), SBL 2006.
- E. C. Colwell, An Ancient Text of the Gospel of Mark, The Emory University, Quarterly 1 (1945), pp. 65–75.
- M. M. Mitchell, P. A. Duncan, Chicago’s “Archaic Mark” (MS 2427): A Reintroduction to its Enigmas and a Fresh Collation of its Readings, Novum Testamentum, XLVIII, 1 (2006), pp. 1–35.
- Mitchell, M.M.; Barabe, Joseph G.; Quandt, Abigail B. (2010). "Chicago's "Archaic Mark" (ms 2427) II Microscopic, Chemical and Codicological Analyses Confirm Modern Production". Novum Testamentum. LII: 101–133.
External links
- Willker, Wieland (2010) [2006], Manuscript 2427: A fake (PDF), Bremen, Germany: Author, retrieved 11 December 2023
- Ancient Book of Mark Found Not So Ancient After All, ScienceDaily
- Images of the Minuscule 2427 at the Goodspeed Manuscript Collection