Mithril

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This article is about the metal in Tolkien's mythos. For other uses, see Mithril (disambiguation).

Mithril is a fictional metal found in

Third Age
it was beyond price, and only a few artefacts made of it remained in use.

Impenetrable armour occurs in Norse mythology in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks, a story that Tolkien certainly knew and could have used for his mithril mail-coat. Mithril is the only invented mineral in his Middle-earth writings. Chemists note mithril's remarkable properties, strong and light like titanium, perhaps when made into alloys with elements such as titanium or nickel, and in its pure form malleable like gold.

The scholar

dwarf-women
.

The metal appears in many derivative fantasy works by later authors.

Tolkien

Etymology

The name mithril comes from two words in Tolkien's Sindarin language—mith, meaning "grey", and ril, meaning "glitter".[T 1] The Dwarves kept their own name for the material secret.[T 1]

Properties

In The Hobbit, Thorin Oakenshield described some Dwarven treasures as "coats of mail gilded and silvered and impenetrable" and "a coat of dwarf-linked rings the like of which had never been made before, for it was wrought of pure silver to the power and strength of triple steel."[T 2] A little later the narrator describes "a small coat of mail, wrought for some young elf-prince long ago. It was of silver-steel which the elves call mithril".[T 3][1]

In

Moria
:

Mithril! All folk desired it. It could be beaten like

Dwarves could make of it a metal, light and yet harder than tempered steel. Its beauty was like to that of common silver, but the beauty of mithril did not tarnish or grow dim.[T 1]

The

West Gate of Moria bore inlaid ithildin designs and runes.[T 1]

Abundance

Further information: Economy of Middle-earth

In Tolkien's

Khazad-dûm. Once the Balrog destroyed Khazad-dûm, the kingdom of the Dwarves in Moria, the only source of new mithril ore was cut off. Before Moria was abandoned by the Dwarves, while it was still being actively mined, mithril was worth ten times its weight in gold.[T 1] After the Dwarves abandoned Moria and production of new mithril stopped entirely, it became priceless.[T 1]

Tolkien hints that mithril was found in the lost island kingdom of

Aman.[T 5]

The mithril-coat

The principal item made of mithril in the works of Tolkien is the "small coat of

mail shirt given to Bilbo Baggins is described as being made of "silvered steel".[T 6]

Also there is this!" said Bilbo, bringing out a parcel which seemed to be rather heavy for its size. He unwound several folds of old cloth, and held up a small shirt of mail. It was close-woven of many rings, as supple almost as linen, cold as ice, and harder than steel. It shone like moonlit silver, and was studded with white gems.[T 1]

Bilbo wore the mithril shirt during the Battle of the Five Armies.

Anduin.[T 1][T 7]

When

Barad-dûr.[T 10][2][3] Gandalf took the shirt and other tokens, but refused any offer of parley.[T 10]

At the end of the story, Frodo wore the shirt at the celebrations and on the trip home. The shirt saved his life one last time when Saruman, who had taken over the Shire, tried to stab Frodo after Frodo spared his life.[T 11] When he left to sail to Elvenhome, he gave all his possessions to Sam.[T 12]

Other objects

Artist's impression of the standard of the kings of Gondor, with a crown made of mithril and gold.

Nenya, the Ring of Power wielded by Galadriel, was made of mithril.[T 12]

The guards of the citadel of Minas Tirith wore helmets of mithril, "heirlooms from the glory of old days". They were the only soldiers in Gondor who still bore the emblems of the lost kings during the days of the stewards.[T 13]

As Aragorn's ships sailed up the

Anduin to relieve the besieged Minas Tirith during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the standard flying on his ship showed a crown made of mithril and gold.[T 14]

After

Aglarond, he and his Dwarves forged great gates of mithril and steel to replace the gates of Minas Tirith, which had been broken by the Witch-king of Angmar.[T 15]

The Elendilmir, the Star of Arnor, was a "white star of Elvish crystal upon a

Orthanc when the Ents returned the tower to King Aragorn, evidence that Saruman had found and apparently destroyed Isildur's remains.[T 4][4]

Greatest of all, according to legend, was the ship of

Eärendil, Vingilótë, which he sailed into the sky, making the gleam of truesilver visible to the world as the Evening and Morning Star. The "Song of Eärendil", written by Bilbo and Aragorn, contains the lines "A ship then new they built for him / of mithril and of elven-glass".[T 5] The linguist of Elvish languages Anthony Appleyard wrote that this machine, with "no shaven oar nor sail", was evidently of an advanced technology, "sound[ing] suspiciously like most people's image of a spaceship."[5]

Analysis

Origins

Norse culture contains myths of impenetrable armour, such as the shirt made by elves and used in battle by Örvar-Oddr (Ørvar Odd),[6] as related in the Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks.[7] The saga was translated by Christopher Tolkien, with a commentary, and his father was certainly familiar with the text.[8][9]

The myth of the impenetrable mail-coat
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks[7] Prose translation
Oddr svarar: "ek vil berjask við Angantýr, hann mun gefa stór högg með Tyrfingi, en ek trúi betr skyrtu minni, enn brynju þinni, til hlífðar" Oddr answers: "I want to fight Angantýr, he will deliver a mighty blow with [his magic sword] Tyrfing, but I trust my shirt better than your armour for protection"
Kimberley Diamond Mine in South Africa, 1885. Tolkien was born near deep mines, and may have chosen to use them in his fiction.[10]

The mining executive Danièle Barberis notes that Tolkien was born in

a busy mining region. She writes that it is "impossible ... not to make parallels" between Tolkien's descriptions of the deep mines of Moria and the exceptional depth of South African mines, some as much as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep.[10]

Metallurgy

The chemist Suze Kundu describes mithril as a metal, a pure chemical element with "a range of amazing chemical and physical properties" not matched by any real metal, and many applications. Of those that approach it, titanium is light (has a low density) and strong, but it is not malleable (able to be beaten into shape) like mithril. In Kundu's view the nearest material would be a stainless steel alloy of iron with enough nano-scale carbon to make it hard.[11]

The metallurgist James Owen suggests that Mithril could be "an fcc [

body-centred cubic]" metal like titanium".[12] Owen comments that it could form "strong, stiff, tough alloys" with those elements, suitable for "light sword blades and armour", or used as the pure element, when "it would be soft and malleable" like copper or gold.[12] The geologist William Sarjeant, however, notes that mithril crystallises out "at so high a temperature that it is only found in veins at great depths", and proposes that it may be a native alloy of platinum with another metal, which might be palladium.[13]

Significance

The scholar of English literature

caves at Helm's Deep or the mines of Moria, "beauty and terror [were] side by side".[14] Greed for mithril could unleash the terror of the Balrog, by digging too far down into the dark realm, but at the same time, he writes, the metal was prized for both its beauty and its usefulness, yielding the best armour. He compares the Dwarves' greed for mithril with that of the Barrow-wights for treasure, and indeed that of the dragons in The Hobbit and Beowulf for gold. In his view, these symbolise the evil "inherent in the mineral treasures hidden in the womb of Earth",[14] just as mining and metalwork are associated with Satan in John Milton's Paradise Lost (I, 670–751). Huttar sums up with a reflection on Tolkien's moral vision in the story: just as the characters at every point have to decide for good or ill, so objects have the potential to be both good and evil: "Mithril is both the greatest of treasures and a deadly bane."[14]

The Tolkien critic

dwarf-women and love beauty with a "jealous possessiveness", or (quoting Tolkien) "being engrossed in their crafts".[15]

The name "mithril" (also spelt mith, mithral, or mythril) is used in multiple

fictional contexts influenced by Tolkien.[16] For example, the Final Fantasy game series, begun in 1987, involves dwarves and mithril.[17]

References

Primary

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 4 "A Journey in the Dark"
  2. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 12 "Inside Information"
  3. ^ Tolkien 1937, ch. 13 "Not At Home" (mention of mithril from 1966 edition onwards)
  4. ^ a b c Tolkien 1980, part 3, ch. 1 "The Disaster of the Gladden Fields
  5. ^ a b Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 1 "Many Meetings"
  6. ^ a b c d Tolkien 1937 ch. 13 "Not at Home"
  7. ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 9 "The Great River"
  8. ^ Tolkien 1954, book 4, ch. 10, "The Choices of Master Samwise"
  9. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 1, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"
  10. ^ a b Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 10 "The Black Gate Opens"
  11. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 8 "The Scouring of the Shire"
  12. ^ a b Tolkien 1955, book 6, ch. 9 "The Grey Havens"
  13. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 2 "The Passing of the Grey Company"
  14. ^ Tolkien 1955, book 5, ch. 6 "The Battle of the Pelennor Fields"
  15. ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A, part 3.

Secondary

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-726647-0
    .
  2. ISBN 0-1400-3877-9
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-7864-8473-7
    .
  4. ^ Libran Moreno 2013, pp. 146–147.
  5. JSTOR 45321694
    .
  6. ISBN 978-3-030-48133-9
    .
  7. ^ a b Thorarensen, G. (trans.) (1847). Petersen, N. M. (ed.). Hervarar Saga (in Old Norse). Det Nordiske Literatur-Samfund. p. 10.
  8. ISSN 1547-3163
    .
  9. doi:10.1353/tks.2011.0009 – via Project Muse
    .
  10. ^
    doi:10.1080/14041040500504392
    .
  11. doi:10.1515/ci-2019-0411
    .
  12. ^ a b Owen, James (January 1994). "Metallurgy in the Third Age" (PDF). Other Hands (4): 19–21.
  13. ^ Sarjeant, William Antony Swithin (1996). "The Geology of Middle-earth". Mythlore. 21 (2): 334–339. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-0875483030
    .
  15. ISBN 0140038779
    .
  16. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original
    on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  17. ^ Sakaguchi, Hironobu; Sakakibara, Moto (2006). Final Fantasy. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. p. 143. Sakaguchi borrowed heavily from the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien, especially The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings. His game also featured elves, dwarves, and mithril, a mythical blend of steel and silver.

Sources

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