Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari

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Twelver
Manuscript of "Zakhirat al-Ma'ad fi Sharh al-Ershad", First Chapter, "Kitab al-Taharah" by Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, 1641

Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari (

Faqih and Shiite scholar from the 11th century AH, Shaykh al-Islām and the Imam of Friday Prayer of Isfahan.[1]

Mohaghegh Sabzevari was born in

Islamic jurist, theologian and sage. He had a friendly relationship with Mullah Mohsen Fayz Kashani. In rational sciences he was one of the students of Mir Fendereski and in traditional sciences he was one of the students of Mullah Hassan Ali Shoushtari[2] and some other great masters of the time.[3]

Life

Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari was born in the village of

Razavi Khorasan Province in 1608 and is the son of Mohammad Mo'men al-Sharif al-Sabzevari (died around 1619). During the reign of Shah Abbas I, after the death of his father, he went to Isfahan with his family to continue his education.[4] After a while, he became one of the leading scholars of his time, so that at the request of Shah Abbas II, he became the Imam of Friday Prayer of Shah Mosque and Shaykh al-Islām of Isfahan. He was also appointed director of Molla Abdollah School.[5][6]

He was brought up in the philosophical school of jurisprudence of Isfahan, which was both a school of jurisprudence and a philosophical. He had a close relationship and friendship with Khalifeh Soltan (Prime Minister of Shah Abbas the Great, Shah Safi I and Shah Abbas II), Mullah Mohsen Fayz Kashani, Agha Hossein Khansari (her sister husband) and Seyyed Abdol Hossein Khatoonabadi,[7] the famous 11th century AH writer and historian.[8]

His masters

Friday prayers in Persian
by Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari

Mohaghegh Sabzevari has used famous professors during his studies. Some of his masters have been outstanding in his time:

Among his professors in traditional sciences are the following:

Among his professors in the rational sciences are the following:

  • Mir Fendereski (Mir Hosseini, 1562–1640), famous sage of the 11th century AH[14]
  • Qazi Moez al-Din Hossein[15]

Mohaghegh Sabzevari has been allowed "the narration to preserve and transmit the

Baha' al-din al-'Amili, who were great scholars:[12]

His other professors include:[18]

  • Sheikh Ahmad Bohrani
  • Sheikh Hossein Moqerri Ameli
  • Mola Heydar ibn Mohammad Khansari Esfahani

Works

The reputation of the books "Zakhirat al-Ma'ad fi Sharhe al-Ershad" and "Kefayat al-Ahkam" has caused that in the books of

rijal and Islamic jurisprudence
, Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari has been introduced as "the owner of the Zakhirat and Kefayat":

Seyyed Mosleh al-Din Mahdavi[39] has quoted forty books and treatises by Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari in 1992, citing references, and has pointed out that Sazevari's other books may have been found by studying reference books and the list of libraries:[40]

  • Khalafiah (
    Arabic: خلافیة, English meaning: Controversial issues): It is written in Persian for Abbas the Great on worship subject.[41]
  • Resaleh ee dar Tahlile Ghina' dar Quran (Persian: رساله‌ای در تحلیل غناء در قرآن, English meaning: A treatise on the analysis of Ghina' in the Quran)[42]
  • Resaleh ee dar Fiqh (Persian: رساله‌ای در فقه, English meaning: A treatise on jurisprudence): Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari has written this treatise for Abbas II of Persia and it includes all the chapters of Islamic jurisprudence.
  • Resaleh Amalieh (Persian: رساله عملیه, English meaning: Practical treatise): Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari wrote this book for his followers and compiled it at the request of Mirza Mahdi ibn Mirza Reza Hosseini Khorasani in 1670.[43]
  • Hashieh ala Sharh al-Isharat (
    Arabic: حاشیة علی شرح الاشارات, English meaning: Footnotes on Sharh al-Isharat): This book contains some footnotes on the description of the book Sharh al-Isharat of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the compilation of which has been completed on 27 May 1665.[44]
  • Mafatih al-Nejat Abbasi (
    Arabic: مفاتیح النجاة عباسی, English meaning: The keys of salvation for Abbasi): This book contains the famous and narrated prayers of The Fourteen Infallibles, and consists of an introduction - which is about virtue, etiquette, and the time for prayers to be answered - and 27 chapters. Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari wrote this compilation at the request of Abbas II of Persia and completed it on 28 September 1646.[45]
  • Sharhe Hadise Berr al-Valedayn (
    Arabic: شرح حدیث برّ الوالدّین, English meaning: Explanation of the hadith of righteousness with the parents): Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari wrote this work in his own handwriting during his trip to the Masjid al-Haram for the collection of Sheikh Shams al-Din Hussein ibn Muhammad Shirazi. The date of writing of this work is September 1652.[46]
  • Ekhtiarat Ayyaam (Persian: اختیارات ایام, English meaning: Options of the day): This work is a research on the blessed and blest days and the unfortunate days of the ancient Islamic, Roman and Persian months, which is written in an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, and each of them contains several articles and topics.
  • Sharh Zubdat al-Usūl (
    Baha' al-din al-'Amili.[47]
  • Al-Radd ala Resalah Shobhat al-Estelzam (
    Mohaghegh Khansari 's criticisms of Sabzevari's dissertation on the suspicion of obligation.[49]
"Rozat al-Anvar Abbasi" written by Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari at the request of Abbas II of Persia in 1663.

Careers

Suleiman of Persia's coronation ceremony on 24 March 1668 by Shaykh al-Islām of Isfahan
.

"Mohammad Bagher Khorasani (Sabzevari), who was the Shaykh al-Islam of the capital, performed the secondary coronation ceremony of Shah Suleiman, the change of name from Safi to Suleiman, and the sermon of the sitting in the Chehel Sotoun Hall on the 24 March 1668. At the end of the special coronation ceremony under his supervision, Mohammad Bagher Khorasani prayed and at the end of the sermon he raised his voice and called the king with the new name of Suleiman. And after hearing this name, everyone said, God willing, and after the orator recited the sermon as eloquently as possible, each of the audience stood up, kissed the king's foot, and returned to their place."[64]

— Jean Chardin, Description of the coronation of Shah Suleiman Safavid and the events of two years later
  • Imam of Friday Prayer at the Shah Mosque, Isfahan: There is no exact information about the exact date of appointing of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari as the Friday Imamate of the Abbasi Grand Mosque (Shah Mosque). Apparently, his Imamate began after the year 1661, that is, after the death of Allama Majlesi I, and continued until the year of his death, 1679.[65]
  • Trusteeship of Molla Abdollah School in Isfahan: Molla Abdollah School is one of the most important religious schools in Isfahan. It was built in Isfahan by the order of Shah Abbas I as a place of teaching for Abdullah Shoushtari, one of the great scholars of the Safavid period.[66] After the death of Abdullah Shoushtari (1612), the tutelage of the school was entrusted to his son, Mullah Hassan Ali. In this case it is stated: "Shah Abbas has dedicated the school on the condition that its teaching belongs to the descendants of Mullah Abdullah Shoushtari.".[67] However, during the chancellor of Khalifeh Soltan, on the occasion, the tutelage was removed from him and handed over to Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, and after that its tutelage remained in the family of Sabzevari.[68][69][70]
  • Revival of Bagherieh school in
    Shah Suleiman of the Safavid dynasty. Some historians believe that the school was founded before this date and then in 1672 by the efforts of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari and by allocating some property, books and stuffs as a Waqf to the school, its building has been restored.[71] For this reason, due to Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari presence and teaching at the school, it is known as "Mullah Mohammad Bagher school" and later as the "Bagherieh school".[72][73]

Contemporaries

Abbas II of Persia decree for the salary of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, 21 May 1658.

Mohaghegh Sabzevari was a contemporary of four kings of the

Suleiman of Persia
(Safi II). His contemporary kings are:

Mohaghegh Sabzevari during the reign of Abbas II of Persia and his prime minister Khalifeh Soltan, was in full honor and respect and was taken care of by them. Shah Abbas II, in order to guarantee the benefits of Mohaghegh Sabzevari, set an amount of fifty tomans as an annual allowance, the original document of which is available in the British Library.[74] The full text of the decree is as follows:

I, King of Land of Abbas
It has been approved that the minister and the accountant of the government of Isfahan, from the first quarter of the coming decade, amount of fifty Tabrizi Tomans annually from the funds and products of the mentioned government, in terms of duty and protection of virtue and perfection of the scholar of the time and aware of the facts, our Lord Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, pay to him, destined to hand over from year to year from the righteous funds and incomes of the government. He is scheduled to recycle the written salary and not to ask for a new figure every year. Written in 21 May 1658.[75][76][77]

His disciples

The letter containing a permission to narrate hadiths issued by Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari for Seyyed Mohammad Moghim ibn Mohammad Bagher Isfahani in 1673.

Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari was proficient in most of the Islamic sciences of his time. Hence, many students have participated in his field of study and have used his scientific lectures. Some of his students achieved a high degree of science, some of which are mentioned here:

Seyyed Mosleh al-Din Mahdavi has named 36 students of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari and has given explanations for each of them.[95]

In the eyes of others

Some of his contemporary

jurists
and elders have mentioned Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari in their books and praised him for his knowledge, wisdom and comprehensiveness in sciences, which include:

  • Al-Hurr al-Amili writes about him: Our lord "Mohammad Bagher ibn Mohammad Mo'men Khorasani Sabzevari", genius scientist, researcher, theologian, sage, jurist and a valuable narrator.[96][97]
  • Mohammad Taher Nasrabadi Esfahani, writes in his book "Tazkereh al-Shoara" (
    Arabic: تذکره الشعرا) (p. 151): Our lord "Mohammad Bagher" is one of the believer from Sabzevar. The mystic of the teachings of certainty and the discoverer of the sciences of religion, he is the pioneer of the knowledge of the scholars and the leader of all of the virtuous.[96]
  • supreme leader of Iran, in several of speeches, he referred to the high science position of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari.[98][99]

Critics

Sheikh Ali Sibt Shahid Dovvom is one of his contemporary scholars and authors. He written a treatise against Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, which is the subject of his objections and criticisms as follow:[100]

His children

The position of Shaykh al-Islam

After the death of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, for more than 50 years, a number of clerics were appointed as Shaykh al-Islām of Isfahan (kind of religious leader). At the beginning of Nader Shah's rule and his coming to power, two spiritual positions, namely Imam of Congregational Prayer and Shaykh al-Islam, were in the monopoly of the descendants of Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi. Some advisers told Nader Shah that the two positions, which have power, influence and importance among the masses, should not be concentrated in one place where they can oppose the government whenever they want. Because Nader Shah was thinking of gaining absolute power, and had previously opposed the rise of Shiite Ulama to power, and had killed some of them under the some pretexts, he decided to separate and appoint two men to lead the congregation and Shaykh al-Islam.[121] Nader Shah, knowing the records of Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari, who was one of the scholars who agreed with him and favored him, consulted with him, and he replied that "the position of Imam of Friday Prayer was in the family of Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi and our ancestor Mohaghegh Sabzevari has already been Shaykh al-Islam". Nader Shah accepted this statement and appointed Mirza Mohammad Rahim as the judge of Isfahan and then Shaykh al-Islam of this city.[122] After that, the position of Shaykh al-Islam in Isfahan remained in the monopoly of the descendants of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, which included:[123]

  • Mirza Mohammad Rahim (died 1767), the son of Mohammad Jafar Sabzevari son of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari. He was one of the great scholars and clerics who was highly esteemed by the rulers and elders of the government and Nader Shah. Nader Shah appointed him as the judge and then Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan in 1741. Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari held this position until his death during the reign of Karim Khan Zand.
  • Mirza Morteza Shaykh al-Islam (died 1811), the son of Mirza Abdol Mottalleb son of Mirza Mohammad Rahim Sabzevari. He was a genius researchist and one of the famous scholars of Isfahan. Mirza Morteza's father (Mirza Abdol Mottalleb Sabzevari) died in 1747 during the life of his grandfather. His uncle (Mirza Abdollah Sabzevari) died in 1762 during the life of his grandfather too. Therefore, after the death of his grandfather (Mirza Mohammad Rahim) in 1767, Mirza Morteza became the Shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan during the reign of Karim Khan Zand.
  • Mirza Mohammad Rahim II (died 1833) was one of the scholars of Isfahan. Among his students, can be mentioned Mohammad Bagher Sharif Isfahani son of Mohammad Taghi Sharif Razavi Qomi, the author of "Noor Al-Oyoun" (
    Arabic: نورالعیون). Mirza Mohammad Rahim II reached the position of Shaykh al-Islam after the death of his father (Mirza Morteza) in 1811 during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
    .
  • Mirza Abdollah Shaykh al-Islam (died after 1871) was one of the great and influential scholars of Isfahan. In the revolt of the people of Isfahan against Khosrow Khan Gorji, the tyrant of Isfahan, he went to Mohammad Shah Qajar in Tehran to complain about the ruler and support the people, and he was respected and honored. A decree was issued on behalf of the king, in which he ordered Khosrow Khan Gorji to carry out the orders of Shaykh al-Islam Mirza Abdollah. Mirza Abdollah became the Shaykh al-Islam after the death of his father (Mirza Mohammad Rahim II) in 1833.
  • Mirza Mohammad Rahim III (died 1889) was one of the famous and influential scholars of Isfahan and gained knowledge in this city from the service of prominent scholars and mujtahids. Among his professors, can be mentioned Haj Mohammad Jafar Abadeh Ee, Mullah Hossein Ali Tuyserkani, Agha Seyyed Mohammad Shahshahani and Sheikh Mohammad Bagher Masjed Shahi. Mirza Mohammad Rahim III after the death of his father (Mirza Abdollah II) and after the year 1871, during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and the governor of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan, reached the position of Shaykh al-Islam.
  • Haj Mirza Mohammad Hassan (died 1892), in the service of the great scholars of Isfahan, such as Haj Sheikh Mohammad Taghi Masjed Shahi and others, he used to reach high positions of knowledge, grace and perfection. After the death of his father (son of Mirza Rahim III) in 1888, during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and the governor of Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan in Isfahan, he became Shaykh al-Islam.
  • Haj Mirza Ali Akbar Shaykh al-Islam (1867-1931) was a political and social activist during the constitutional movement in Isfahan. He held various positions, including the mayor of Isfahan and the representative of Isfahan in the fourth term of the National Assembly. Mirza Ali Akbar After the death of his brother (Mirza Mohammad Hassan) in 1892, became the Shaykh al-Islam in Isfahan.

His grandchildren

Residence of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari (Sheykh ol-Eslam's House in Isfahan).

Sheykh ol-Eslam's House

The residence of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari

Shah Suleiman of the Safavid dynasty (and probably Shah Abbas II),[135][136] Allamah Mohsen Fayz Kashani asked Mullah Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari to live in Isfahan and take the position of Shaykh al-Islām of this city. In the "Seeneh Payeeni" neighborhood near "Homayoun Garden (Bab Homayoun)", there was a royal garden that the Shah entrusted to Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari and ordered the construction of a magnificent mansion in the style of Chehel Sotoun. This building was the residence of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari and his wife Sarv Ghad Khanom (one of the daughters of the Safavid court) and the court part of the main building became the center of justice and the religious rule of the country, especially the capital affairs.[137] Six generations of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari descendants, held the position of Shaykh al-Islām of Isfahan[123]
and the last of them was Haj Mirza Ali Akbar Shaykh al-Islam who lived in this house.

Endowments

Bagherieh School (or Sameeieh School) in Mashhad, teaching place of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari (1672).

Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari, after the repairs of Bagherieh School in

Twelver community, at the discretion of the trustee) and 0.6 for lighting and cleaning and salaries of clergies and servants.[73][138]

James Baillie Fraser, a Scottish travel writer, who came to Iran around 1825, mentions this school as an organized school with eighty to ninety students.[139]

Nowruz Ali Fazel Bastami, the author of "Ferdows al-Tawarikh" (

Arabic: فردوس‌التواریخ) in 1884, considers this school unique in the eyes of teachers, agents and students who are engaged in teaching and learning day and night.[140]

After the incident of

Imam Reza Shrine, the school was completely destroyed, and all its endowments became part of the green space around the shrine.[73]

Demise

Imam Reza Shrine, tomb of Al-Hurr al-Amili
, the old place of the basement of Mirza Jafar School, grave of Mohammad Bagher Sabzevari.

Imam Reza Shrine
, their gravestones were moved and no longer exist in this place.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muhammad Baqir al-Sabzevari.

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External links

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