Shaykh al-Islām

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Shaykh al-Islām in different languages
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Shaykh al-Islām (English: Sheikh/Chief of Islamic/Muslim Community;

Khurasan towards the end of the 4th Islamic century.[2]: 399  In the central and western lands of Islam, it was an informal title given to jurists whose fatwas were particularly influential, while in the east it came to be conferred by rulers to ulama who played various official roles but were not generally muftis. Sometimes, as in the case of Ibn Taymiyyah, the use of the title was subject to controversy. In the Ottoman Empire, starting from the early modern era, the title came to designate the chief mufti, who oversaw a hierarchy of state-appointed ulama. The Ottoman Sheikh al-Islam (French spelling: cheikh-ul-islam[note 1]) performed a number of functions, including advising the sultan on religious matters, legitimizing government policies, and appointing judges.[2]: 400 [5]

With the

grand muftis appointed or elected in a variety of ways.[3]

Classical usage

Like other honorific titles starting with the word

Khurasan in the 4th century AH (10th century AD).[2]: 399  In major cities of Khurasan it seems to have had more specific connotations, since only one person held the title at any given time and place. Holders of the title in Khurasan were among the most influential ulama, but there is no evidence that they delivered fatwas.[citation needed
]

Under the

Timurids the title was conferred, often by the ruler, to high-ranking ulama who performed various functions but were not generally muftis.[2]
: 400 

In the

Muhammad Hamadan, who had come to Kashmir in 1393 AD.[7]

In Syria and Egypt, it was given to influential jurists and had an honorific rather than an official role. By 700 AH/1300 AD in the central and western lands of Islam, the term became associated with giving of fatwas.

Maliki, and Hanbali) of their time in Damascus and of later periods.[12][13]

There is disagreement on whether the title was honorific or represented a local mufti in Seljuq and early Ottoman Anatolia.[2]: 400 

In the Ottoman Empire

Further information: List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sultan and Caliph Abdul Hamid II

In the

qadis of important cities. The Sheikh ul-Islam had the power to confirm new sultans. However, once the sultan was affirmed, the sultan retained a higher authority than the Sheik ul-Islam. The Sheikh ul-Islam issued fatwas, which were written interpretations of the Quran that had authority over the community. The Sheikh ul-Islam represented the Sacred Law of Shariah and in the 16th century its importance rose which led to increased power.[citation needed
]

The office of Sheikh ul-islam was abolished in 1924, at the same time as the Ottoman Caliphate. After the National Assembly of Turkey was established in 1920, the office of Sheikh ul-Islam was placed in the Shar’iyya wa Awqaf Ministry. In 1924, the office of Sheikh ul-Islam was abolished along with the Caliphate. The office was replaced by the Presidency of Religious Affairs.[14] As the successor entity to the office of the Sheikh ul-Islam, the Presidency of Religious Affairs is the most authoritative entity in Turkey in relation to Sunni Islam.[14]

Honorific recipients

Book cover image, printed in 1906 in Cairo, written on it: Volume II of Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyya al-Kubra by Shaykh al-Islam Taj al-Din al-Subki

The following Islamic scholars have been given the honorific title "Shaykh al-Islam":

See also

References

  1. Corps de Droit Ottoman
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 0691134847
  4. Martin Luther University
    ) - Cited: p. 40 (PDF p. 42)
  5. ^ James Broucek (2013). "Mufti/Grand mufti". In Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone (eds.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press.
  6. ^ Brockett, Adrian Alan, Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an
  7. OCLC 71835146
    .
  8. ^ Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine by Ibn Khafif
  9. ^ The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad
  10. ^ Baits, Ammi Nur. "Gelar Syaikhul Islam untuk Ibnu Taimiyah". Konsultasi Syariah. Dewan Pembina Konsultasisyariah.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  11. ^ a b al-Sakhawi, Abd al-Rahman (1999). al-Jawāhir wa-al-durar fī tarjamat Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Ḥajar. Vol. 2. Dar Ibn Hazm for Printing, Publishing and Distribution. p. 709.
  12. ^ Holtzman, Livnat (January 2009). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya". Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 211.
  13. ^ Bori, Caterina; Holtzman, Livnat (January 2010). "A Scholar in the Shadow". Oriente Moderno: 19.
  14. ^ a b Establishment and a Brief History, Presidency of Religious Affairs
  15. Gibril Fouad Haddad (2015). The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams and Hadith Masters
    . Zulfiqar Ayub. p. 141.
  16. ISBN 9789004133198
    .
  17. ISBN 9781930409026
    .
  18. ^ Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari By Abu-`Abdullah Muhammad-Bin-Isma`il Al-Bukhari
  19. ^ admin (2019-07-05). "Abu Ishaq al-Shirazi: No need to discuss the reliability of Imams like Abu Hanifa - Darul Tahqiq". Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  20. ISBN 978-0415671101
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  21. ISBN 9782745189509
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  22. ISBN 9782745190345
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  23. ISBN 9694073405
  24. ^ Islam and Other Religions: Pathways to Dialogue by Irfan Omar
  25. ^ "Ibn al-Jawzi on Sufism". On Istigatha. 2006-09-04. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  26. ISBN 9780521518642
    . The Hidaya is a classic book of Islamic jurisprudence by Sheikh al-Islam Burhan al-Din 'Ali b. Abu Bakr al-Marghinani (d. 1197).
  27. ISBN 9004104585
    .
  28. ^ Allah's Names and Attributes (Islamic Doctrines & Beliefs) by Imam Al-Bayhaqi (Author), Gibril Fouad Haddad (Translator)
  29. ISBN 9786035091886
    .
  30. ^ Islamic Culture - Volume 45 - Page 195
  31. ^ Correct Islamic Doctrine/Islamic Doctrine - Page 11.
  32. ISBN 9789675062292
    . Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  33. ISBN 0199796661
  34. ^ Ayub, Zulfiqar (2 May 2015). THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 291.
  35. doi:10.6082/M1XP7300
    .
  36. ^ The Biographies Of The Elite Lives Of The Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters by Gibril Fouad Haddad.
  37. ISBN 9781930409033
    .
  38. ^ Tasawwuf al-Subki
  39. OCLC 495469456
    .
  40. Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya
    .
  41. ^ THE BIOGRAPHIES OF THE ELITE LIVES OF THE SCHOLARS, IMAMS & HADITH MASTERS Biographies of The Imams & Scholars page 281
  42. ^ Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali (2012). مصطفى عبد القادر عطا (ed.). شذرات الذهب في أخبار من ذهب [Particles of Gold in Chronicles on Those Who Passed Away] (in Arabic). Vol. 8. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya. p. 62.
  43. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2
    .
  44. ^ Safinah Safinat al-Naja' - The Ship of Salvation
  45. ^ Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire by John O. Hunwick
  46. ^ The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri by Aaron Spevack
  47. ISBN 9789004334526
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  48. ^ Sayyid Rami Al Rifai (3 July 2015). The Islamic Journal From Islamic Civilisation To The Heart Of Islam, Ihsan, Human Perfection. Sunnah Muakada. p. 37.
  49. ISBN 9781472569455
    . IBN KEMAL (873–940/1468–1534) The famous shaykh al-Islam of the Ottoman Empire and one of the most prolific writers of Ottoman intellectual history, Shams al-Din Ahmad b. Sulayman b. Kamal Pasha, known more commonly as Ibn Kemal
  50. ^ IslamKotob (January 1995). "The chosen guard from the flags of the centuries - المختار المصون من أعلام القرون)". p. 72.
  51. ISBN 9781472569455
    .
  52. ^ The Prophets in Barzakh/The Hadith of Isra' and Mi'raj/The Immense Merrits of Al-Sham/The Vision of Allah by Al-Sayyid Muhammad Ibn 'Alawi
  53. ^ IslamKotob. "The softness of summer and the harvest of fruits from the biographies of notables of the first class of the eleventh century 2 - لطف السمر و قطف الثمر من تراجم أعيان الطبقة الأولى من القرن الحادي عشر 2)". p. 78.
  54. ISBN 9781930409224
    .
  55. ^ Metcalf, Barbara D. "Husain Ahmad Madani, Maulana". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved 2022-04-24.[dead link‍]
  56. ^ Syeda, Lubna Shireen (2014-08-10). "A study of jamiat-ulama-i-hind with special reference to maulana hussain ahmad madani in freedom movement (A.D. 1919-A.D.1947)". Ambedkar University.
  57. ISBN 90-04-08114-3
    .

Notes

  1. ^ In languages of ethnic minorities:[4]
    • Bulgarian: Шейх юл-ислям (Šeyx-ul-Islyam)
    • Greek: Σεϊχ‐ουλισλάμ (Seïchoul-Islam)
    • Armenian: Շեյխ ալ-Իսլամ Šeyx-iwl-islami
    • Ladino
      : şeh ul islam
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