Monterey Bay Aquarium
Monterey Bay Aquarium | |
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giant kelp | |
36°37′05″N 121°54′07″W / 36.6181°N 121.9019°W | |
Slogan | To inspire conservation of the ocean |
Date opened | October 20, 1984 |
Location | Cannery Row, Monterey, California, U.S. |
Floor space | 322,000 square feet (29,900 square meters)[b] |
No. of animals | ~35,000 |
No. of species | 550+ |
Volume of largest tank | 1.2 million U.S. gallons (4.5 million liters) |
Total volume of tanks | 2.3 million U.S. gallons (8.7 million liters) |
Annual visitors | 2 million |
Memberships | Association of Zoos and Aquariums[1] |
Major exhibits | Kelp Forest, Sea Otters, Jellies, Open Sea |
Public transit access | Monterey–Salinas Transit |
Website | montereybayaquarium.org |
Monterey Bay Aquarium is a
Early proposals to build a public aquarium in
Monterey Bay Aquarium receives around two million visitors each year. It led to the revitalization of
Founding and design
In the early 1960s, scientists at Stanford University's
General contracting firm
Various elements of the building mirrored that of Hovden Cannery, including its windows (to let in sunlight), plain cement walls, structural protection from waves and storms, and its many roofs.[note 1] Exposed pipes and ducts along the ceiling also contributed to the industrial style of buildings on Cannery Row. The ironic transition from a plant that processed fish to an aquarium which would display them did not prevent the facility from appearing like a cannery, according to multiple journalists. The aquarium's successful representation of the cannery was acknowledged by the California Historical Society with a historical preservation award.[j]
When Monterey Bay Aquarium opened on October 20, 1984,[k] it was the largest public aquarium in the United States.[4] On opening day, 11,000 visited it and around 30,000 people attended the day's festivities. In reference to the disappearance of sardines (through overfishing), which caused the canneries to close, the aquarium said that "the fish are back!"[k] Throughout the following year, 2.4 million people visited,[l] which influenced assumptions about "the ability of marine life to entertain, educate, and promote a city."[d] Within five years, it was reported in the Los Angeles Times that it was among California's most popular visitor attractions. By 1994, it was the most attended aquarium in the United States.[5][6] For its design, EHDD was awarded a National Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects in 1988.[7] The institute's state chapter in California gave the facility its Twenty-five Year Award in 2011[8] and, in 2016, it was awarded the national Twenty-five Year Award, described as "a benchmark and role model for aquariums everywhere."[b]
In discussing the aquarium's conservation and education programs, its track record for entertaining visitors, and its reputation for collaboration, the head of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums described it as "a definite leader" in 2009 to the Los Angeles Times.[m] Since it opened in 1984, Julie Packard has been the aquarium's executive director.[10]
Aquarium exhibits
According to a progress report during the aquarium's planning phase in 1980, the founders' efforts to build an aquarium developed from an interest in sharing marine life of the region with the public. This would be accomplished through its exhibits, featuring the aquatic habitats of Monterey Bay and central California.[n] The idea to display marine habitats was inspired by the work of ecologist Ed Ricketts in his 1939 book on intertidal ecology, Between Pacific Tides. In the early 1980s this was a unique approach to the design of public aquariums, as the two largest public aquariums at the time in the United States—Boston's New England Aquarium (1969) and Baltimore's National Aquarium (1981)—focused on "magnificent coral reef exhibits or big sharks", and displayed few local species.[o]
Seawater system
Monterey Bay Aquarium displays 35,000 animals
Kelp Forest exhibit
At 28 feet (8.5 m) tall and 65 feet (20 m) long, the Kelp Forest exhibit is the focal point of Monterey Bay Aquarium's Ocean's Edge wing.
Open Sea wing
In 1996, Monterey Bay Aquarium opened a second wing of aquatic exhibits, focusing on the
Holding 1.2 million US gallons (4,500,000 L), the Open Sea community exhibit is the aquarium's largest tank.
A 10-month, US$19 million renovation of the wing concluded in July 2011 to refurbish the community exhibit.
Other permanent exhibits
Monterey Bay Aquarium opened in 1984 with 83 tanks in 12 galleries,[ac] which more than doubled by 2014 into 200 live animal exhibits.[23] In addition to the large Kelp Forest and Open Sea exhibits, the Monterey Bay Habitats tank is 90 feet (27 m) long, the shape of a figure eight, and holds over 300,000 US gallons (1,100,000 L), a similar volume of seawater to the Kelp Forest. As its name suggests, it represents various habitats in Monterey Bay, from wharfs to the sandy seafloor to deep rocky reefs.[ac] Many aquariums in this exhibit contain man-made structures that were left in the bay to accumulate living organisms prior to the aquarium's opening; in Monterey Bay Habitats, real pilings were obtained from the city's harbor department for the exhibit's wharf section. In others, artificial rocks tricked visitors and fish alike. With the aquarium's debut, this "nature-faking" via human manipulation did not trick some, but the "'fakeness' did not necessarily detract from the aquarium's intrinsic value."[ad]
Rescued
Monterey Bay Aquarium was the first public aquarium to have its interior mapped on Google Street View, creating a virtual walking tour.[23]
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Aplumose anemonesin the Monterey Bay Habitats exhibit
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Plumose anemones, abat star, sponges, and other cold-water invertebrates native to Monterey Bay
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Pacific coral reef community containing living corals
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African penguins on exhibit
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A circular exhibit at the entrance to the Open Sea wing contains schooling Pacific sardines.
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An exhibit demonstrates the streamlined bodies of Pacific mackerel.
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Pacific sea nettles in a long kreisel tank
Temporary exhibitions
Monterey Bay Aquarium began creating temporary exhibitions (or "special exhibitions") in the 1980s to display animals that are found outside of Monterey Bay. The first of these, titled "Mexico's Secret Sea", focused on the
At least three exhibitions have been devoted entirely to displaying jellyfish. In 1989, the aquarium's second temporary exhibition, titled "Living Treasures of the Pacific", included three
Terrestrial animals were displayed for the first time—including a tarantula, a snake, and a scorpion—in a US$3.8 million exhibit on ecosystems of Baja California that opened in 2016.[30]
Research and conservation
Monterey Bay Aquarium helped create momentum for the establishment of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in 1992, one of the largest marine protected areas in the United States.[ah] In 2004, the aquarium created a formal division to become involved in United States ocean policy and law, working with the Pew Charitable Trusts and the United States Commission on Ocean Policy at the onset.[ai] Staff scientists have authored scientific publications involving sea otters, great white sharks, and bluefin tunas, which are important species in the northern Pacific Ocean.[af] In addition to other animals,[31][32] work has been published in the areas of veterinary medicine,[33] visitor studies, and museum exhibition development.[34][35][36] Among over 200 institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Monterey Bay Aquarium ranked 10th in scientific publication activity between 1993 and 2013.[37]
For Monterey Bay Aquarium's captive animal propagation efforts, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums has granted two awards, including one for the aquarium's work with purple-striped jellies in 1992. It has also received the association's general conservation award for its Sea Otter Research and Conservation Program.[16] In October 2017, the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums conferred its Conservation Award to the aquarium for its "commitment to ocean protection and public awareness".[38]
Marine life
Monterey Bay Aquarium's Sea Otter Research and Conservation program began in 1984 to research and
Pacific bluefin and yellowfin tunas have been historically displayed in the Open Sea community exhibit, some reaching more than 300 pounds (140 kg). In 2011, three dozen fishes of the two species were on exhibit.[z] Prior to opening the Open Sea wing in 1996, the aquarium established the Tuna Research and Conservation Center in 1994 in partnership with Stanford University's Hopkins Marine Station. Staff scientists and Barbara Block—professor of marine sciences at Stanford University—have tagged wild Pacific bluefin tunas to study predator-prey relationships, and have also investigated tuna endothermy with captive tunas at the center.[44][aj] To improve international collaboration of bluefin tuna management, Monterey Bay Aquarium and Stanford University hosted a symposium in January 2016 in Monterey. Over 200 scientists, fisheries managers, and policy makers gathered to discuss solutions to the decline of Pacific bluefin tuna populations.[45]
Great white sharks
In 1984, Monterey Bay Aquarium's first attempt to display a great white shark lasted 11 days, ending when the shark died because it did not eat.[50] Through a later program named Project White Shark, six white sharks were exhibited between 2004 and 2011 in the Open Sea community exhibit,[ah] which was constructed in the 1990s. Researchers at universities in California attributed the aquarium's success at exhibiting white sharks to the use of a 4-million-US-gallon (15,000,000 L) net pen, which gave the sharks time to recover from capture prior to transport. A 3,200-US-gallon (12,000 L) portable tank used to transport the fish to the exhibit allowed the sharks to swim continuously, which they must do in order to respire.[an][21] These endeavors led to the first instance of a white shark eating in an aquarium.[ao]
At least one organization—the Pelagic Shark Research Foundation based in Santa Cruz, California—criticized the aquarium for attempting to keep white sharks in captivity, questioning the significance of possible scientific research and the ability to educate visitors.[51] However, several independent biologists expressed approval for Project White Shark because of its logistical design, educational impact, and scientific insights. Regarding its educational impact, a white shark researcher from Australia stated in 2006 that "the fact people can come and see these animals and learn from them is of immeasurable value."[an] The first captive white shark—on exhibit in 2004 for more than six months—was seen by one million visitors, and another million visitors saw either the second or third white sharks on display.[52] In 198 days, the first white shark grew more than 17 inches (43 cm) and gained over 100 pounds (45 kg) prior to its release.[ap] As of 2016,[update] Monterey Bay Aquarium is the only public aquarium in the world to have successfully exhibited a white shark for longer than 16 days.[aq][53]
The effort to display captive white sharks ended in 2011 due to the project's high resource intensity. Captive white sharks also incurred injuries and killed other animals in the exhibit after becoming increasingly aggressive,[ar] and the final shark died due to unknown reasons immediately following its release.[50][54] Although no longer on exhibit for the public, aquarium researchers have continued to conduct research on white sharks. Collaborating with Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in June 2016, staff scientists created cameras attached to harmless dorsal fin tags in an attempt to study the behavior of white sharks during their gathering known as the White Shark Café.[55][56]
Seafood program
Monterey Bay Aquarium's consumer-based Seafood Watch program encourages sustainable seafood purchasing from fisheries that are "well managed and caught or farmed in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife."[57] It began in 1999 as a result of a popular component of a temporary exhibition and has grown to consist of a website, six regional pocket guides, and mobile apps that allow consumers to check the sustainability ratings of specific fisheries. The program has expanded to include business collaborations, local and national restaurant and grocer partnerships, and outreach partnerships—primarily other public aquariums and zoos. Large-scale business and grocer affiliations include Aramark, Compass Group, Target, and Whole Foods Market.[58] In both 2009 and 2015, Seafood Watch was reportedly playing an influential role in the discussion regarding seafood sustainability.[as][at] According to the aquarium, the program's efficacy is driven by its work with both businesses and consumers, and is supported by the organization's expanding science and ocean policy programs.[au]
In the late 2000s, Seafood Watch was likely the most known and most widely distributed sustainable seafood guide out of around 200 internationally.[59] By 2014, fifteen years after its inception, the program had produced more than 52 million printed pocket guides. Its mobile apps were downloaded over one million times between 2009 and 2015.[as] In 2003, the program's website was granted a MUSE Award from the American Alliance of Museums for use of media and technology in science. Bon Appétit magazine awarded its Tastemaker of the Year award to Seafood Watch in 2008 and, in 2013, Sunset magazine described it as one of "the most effective consumer-awareness programs".[60][61]
In September 2016, the
Political advocacy
Monterey Bay Aquarium plays an active role in federal and state politics, from sponsoring governmental legislation about the ocean
The aquarium is a founding partner of
Educational efforts
Each year approximately 75,000 students, teachers, and chaperones from California access Monterey Bay Aquarium for free. An additional 1,500 low-income students, 350 teenagers, and 1,200 teachers participate in structured educational programs throughout the year. Between 1984 and 2014, the aquarium hosted more than 2 million students.
A 13,000-square-foot (1,200 m2), US$30 million education center being developed by the aquarium is expected to open in 2018, and will double the number of students and teachers it is able to work with each year.
Community and economic influence
Monterey Bay Aquarium employed over 500 people and had 1,200 active volunteers in 2015.[r] Between 1984 and 2014, 8,500 volunteers donated 3.2 million community service hours.[ah] The aquarium attracts around 2 million visitors each year and, through 2016, over 50 million people had visited.[b] Out of the 51 accredited public aquariums in the United States in 2015, Monterey Bay Aquarium's 2.08 million visitors ranked it second by number of visits, behind Georgia Aquarium's 2.2 million.[75] In 2015, it served 290,000 annual members.[ay]
Free admission programs are offered for Monterey County residents including "Shelf to Shore", with the county's free library system, and "Free to Learn", with local nonprofit organizations and Monterey–Salinas Transit.[76][77] Additionally, the aquarium offers free admission to Monterey County residents during a weeklong event in December, which grew from almost 17,000 visitors in 1998 to 50,000 visitors in 2013. In 2014, the program was expanded to include neighboring Santa Cruz and San Benito counties.[78] An annual event called "Día del Niño" offers bilingual feeding presentations (in Spanish), activities, and free admission for children under the age of 13.[79] Between 2002 and 2014, over 700,000 people visited for free through outreach programs.[80]
In 2013, the aquarium's operational spending and its 2 million visitors generated US$263 million to the economy of Monterey County.[r] In August 2016, an event during one evening raised over US$110,000 for the Community Foundation for Monterey County's drive to provide relief for the Soberanes Fire.[81]
In December 2020,
In media and popular culture
Monterey Bay Aquarium has been featured in two documentaries on the wildlife television program
After comparing the aquarium's visitor feedback to the feedback of other attractions, the media and the travel industry have given it top awards. In 2014,
Each year, since 2019, content creator
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ Charles Davis (with architectural firm EHDD) called it a "hodgepodge of roofs" and a journalist described it as a "jumble of rooflines".[j]
- ^ This represents the most widely-used figure. In a 1995 census of the aquarium's exhibits, more than 340,000 individual creatures were counted, of which 106,000 were strawberry anemones.[q]
- ^ According to the aquarium, it was the first to display the ocean sunfish in the United States in August 1986. The first sunfish's name was Tweedledum and it ate 1 pound (0.45 kg) of prawns each day.[19]
- ^ The wing's name was changed from "Outer Bay" to "Open Sea" during this renovation.[22]
- ^ In 2009, the jellyfish expert at the aquarium expected "three good stings" every week.[s]
Footnotes
- ^ a b Chiang 2008, p. 162
- ^ a b c d Gerfen 2016
- ^ a b Chiang 2008, p. 157
- ^ a b Palumbi & Sotka 2011, p. 151
- ^ a b Chiang 2008, p. 158
- ^ Chiang 2008, p. 161
- ^ Chiang 2008, pp. 161–162
- ^ Duggan 2013
- ^ Chiang 2008, p. 164
- ^ a b c Chiang 2008, p. 163
- ^ a b Chiang 2008, p. 155
- ^ a b Brincks 2009
- ^ Reynolds 2009: "'They are a definite leader,' says Kristin Vehrs, executive director of the Maryland-based Assn. of Zoos & Aquariums, which accredits aquariums. 'They do a great job of balancing the crowd-pleasing with the rigor of the education and conservation programs. They've also been good at sharing' expertise with other institutions."
- ^ Chiang 2008, pp. 155, 165
- ^ Palumbi & Sotka 2011, p. 149
- ^ a b Watanabe & Phillips 1985
- ^ Chiang 2008, p. 172
- ^ a b c Beadle & Thompson 2015
- ^ a b c d e Reynolds 2009
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: events occur at 12:17 and 13:48.
- ^ Thomas 2014; Watanabe & Phillips 1985
- ^ a b c Chiang 2008, p. 168
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 9:45): "This is a living kelp forest, and its creation flew in the face of professionals who thought it was a losing proposition. Nobody had ever successfully grown kelp on this scale, but there were also more pressing concerns. The exhibit was intended to recreate a key habitat of the Monterey Bay, and critics scoffed that nobody would be interested. The public rendered its verdict quickly: they were enthralled."
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 10:41.
- ^ a b c McCabe 1996
- ^ a b c d e Rogers 2011a
- ^ a b McCabe 1996: "The aquarium holds the largest permanent collection of jellyfish species in the United States and displays more of them than does any other facility in the world."
- ^ Squatriglia 2006; Reynolds 2009
- ^ a b c d Chiang 2008, p. 165
- ^ Chiang 2008, pp. 167–168
- ^ Thomas 2014
- ^ a b Spring 2018, p. 159
- ^ Yollin 2012
- ^ a b c d e Cooper 2014
- ^ a b Spring 2018, p. 160
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 41:20.
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006 (at 5:23): "The jelly collection at the aquarium is the largest in the world."
- ^ Yollin 2012: "The Monterey Bay Aquarium pioneered the display of jellyfish in North America and spawned a trend of jelly exhibits around the United States."
- ^ Reynolds 2009: "... and it has pioneered the display of jellyfish and ..."
- ^ a b Squatriglia 2006
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 24:21.
- ^ "Oceans in Glass" 2006: event occurs at 49:40.
- ^ Fong & Lee 2016
- ^ Fong & Lee 2016; Squatriglia 2006
- ^ a b Parsons 2015
- ^ Reynolds 2009: "with its advice on what seafoods consumers should eat and chefs should serve, the aquarium has taken an influential role in the debate over sustainable fishing practices."
- ^ Spring 2018, pp. 159, 161–162
- ^ Spring 2018, p. 164
- ^ Spring 2018, pp. 162–163
- ^ Spring 2018, p. 158
- ^ a b c Stock 2015
- ^ Duggan 2013: "The area went into decline until the 1984 opening of the Monterey Bay Aquarium, which brought new life to Cannery Row."
References
- ^ "Currently Accredited Zoos and Aquariums". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ^ a b Jaret, Peter (March 1, 2011). "Monterey Peninsula: Monterey Bay Aquarium an idea ahead of its time". Via. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
- ^ "Institutional Support – Monterey Bay Aquarium". The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
- ^ Lokken, Dean (August 25, 1985). "Monterey Bay Aquarium Awash in a Tide of Visitors". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
- ^ a b McNulty, Jennifer (April 30, 1989). "Monterey Bay Aquarium Gives Visitors a Thrill". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
- ^ Ortiz, Catalina (November 20, 1994). "A Beauty by the Bay: Science: 17 million visitors have made the Monterey Bay Aquarium the nation's most popular". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
- ^ "Honor Awards 1980 – 1989". The American Institute of Architects. 2008. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ "The American Institute of Architects, California Council, Announces Monterey Bay Aquarium as the 2011 Twenty-Five Year Award Recipient". The American Institute of Architects California Council. October 19, 2011. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ "2016 Twenty-five Year Award". The American Institute of Architects. 2016. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ "Julie Packard: Safeguarding the sea". University of California, Santa Cruz. January 1, 2018. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ Kingsley, Eric; Phillips, Roger; Mansergh, Sarah (August 24–27, 2008). "Ozone Use at the Monterey Bay Aquarium: A Natural Seawater Facility" (PDF). Orlando, Florida: Proceedings of the International Ozone Association – Pan American Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
- ^ Mintchell, Gary A. (November 1, 2000). "Monterey Bay Aquarium reels in the perfect automation solution". Control Engineering. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ^ a b Pridmore, Jay (August 4, 1991). "Living Museum: Monterey Aquarium Focuses On Its Nearby Waters". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- ^ Dickey, Gwyneth (September 29, 2009). "Kelp forest gets first-class stamp". The Monterey County Herald. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
- ^ Dornin, Rusty (January 28, 1996). "Aquarium's new exhibit offers rare glimpse into the ocean deep". CNN. Archived from the original on February 2, 1999. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ a b c AZA award pages:
- "About the Exhibit Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
- Propagation: "About the Edward H. Bean Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
- "About the North American Conservation Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- "About the Education Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- "About the Angela Peterson Excellence in Diversity Award". Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Cooper, Jeanne (June 21, 2011). "8 don't-miss creatures at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". SFGate. Hearst Communications. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
- ^ Miller, Steven H. (October 2013). "Monterey Bay Aquarium: New Digitally-Fabricated Aquarium Tank Liner Can Stand the Test of the Giant Tuna" (PDF). Waterproof!. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- ^ "Aquarium Timeline – August 1986 – First Mola". Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
- ^ Lebourgeois, Benoit (July 28, 2011). "Monterey Bay Aquarium's 'Open Sea' focuses on migrations". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 13, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- ^ a b Rogers, Paul (September 1, 2011). "New great white shark goes on display at Monterey Bay Aquarium". The Mercury News. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
- ^ Taylor, Dennis (June 24, 2011). "Monterey Bay Aquarium's $19M renovation unveiled". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ^ a b "Aquarium galleries now on Google Maps Street View". The Salinas Californian. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
- ^ "Life on the Bay at the Monterey Bay Aquarium". Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
- ^ "Monterey Delves Into 'Mysteries of the Deep'". Los Angeles Times. March 14, 1999. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
- ^ Other temporary exhibitions:
- "More to sharks than 'Jaws' at Monterey Bay Museym [sic]". The Augusta Chronicle. March 28, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- Yollin, Patricia (March 30, 2007). "Monterey / They're otter(ly) irresistible / Playful mammals' fans thrilled by new exhibit at aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- Yollin, Patricia (April 10, 2009). "Sea horse fun facts Sea horses bump jellyfish at Monterey aquarium". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- ^ a b Tentacles temporary exhibition:
- Anderson, Mark (April 10, 2014). "Superhero squid, plus giant octopi, stumpy cuttlefish and the wunderpus, all at the Aquarium's new Tentacles". Monterey County Weekly. Seaside, California. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- Yollin, Patricia (May 15, 2014). "Mysterious creatures of Monterey Bay Aquarium's 'Tentacles'". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- Nordstrand, Dave (April 11, 2014). "Aquarium opens 'Tentacles'". The Salinas Californian. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- ^ Phillips, Ari (December 11, 2013). "Why Aquariums Are Obsessed With Climate Change". ThinkProgress. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- S2CID 144208370.
- ^ Yollin, Patricia (April 11, 2016). "Monterey Bay Aquarium Takes a Deep Dive Into Baja California". KQED. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
- S2CID 85002565.
- .
- ISSN 2151-6952.
- ^ Rand, Judy (1990). Fish Stories that Hook Readers: Interpretive Graphics at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. Jacksonville, Alabama: Center for Social Design.
- ISSN 2151-6952.
- .
- ^ "Monterey Bay Aquarium to receive Conservation Award". World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. September 14, 2017. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
- ^ Sea otter rehabilitation:
- Graff, Amy (October 26, 2017). "Otter returns to wild as Marine Mammal Center ramps up efforts to heal endangered species". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
- Dixon, Laura (March 3, 2012). "Historic Monterey Bay Aquarium Sea Otter Dies". NBC Bay Area. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
- Coles, Jeremy (June 20, 2017). "Conservation success for otters on the brink". BBC Earth. Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
- ^ a b PBS Nature documentaries featuring the aquarium:
- "Introduction". Oceans in Glass: Behind the Scenes of the Monterey Bay Aquarium. PBS. June 20, 2011. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- "Saving Otter 501 – About". PBS. October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ^ Mariana, Barrera (August 8, 2013). "Monterey Bay: Biologists release tiny snowy plovers into the wild". The Monterey County Herald. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ "Penguin hatches at Monterey Bay Aquarium". The Salinas Californian. June 11, 2014. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
- ^ Yollin, Patricia (June 21, 2007). "MONTEREY / The teaching albatross / Aquarium visitors learn about the dangers of plastics to ocean birds". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- ^ Research efforts with the bluefin tuna:
- Carey, Bjorn (September 25, 2015). "Stanford scientists help discover Pacific bluefin tunas' favorite feeding spots". Stanford University. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- Martin, Allen (February 23, 2015). "West Coast Scientists Fishing For Solutions To Bluefin Tuna Overfishing". KPIX-TV. CBS. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- Fears, Darryl (March 24, 2014). "Deepwater Horizon oil left tuna, other species with heart defects likely to prove fatal". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- ^ Bluefin Futures Symposium, January 2016:
- Rosato, Joe (January 21, 2016). "Bluefin Tuna, Once Bountiful, Now in Peril". NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on June 12, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- Damanaki, Maria (January 26, 2016). "A Bluefin Tuna for $118,000: Going, Going … Gone?". National Geographic Voices. Archived from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
- .
- ^ Yin, Steph (August 11, 2016). "Growing Comb Jellies in the Lab Like Sea-Monkeys". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016. Retrieved October 23, 2016.
- ^ Forgione, Mary (March 25, 2014). "Monterey Bay: These cuttlefish, octopus star in aquarium's new show". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
- ^ "Public gets first view of a live vampire squid and other deep-sea cephalopods". Phys.org. Science X. June 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
- ^ a b Hopkins, Christopher Dean (January 8, 2016). "Great White Shark Dies After Just 3 Days In Captivity At Japan Aquarium". NPR. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
- ^ Speizer, Irwin; Cone, Marla (March 14, 2005). "Captive great white kills 2 sharks". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
- ^ Stienstra, Tom (August 31, 2008). "Aquarium shark sighting lets fish lovers refocus their fears". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
- ^ Squatriglia, Chuck (January 17, 2007). "Monterey / More room to grow / Aquarium lets young white shark go after 137 days in captivity". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
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Sources
Books and journals
- Chiang, Connie Y. (2008). Shaping the shoreline: fisheries and tourism on the Monterey coast. University of Washington Press. OCLC 704517509.
- Palumbi, Stephen R.; Sotka, Carolyn (2011). The death and life of Monterey Bay: a story of revival. Island Press. OCLC 692205204.
- Spring, Margaret (2018). "Lessons from thirty-one years at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and reflections on aquariums' expanding role in conservation action". In Minteer, Ben A.; Maienschein, Jane; Collins, James P. (eds.). The ark and beyond: the evolution of zoo and aquarium conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 156–168. OCLC 1003854885.
- Watanabe, JM; Phillips, RE (1985). Establishing a captive kelp forest: Developments during the first year at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. American Academy of Underwater Sciences. p. 11. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2013.
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Audiovisual media
- "Oceans in Glass: Behind the Scenes of the Monterey Bay Aquarium" (Documentary film). PBS. January 22, 2006.
Magazines
- Brincks, Renee (2009). "An Ocean of Excellence: The Monterey Bay Aquarium Celebrates its Silver Anniversary". Carmel Magazine. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
- Gerfen, Katie (January 15, 2016). "The Monterey Bay Aquarium Wins the 2016 AIA Twenty-Five Year Award". Architect. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
News
- Beadle, Philip; Thompson, Vicki (April 20, 2015). "Exclusive: Monterey Bay Aquarium topped 2M visitors in 2014 — here's how the staff pulls it off (Photos)". Silicon Valley Business Journal. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
- Cooper, Leigh (December 5, 2014). "Monterey Bay Aquarium's top 10 legacies, so far". The Salinas Californian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
- Duggan, Tara (September 16, 2013). "Cannery Row offers hints of its history". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- McCabe, Michael (February 18, 1996). "Monterey Aquarium Goes Really Deep / Vast new wing will display sea creatures never before held in captivity". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
- Parsons, Russ (May 13, 2015). "Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch turns 15". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- Reynolds, Christopher (October 18, 2009). "Holy mackerel, that's a great white!". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
- Rogers, Paul (June 27, 2011). "Big tank at Monterey Bay Aquarium gets major face lift". The Mercury News. San Jose, California. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
- Squatriglia, Chuck (October 8, 2006). "Aquarium's habitat for a heavyweight / Monterey Bay creates a home for second voracious – but delicate – great white". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
- Stock, Lynn Peithman (November 6, 2015). "2015 Community Impact Award Winner: Monterey Bay Aquarium". Silicon Valley Business Journal. San Jose, California. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
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Web
- Fong, Joss; Lee, Dion (July 8, 2016). "Why there aren't any great white sharks in captivity". Vox. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
External links
- Official website
- Walkthrough of aquarium on Google Street View
- Aquarium's blog used through 2020, detailing conservation and science efforts
- YouTube video on the history of the aquarium from a founding biologist