Najjadeh Party

Najjadeh Party

حزب النجادة
Najjadeh Party حزب النجادة
Leader	Moustafa Al-Hakim
Founded	1933 (original form); 1936 (current form)
Ideology	Conservatism; Arab nationalism; Pan-Arabism; Historical:; Anti-communism; Arab socialism; Fascism
Religion	Sunni Islam
Website
	www.najjadeh.org
	Politics of Lebanon; Political parties; Elections;

The Najjadeh Party (

Arabic: حزب النجادة, lit. 'The Rescuers') is Lebanese political party that has been active since the 1930s. Heavily influenced by the Christian dominated Lebanese Phalanges, the Naijjadeh Party gains its support primarily from Lebanese Sunni Muslim

communities.

Origins

Lebanon in the 1930s witnessed the emergence of two paramilitary youth sport organizations of sectarian cast with clear fascist tendencies in

Sunni Muslim boy-scouts organization founded and led by Muhi al-Din al-Nasuli, the editor of the influential pan-Arabist Muslim newspaper Bayrut,^[1]

with the purpose of protecting the Muslim community and to act as a counterweight to the Phalangists.

He often criticized the "moral chaos" in public life and adopted the supremacist motto "Arabism Above All" on his own newspaper's masthead. Al-Nasuli's Bayrut also published glowing accounts of German youth's support of Hitler, featuring illustrated articles on girls in the Bund Deutscher Mädel, the female branch of the Hitler Youth.^[2] The leader of the anti-British Palestine Arab guerillas in 1936-1939, upon his return from a trip to Germany, was idolized on the Bayrut pages, with both the information and the editorials being presented by al-Nasuli himself.^[3]

Although al-Nasuli promoted the Najjadah as the Muslim equivalent of the Christian-dominated Phalanges,^[4] and Sunni Muslim students from the schools run by the Maqasid Islamic Charitable Association provided him a pool of potential recruits, the group initially did not match the dynamism and organizational skills of their rival organizations.^[5] It did not attract a mass following until 1936 when

Adnan al-Hakim

, a university teacher and politician, rose to the leadership of the organization and re-organized it into a structured political party, which grew rapidly thereafter.

Political beliefs

Often described as the Muslim "twin brother" of the Phalangists, the radical

Sunni Muslim community, especially in Beirut

during the late 1930s and early 1940s.

In ideological terms, the Najjadah adopted early on a Pan-Arab nationalist line that strived for the suppression of all foreign influences (included that of the ruling colonial power in Lebanon, France), which deeply contrasted with the Phalange's own Phoenicist and pro-Western views. The ambivalent relation of such pan-Arab concepts with an ethnic nationalist perspective became apparent in its slogan "Arabism above all" (Arabic: al-uruba fawqa al-jami‘).^[6]

A 1970s report stated that "the Helpers (al-Najjada) [were] Originally a paramilitary organization, this party was advocating pan-Arabism and Muslim-Arab socialism".^[7]^[8]

History

The mandate period: 1936-1943

Although by the mid-1930s both Najjadah and Phalange Parties ostensibly vied for Lebanon's independence from France, their sectarian base and conflicting ideological/identitarian views over the Country's future ensured that they would become entangled in the bitter political Christian-Muslim disputes. The rivalry between these two right-wing movements almost reached serious proportions on November 21, 1936 at Beirut, when a demonstration organized by the Najjadah in support of the Muslim struggle in

West Beirut

and to counter possible Christian paramilitary organizations' attacks on these areas.

The

Fall of France in June 1940, caused an upsurge of nationalistic agitation in Lebanon, mainly carried out by the Najjadah and often in collusion with their Phalangist arch-rivals. Believing that the time was ripe for action pressuring the weakened French to accept full Lebanese independence, Adnan Al-Hakim and Pierre Gemayel

agreed to put aside temporarily their political differences to form an anti-French united front, which began organizing joint large-scale demonstrations. The first one occurred in 1941, when the Najjadah and the Phalangists organized a march at Beirut in protest against the food distribution system established by the French mandatory authorities, which degenerated into violence when French troops attempted to disperse the demonstration by force. This was later followed in November 1943 by a nationwide strike called by both Parties, which once again resulted in violent street demonstrations broken up by the military,^[10] and led the French mandatory authorities to enforce a ban on the Najjadah's legal activities until the end of the War, a ban which was supported and encouraged by the Lebanese Phalangists.

After independence: 1943-1975

The Najjadah survived underground though, and in the years following the

small-arms

which fought at the side of the anti-government forces, but saw its political influence sharply decline throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. According to a Lebanese military intelligence report, by 1975 party membership had decreased to just 500 militants and fielded a poorly-armed militia of only 100 fighters backed by Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and Egypt;^[11] other sources however, still place its numbers as high as 300.^[12]^[13]^[14]

Decline and demise: 1975-1990

Faced with the outbreak of the

Syrian military intervention of June 1976. The party – still headed by the now-ageing Adnan Al-Hakim – adopted a neutralist, non-confrontational stance by withdrawing from the fighting and reducing its political activities.^[15]

Consequently, the Najjadah's leadership refusal to continue to participate in the ongoing civil conflict eroded its already fragile popular support base, causing many of its disenchanted younger militants to abandon the Party to join the LNM militias.

Marginalized during the war years, the Najjadah re-emerged afterwards as a small organization lacking any real political support base, currently led by Adnan's nephew Moustafa Al-Hakim.