Genesis flood narrative
The Genesis flood narrative (chapters 6–9 of the
The Book of Genesis was probably composed around the 5th century BCE,
A global flood as described in this myth is inconsistent with the physical findings of
Summary
The story of the flood occurs in chapters 6–9 of the Book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible. Ten generations after the creation of
Composition
The consensus of modern scholars is that Genesis was composed around the 5th century BCE,[3] but as the first eleven chapters show little relationship to the rest of the book, some scholars believe that this section (the so-called primeval history) may have been composed as late as the 3rd century BCE.[4]
It is generally agreed that the history draws on two sources, one called the
Sources
The following table compares the proposed Yahwist and Priestly sources.[17] Each provides a complete story-line, with introductions and conclusions, reasons for the flood, and theologies.[18]
Verses |
Yahwist (or non-Priestly) |
Priestly |
---|---|---|
6:5–8 | Introduction: humanity's wickedness, God regrets creating, announces decision to destroy; Noah's righteousness. | |
6:9–22 | Introduction: Noah's righteousness, humanity's wickedness, God's decision to destroy; Ark described, Covenant described, 1 pair of all animals, Noah does as God commands. | |
7:1–5 | 7 pairs of clean animals, 1 pair unclean; 7 days to gather animals; Noah does as God commands. | |
7:6 | Noah's age: 600 years | |
7:7–10 | Noah enters Ark with animals after 7 days | |
7:11 | Year 600, month 2, day 17: firmament breaks, waters fall from above and rise from below. | |
7:12 | Rains 40 days and 40 nights. | |
7:13–16a | Noah and family and animals enter Ark on same day as flood begins. | |
7:16b–17a | Flood lasts 40 days and nights. | |
7:18–21 | Waters rise, all creatures destroyed. | |
7:22–23 | All creatures destroyed. | |
7:24–8:5 | Flood lasts 150 days; God remembers Noah, fountains and floodgates closed, waters recede; Month 7 day 17, Ark grounds on mountains of Ararat. | |
8:6–12 | After 7 days Noah opens window, sends out raven, dove, dove, 7 days between flights | |
8:13–19 | Year 601, month 1, day 1: Noah opens cover; ground begins to dry; Month 2, day 27, dry land appears, Noah and family and animals exit, animals begin to multiply | |
8:20–22 | Noah builds altar, sacrifices clean animals, God smells sweet aroma, promises not to destroy again. | |
9:1–17 | Noah and family told to multiply, given animals to eat; Covenant established, rainbow as sign, God promises not to flood again. |
Comparative mythology
Scholars believe that the flood myth originated in
Numerous and often detailed parallels make clear that the Genesis flood narrative is dependent on the Mesopotamian epics, and particularly on Gilgamesh, which is thought to date from c.1300–1000 BCE.[22]
Flood chronology
Numbers in the Bible often have symbolic or idiomatic meaning, and the 40 days and nights for which rain fell on the Earth indicates a complete cycle.[23]
The flood begins on the 17th day of the second month when "the springs of the great deep burst forth, and the floodgates of the heavens were opened", and after 40 days the ark floats (Genesis 7:11–12). The waters rise and then recede, and on the 17th day of the seventh month (or the 27th day in the Greek version) the ark rests on the mountains (Genesis 8:4). The waters continue to fall, the ark is uncovered on the 1st day of the 1st month of Noah's 601st year, and is opened on the 27th day of his 601st year (Genesis 8:13–14).[24]
The period from the beginning of the flood to the landing on the mountain is five months (the second month to the seventh, Genesis 7:11 and 8:4) and 150 days (8:3), making an impossible five months of 30 days each; the number is schematic, and is based on the Babylonian astronomical calendar of 360 days (12 months of 30 days each).[25] This means that the flood lasts 36 weeks according to the flood calendar, in which an extra day is added to every third month.[26] The number of weeks is symbolically significant, representing the biblical cypher for destruction (the number 6, expressed as 6x6=36), while the number 7 (the number of days in a week) represents the persistence of creation during this time of destruction.[27]
Scholars have long puzzled over the significance of the flood lasting one year and eleven days (day 17 of year 600 to day 27 of year 601); one solution is that the basic calendar is a lunar one of 354 days, to which eleven days have been added to match a solar year of 365 days.[28]
The "original", Jahwist narrative of the Great Deluge was modest; a week of ostensibly non-celestial rain is followed by a forty-day flood which takes a mere week to recede in order to provide Noah his stage for God's covenant. It is the Priestly source which adds more fantastic figures of a 150-day flood, which emerged by divine hand from the heavens and earth and took ten months to finally stop. That the Jahwist source's capricious and somewhat simplistic depiction of Yahweh is clearly distinguished from the Priestly source's characteristically majestic, transcendental, and austere virtuous Yahweh.[29]
The Priestly flood narrative is the only Priestly text that covers dates with much detail before the
Theology: the flood and the creation narrative
The primeval history is first and foremost about the world God made, its origins, inhabitants, purposes, challenges, and failures.[31] It asks why the world which God has made is so imperfect and of the meaning of human violence and evil, and its solutions involve the notions of covenant, law, and forgiveness.[32] The Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1–2) deals with God's creation and God's repentance is the rationale behind the flood narrative, and in the Priestly source (which runs through all of Genesis and into the other four books of the Torah) these two verbs, "create" and "forgive", are reserved exclusively for divine actions.[33]
Intertextuality is the way biblical stories refer to and reflect one another. Such echoes are seldom coincidental—for instance, the word used for ark is the same used for the basket in which Moses is saved, implying a symmetry between the stories of two divinely chosen saviours in a world threatened by water and chaos.[34] The most significant such echo is a reversal of the Genesis creation narrative; the division between the "waters above" and the "waters below" the earth is removed, the dry land is flooded, most life is destroyed, and only Noah and those with him survive to obey God's command to "be fruitful and multiply."[35]
The flood is a reversal and renewal of God's creation of the world.
Later traditions
Jewish
In Jewish folklore, the sins in the antediluvian world included blasphemy, occult practices and preventing new traders from making profit. Children also had the ability to talk and walk immediately after birth and battle with demons.
When the flood commenced, God caused each raindrop to pass through Gehenna before it fell on earth for forty days so that it could scald the skin of sinners. It was a punishment that befitted their crime because like the rain, humanity's sensual desires made them hot and inflamed to immoral excesses.[39]
Christianity
The Genesis flood narrative is included in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible (see
Gnosticism
In the 3rd century
Mandaeism
Islam
The story of Noah and the Great Flood is related in the
Historicity
Academic scholars and researchers consider the story in its present form to be exaggerated and/or implausible.
Localized catastrophic floodings have left traces in the geological record: the Channeled Scablands in the southeastern areas of the state of Washington have been demonstrated to have been formed by a series of catastrophic floods[51][52] originating from the collapse of glacial dams of glacial lakes in the region, the last of which has been estimated to have occurred between 18,200 and 14,000 years ago.[53]
Another geologic feature believed to have been formed by massive catastrophic flooding is the Tsangpo Gorge in Tibet.[54][55] As with the Channeled Scablands of the state of Washington, breakthroughs of glacial ice dams are believed to have unleashed massive and sudden torrents of water to form the gorge some time between 600 and 900 AD.[55]
Some also relate the climate change phenomena associated with the Piora Oscillation, which triggered the collapse of the Uruk period,[56] with the Biblical flood myth.[57]
The current understanding of the prehistoric
In 2020, archaeologists discovered evidence of a tsunami that destroyed middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B coastal settlements in Tel Dor, Israel as it traveled between 3.5 to 1.5 km inland. The tsunami was approximately 16 m high. Recovery in the affected areas was slow but overall, it did not significantly affect the social development of the southern Levant.[63] Whilst the tsunami is not identified with the Biblical flood, it is believed to contribute to the flood myths found in numerous cultures.[64]
Flood geology
The development of scientific geology had a profound impact on attitudes towards the biblical flood narrative by undermining the
In 1862, William Thomson (later to become
Flood geology (a pseudoscience which contradicts a number of principles and discoveries of fact in the fields of geology, stratigraphy, geophysics, physics, paleontology, biology, anthropology, and archaeology in an attempt to interpret and reconcile geological features on Earth in accordance with a literal understanding of the Genesis flood narrative)[11][73][8][74][75][76][77][78] can be traced to "Scriptural geologists," a heterogeneous group of writers from the early 19th century, most of whom lacked any background in geology and also lacked influence even in religious circles.[79][80] The geologic views of these writers were ignored by the scientific community of their time.[81][82][83]
Flood geology was largely ignored in the 19th century, but was revived in the 20th century by the
Most scientific fields, particularly those contradicted by flood geology, rely on
Species distribution
By the 17th century, believers in the Genesis account faced the issue of reconciling the exploration of the New World and increased awareness of the global distribution of species with the older scenario whereby all life had sprung from a single point of origin on the slopes of Mount Ararat. The obvious answer involved mankind spreading over the continents following the destruction of the Tower of Babel and taking animals along, yet some of the results seemed peculiar. In 1646 Sir Thomas Browne wondered why the natives of North America had taken rattlesnakes with them, but not horses: "How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange".[9]
Browne, among the first to question the notion of spontaneous generation, was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing. However, biblical scholars of the time, such as Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) and Athanasius Kircher (c. 1601–1680), had also begun to subject the Ark story to rigorous scrutiny as they attempted to harmonize the biblical account with the growing body of natural historical knowledge. The resulting hypotheses provided an important impetus to the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals, and indirectly spurred the emergence of biogeography in the 18th century. Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them. One influential theory held that the biblical Ararat was striped with varying climatic zones, and as climate changed, the associated animals moved as well, eventually spreading to repopulate the globe.[9]
There was also the problem of an ever-expanding number of known species: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark. Less than a century later, discoveries of new species made it increasingly difficult to justify a literal interpretation for the Ark story.[92] By the middle of the 18th century only a few natural historians accepted a literal interpretation of the narrative.[74]
See also
- Biblical cosmology
- Chronology of the Bible
- Documentary hypothesis
- Mosaic authorship
- Noach (parsha)
- Panbabylonism
Notes
- ^ The controversial existence of a chiasm is not an argument against the construction of the story from two sources. See the overview in Friedman (1996), p. 91
References
Citations
- ^ Leeming 2010, p. 469.
- ^ Bandstra 2008, p. 61.
- ^ a b Oliver 2017, p. 12.
- ^ a b Gmirkin 2006, p. 3.
- ^ a b Worthington 2019, p. 147.
- ^ a b Cline 2007, p. 20.
- ^ a b Arnold 2009, p. 97.
- ^ a b c Montgomery 2012.
- ^ a b c Cohn 1999.
- ^
- Kuchment, Anna (August 2012). "The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood". Scientific American. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
- .
- "The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood". Publishers Weekly. 28 May 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
- doi:10.1086/676345.
- McConnachie, James (31 August 2013). "The Rocks Don't Lie, by David R. Montgomery - review". The Spectator. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
- Skeptic. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ a b Isaak 2007, pp. 237–238.
- ^ Walton & Longman III 2018, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Cohn 1999, p. 11–12.
- ^ Kaltner & McKenzie 2014, p. 74.
- ^ Berman 2017, pp. 236–268.
- ^ Gary A. Rendsburg, The biblical flood story in the light of the Gilgameš flood account, p.116
- ^ Bridge 2009, p. 41.
- ^ Habel 1988, p. 23.
- ^ Chen 2013, p. 1,11.
- ^ Finkel 2014, p. 88.
- ^ Dalley 2008, p. 2.
- ^ Collins 2017, p. 10–11.
- ^ Burton 2019, p. 1978-79.
- ^ Guillaume 2010, p. 74.
- ^ Miano 2010, p. 26.
- ^ Guillaume 2010, p. 73-74.
- ^ Guillaume 2010, p. 73–74.
- ^ VanderKam 2002, p. 3.
- ISBN 9780809145522.
- .
- ^ Schule 2017, p. 2.
- ^ Schule 2017, p. 3.
- ^ Schule 2017, p. 3-4.
- ^ Bodner 2016, pp. 95–96: "There is increasing recognition that the pentateuchal narrative is seldom careless or arbitrary," write John Bergsma and Scott Hahn, "and intertextual echoes are seldom coincidental."17
- ^ Levenson 1988, p. 10–11.
- ^ Baden 2012, p. 184.
- ^ a b Keiser 2013, p. 133.
- ^ Keiser 2013, p. 133 fn.29.
- ^ Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews Vol I : The Inmates of the Ark (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.
- ^ a b c d "Flood, the – Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology Online". Bible Study Tools. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ "Creation Worldview Ministries: The New Testament and the Genesis Flood: A Hermeneutical Investigation of the Historicity, Scope, and Theological Purpose of the Noahic Deluge". www.creationworldview.org. Archived from the original on 20 July 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ OCLC 27034975.
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- ^ "The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament, by G.R. Schmeling". www.bible-researcher.com. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ISBN 9781590306314. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "Book Two, 1st Glorification: Upon Each Faithful Mandaean, I Will Place My Right Hand". Ginza Rabba. Vol. Right Volume. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. pp. 18–19.
- ^ "Book Nineteen: The Deluge". Ginza Rabba. Vol. Right Volume. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. pp. 203–204. [Note: this book, or a larger text containing it, is numbered book 18 in some other editions.]
- ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.
- ^ Weber, Christopher Gregory (1980). "The Fatal Flaws of Flood Geology". Creation Evolution Journal. 1 (1): 24–37.
- ^ Naturalis Historia blog. "The Great Genetic Bottleneck that Contradicts Ken Ham’s Radical Accelerated Diversification (Post-Flood Hyper-Evolution)." https://thenaturalhistorian.com/2016/03/30/the-great-genetic-bottleneck-that-contradicts-ken-hams-radical-accelerated-diversification-ie-post-flood-hyper-evolution/
- ISBN 978-1879628397.
- ISBN 0-922152-76-4
- ^ Balbas, A.M., Barth, A.M., Clark, P.U., Clark, J., Caffee, M., O'Connor, J., Baker, V.R., Konrad, K. and Bjornstad, B., 2017. 10Be dating of late Pleistocene megafloods and Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreat in the northwestern United States. Geology, 45(7), pp. 583-586.
- ^ Montgomery DR."Biblical-Type Floods Are Real, and They're Absolutely Enormous." Discover Magazine, 2012 August 29. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/biblical-type-floods-are-real-and-theyre-absolutely-enormous
- ^ a b University of Washington. "Historic Himalayan Ice Dams Created Huge Lakes, Mammoth Floods." Science News, 2004 December 27. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/12/041220010147.htm
- ^ Lamb 1995, p. 128
- ^ Lamb, p. 128.
- ^ "Rudoy, A.N., Baker, V. R. Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia // Sedimentary Geology, 85 (1993) 53-62". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
- ^ Baker, V. R., G. Benito, A. N. Rudoy, Paleohydrology of late Pleistocene Superflooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia, Science, 1993, Vol. 259, pp. 348-352
- ^ Rudoy A.N. Mountain Ice-Dammed Lakes of Southern Siberia and their Influence on the Development and Regime of the Runoff Systems of North Asia in the Late Pleistocene. Chapter 16. (P. 215—234.) — Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. — Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.
- ^ Grosswald, M.G., 1998, New approach to the ice age paleohydrology of northern Eurasia. Chapter 15. (P. 199-214)— Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. — Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1998. 353 p.
- ^ "Rudoy, A.N., Baker, V. R. Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia // Sedimentary Geology, 85 (1993) 53-62". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
- ^ Shtienberg, Gilad; Yasur-Landau, Assaf; Norris, Richard D.; Lazar, Michael; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tamberino, Anthony; Gadol, Omir; Cantu, Katrina; Arkin-Shalev, Ehud; Ward, Steven N.; Levy, Thomas E. (2020). "A Neolithic mega-tsunami event in the eastern Mediterranean: Prehistoric settlement vulnerability along the Carmel coast, Israel". PLOS One. 15 (12) – via PLOS One.
- ^ Kiderra, Inga (23 December 2020). "Massive Tsunami Hit the Neolithic Middle East 9,000+ Years Ago". UC San Diego Today. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023.
- ^ Herbert, Sandra (1991). "Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author". British Journal for the History of Science. No. 24. pp. 171–174. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- ^ Buckland, W. (1823). Reliquiæ Diluvianæ: Or Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge. J. Murray. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ Dalrymple 1991, pp. 14–17
- ISBN 978-0718708641. Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2006.
- S2CID 130092094.
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- ^ Braterman, Paul S. (2013). "How Science Figured Out the Age of Earth". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016.
- ^ Senter, Phil. "The Defeat of Flood Geology by Flood Geology." Reports of the National Center for Science Education 31:3 (May–June 2011). Printed electronically by California State University, Northridge. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
- ^ a b Young 1995, p. 79.
- ^ Isaak 2006, p. unpaginated.
- ^ Morton 2001, p. unpaginated.
- ^ Isaak 2007, p. 173.
- ^ Stewart 2010, p. 123.
- ISBN 978-1-86239-216-8.
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- ISBN 978-0-226-73102-5.
- ISBN 978-0-226-73128-5.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-3718-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8308-2876-0.
- ISBN 978-0-520-08393-6.
- ^ Kulp, J. Laurence (1950). "Deluge Geology". Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation. 2 (1): 1–15. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
- ^ Yang, Seung-Hun (1993). "Radiocarbon Dating and American Evangelical Christians". Retrieved 12 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-520-08393-6.
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- "Bretz knew that the very idea of catastrophic flooding would threaten and anger the geological community. And here's why: among geologists in the 1920s, catastrophic explanations for geological events (other than volcanos or earthquakes) were considered wrong-minded to the point of heresy." p. 42.
- "Consider, then, what Bretz was up against. The very word 'Catastrophism' was heinous in the ears of geologists. ... It was a step backward, a betrayal of all that geological science had fought to gain. It was a heresy of the worst order." p. 44
- "It was inevitable that sooner or later the geological community would rise up and attempt to defeat Bretz's 'outrageous hypothesis.'" p 49
- "Nearly 50 years had passed since Bretz first proposed the idea of catastrophic flooding, and now in 1971 his arguments had become a standard of geological thinking." p. 71
- ISBN 0-471-93808-4.
- "geologists do not deny uniformitarianism in its true sense, that is to say, of interpreting the past by means of the processes that are seen going on at the present day, so long as we remember that the periodic catastrophe is one of those processes. Those periodic catastrophes make more showing in the stratigraphical record than we have hitherto assumed."
- ^ Browne 1983, p. 276.
Bibliography
- Alter, Robert (2008). The Five Books of Moses. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393070248.
- Arnold, Bill T. (2009). Genesis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521000673.
- Baden, Joel S. (2012). The Composition of the Pentateuch. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300152647.
- Bandstra, Barry L. (2008). Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0495391050.
- Barr, James (28 March 2013). Bible and Interpretation: The Collected Essays of James Barr. Volume II: Biblical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-0-19-969289-7.
- ISBN 978-0-19-065882-3.
- ISBN 9780567372871.
- Bridge, Steven L. (2009). Getting the Old Testament. Baker. ISBN 9781441232779.
- Burton, Keith A. (2019). Symbolic numbers. Eerdmans. ISBN 9781467460460.
- Carr, David M. (2021). Genesis 1-11. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 978-0-567-13439-4.
- Bodner, Keith (2016). An Ark on the Nile: The Beginning of the Book of Exodus. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878407-4.
- ISBN 0-300-02460-6
- Chen, Y. S. (2013). The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199676200.
- Cline, Eric H. (2007). From Eden to Exile. National Geographic. ISBN 9781426212246.
- ISBN 978-0300076486.
- Guillaume, Philippe (2010). Land and Calendar. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567401205.
- Collins, Matthew A. (2017). "An Ongoing Tradition". In Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda; Morgan, Jon (eds.). Noah as Antihero. Routledge. ISBN 9781351720700.
- Dalley, Stephanie (2008). Myths from Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-102721-5.
- Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991), The Age of the Earth, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-2331-1
- Finkel, Irving (2014). The Ark Before Noah. Hachette UK. ISBN 9781444757071.
- Friedman, Richard E. (1996). "Non-Arguments Concerning the Documentary Hypothesis". In Fox, Michael V.; Hurowitz, V. A. (eds.). Texts, Temples and Traditions. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060033.
- Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-13439-4.
- Isaak, M (1998). "Problems with a Global Flood". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- Isaak, Mark (5 November 2006). "Index to Creationist Claims, Geology". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- Isaak, Mark (2007). The Counter-Creationism Handbook. University of California Press.
- Kaltner, John; McKenzie, Steven (2014). The Old Testament: Its Background, Growth, and Content. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-0-567-13439-4.
- Keiser, Thomas A. (2013). Genesis 1-11: Its Literary Coherence and Theological Message. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781625640925.
- Lamb, Hubert H. (1995). Climate, History, and the Modern World. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-12735-1.
- Leeming, David A. (2010). Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598841749.
- Levenson, Jon Douglas (1988). Creation and the persistence of evil : the Jewish drama of divine omnipotence. Harper & Row. OCLC 568745811.
- Montgomery, David R. (2012). The Rocks Don't Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah's Flood. Norton. ISBN 9780393082395.
- Miano, David (2010). Shadow on the Steps. Society for Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589834781.
- Morton, Glenn (17 February 2001). "The Geologic Column and its Implications for the Flood". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- Oliver, Simon (2017). Creation. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780567656117.
- Sailhamer, John H. (2010). The Meaning of the Pentateuch: Revelation, Composition and Interpretation. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830878888.
- Schule, Andreas (2017). Theology from the Beginning. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161539978.
- Stewart, Melville Y. (2010). Science and religion in dialogue. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4051-8921-7.
- Young, Davis A. (1995). "Diluvial Cosmogonies and the Beginnings of Geology". The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence. Eerdmans. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8028-0719-9. Archived from the originalon 31 March 2007.
- Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (18 August 2008). The Bible, Rocks and Time: Geological Evidence for the Age of the Earth. InterVarsity Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8308-2876-0.
- VanderKam, James C. (2002). Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls. Routledge. ISBN 9781134709632.
- Walton, John H.; Longman III, Tremper (2018). The Lost World of the Flood: Mythology, Theology, and the Deluge Debate. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-8782-8.
- Worthington, Martin (2019). Ea's Duplicity in the Gilgamesh Flood Story. Routledge. ISBN 9780830878888.
Further reading
- Cotter, David W. (2003). Genesis. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0814650400.
- Habel, Norman C. (1988). "Two Flood Myths". In Dundes, Alan (ed.). The Flood Myth. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520063532.
- Hamilton, Victor P (1990). The book of Genesis: chapters 1–17. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802825216.
- Kessler, Martin; Deurloo, Karel Adriaan (2004). A commentary on Genesis: the book of beginnings. Paulist Press. ISBN 9780809142057.
- Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). . A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.
- Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: introduction and annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195297515.
- McKeown, James (2008). Genesis. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802827050.
- Middleton, J. Richard (2005). The Liberating Image: The Imago Dei in Genesis 1. Brazos Press. ISBN 9781441242785.
- Rogerson, John William (1991). Genesis 1–11. T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567083388.
- Sacks, Robert D (1990). A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. Edwin Mellen.
- Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001). Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664252564.
- Wenham, Gordon (2003). "Genesis". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson (ed.). Eerdmans Bible Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802837110.
- Whybray, R.N (2001). "Genesis". In John Barton (ed.). Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.