Generations of Noah

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Table of Nations" redirects here. For a list of countries, see list of sovereign states.
Ham
).
The world as known to the Hebrews according to the Mosaic account (1854 map), from the Historical Textbook and Atlas of Biblical Geography by Lyman Coleman.

The Generations of Noah, also called the Table of Nations or Origines Gentium,

goyim", following the c. 400 CE Latin Vulgate's "nationes", and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today.[3]

The list of 70 names introduces for the first time several well-known

Misrayim
).

As

Iranic peoples of Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Far East, and Australasia. Scholars later derived a variety of arrangements to make the table fit, with for example the addition of Scythians, which do feature in the tradition, being claimed as the ancestors of much of Northern Europe.[5]

According to the biblical scholar Joseph Blenkinsopp, the 70 names in the list express symbolically the unity of humanity, corresponding to the 70 descendants of Israel that followed Jacob into Egypt in Genesis 46:27 and the 70 elders of Israel who visit God with Moses at the covenant ceremony in Exodus 24:1–9.[6]

Table of Nations

On the family pedigrees contained in the biblical pericope of Noah, Saadia Gaon (882‒942) wrote:

The Scriptures have traced the patronymic lineage of the seventy nations to the three sons of Noah, as also the lineage of Abraham and Ishmael, and of Jacob and Esau. The blessed Creator knew that men would find solace at knowing these family pedigrees, since our soul demands of us to know them, so that [all of] mankind will be held in fondness by us, as a tree that has been planted by God in the earth, whose branches have spread out and dispersed eastward and westward, northward and southward, in the habitable part of the earth. It also has the dual function of allowing us to see the multitude as a single individual, and the single individual as a multitude. Along with this, man ought to contemplate also on the names of the countries and of the cities [wherein they settled]."[7]

Moses Maimonides, echoing the same sentiments, wrote that the genealogy of the nations contained in the Law has the unique function of establishing a principle of faith, how that, although from Adam to Moses there was no more than a span of two-thousand five hundred years, and the human race was already spread over all parts of the earth in different families and with different languages, they were still people having a common ancestor and place of beginning.[8]

Other Bible commentators observe that the Table of Nations is unique compared to other genealogies since it depicts a "broad network of cousins", with a "shallow chain of brotherly relationships". Meanwhile, the other genealogies focus on "narrow chains of father-son relationships".[9]

Book of Genesis

Noah dividing the world between his sons. Anonymous painter; Russian Empire, 18th century.

Chapters 1–11 of the Book of Genesis are structured around five toledot statements ("these are the generations of..."), of which the "generations of the sons of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth" is the fourth. Events before the Genesis flood narrative, the central toledot, correspond to those after: the post-Flood world is a new creation corresponding to the Genesis creation narrative, and Noah had three sons who populated the world. The correspondences extend forward as well: there are 70 names in the Table, corresponding to the 70 Israelites who go down into Egypt at the end of Genesis and to the 70 elders of Israel who go up the mountain at Sinai to meet with God in Exodus. The symbolic force of these numbers is underscored by the way the names are frequently arranged in groups of seven, suggesting that the Table is a symbolic means of implying universal moral obligation.[10] The number 70 also parallels Canaanite mythology, where 70 represents the number of gods in the divine clan who are each assigned a subject people, and where the supreme god El and his consort, Asherah, has the title "Mother/Father of 70 gods", which, due to the coming of monotheism, had to be changed, but its symbolism lived on in the new religion.[citation needed]

The overall structure of the Table is:

  • 1. Introductory formula, v.1
  • 2. Japheth, vv.2–5
  • 3. Ham, vv.6–20
  • 4. Shem, vv.21–31
  • 5. Concluding formula, v.32.[11]

The overall principle governing the assignment of various peoples within the Table is difficult to discern: it purports to describe all humankind, but in reality restricts itself to the

ethnic groups within these regions.[12] The Table contains several difficulties: for example, the names Sheba and Havilah are listed twice, first as descendants of Cush the son of Ham (verse 7), and then as sons of Joktan, the great-grandsons of Shem, and while the Cushites are North African in verses 6–7 they are unrelated Mesopotamians in verses 10–14.[13]

The date of composition of Genesis 1–11 cannot be fixed with any precision, although it seems likely that an early brief nucleus was later expanded with extra data.[14] Portions of the Table itself 'may' derive from the 10th century BCE, while others reflect the 7th century BCE and priestly revisions in the 5th century BCE.[2] Its combination of world review, myth and genealogy corresponds to the work of the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, active c. 520 BCE.[15]

Book of Chronicles

I Chronicles 1 includes a version of the Table of Nations from Genesis, but edited to make clearer that the intention is to establish the background for Israel. This is done by condensing various branches to focus on the story of Abraham and his offspring. Most notably, it omits Genesis 10:9–14, in which Nimrod, a son of Cush, is linked to various cities in Mesopotamia, thus removing from Cush any Mesopotamian connection. In addition, Nimrod does not appear in any of the numerous Mesopotamian King Lists.[16]

Book of Jubilees

Ionian world map

The Table of Nations is expanded upon in detail in chapters 8–9 of the Book of Jubilees, sometimes known as the "Lesser Genesis," a work from the early Second Temple period.[17] Jubilees is considered pseudepigraphical by most Christian and Jewish denominations but thought to have been held in regard by many of the Church Fathers.[18] Its division of the descendants throughout the world are thought to have been heavily influenced by the "Ionian world map" described in the Histories of Herodotus,[19] and the anomalous treatment of Canaan and Madai are thought to have been "propaganda for the territorial expansion of the Hasmonean state".[20]

Septuagint version

The Hebrew bible was translated into Greek in Alexandria at the request of

Ptolemy II, who reigned over Egypt 285–246 BCE.[21]
Its version of the Table of Nations is substantially the same as that in the Hebrew text, but with the following differences:

1 Peter

In the First Epistle of Peter, 3:20, the author says that eight righteous persons were saved from the Great Flood, referring to the four named males, and their wives aboard Noah's Ark not enumerated elsewhere in the Bible.

Sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth

Ham with all of Africa, and Japheth
with all of Europe.

The

Ham, and Japheth
), together with their wives, were saved from the Deluge to repopulate the Earth.

Based on an old Jewish tradition contained in the

Aramaic Targum of pseudo-Jonathan ben Uzziel,[33] an anecdotal reference to the Origines Gentium in Genesis 10:2–ff has been passed down, and which, in one form or another, has also been relayed by Josephus in his Antiquities,[34] repeated in the Talmud,[35] and further elaborated by medieval Jewish scholars, such as in works written by Saadia Gaon,[36] Josippon,[37] and Don Isaac Abarbanel,[38]
who, based on their own knowledge of the nations, showed their migratory patterns at the time of their compositions:

"The sons of Japheth are Gomer,

Achaia[57] and Dardania." ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
on Genesis 10:2–5

"The sons of Ḥam are Kūš, and

Arabia, and Egypt, and Elīḥerūq[61] and Canaan. The sons of Kūš are Sebā[62] and Ḥawīlah[63] and Savtah[64] and Raʻamah and Savteḫā,[65] [while the sons of Raʻamah are Ševā and Dedan].[66] The names of their diocese are called Sīnīrae,[d] and Hīndīqī,[e] Samarae,[f] Lūbae,[67] Zinğae,[g] while the sons of Mauretinos[h] are [the inhabitants of] Zemarğad and [the inhabitants of] Mezağ."[68] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
on Genesis 10:6–7

"The sons of Shem are Elam,

Sheba,[85][i] and Ophir,[j] and Havilah,[90] and Jobab,[91] all of whom are the sons of Joktan."[92] ---Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
on Genesis 10: 22–28

Noahic descendant (Gen. 10:2 – 10:29) Proposed historical identifications
Gomer Cimmerians[93][94]
Magog Lydia (Mermnad dynasty)[95]
Madai Generally reckoned as the Medes,[96][97] but other proposals include Matiene, Mannaea, and Mitanni.[98]
Javan Ionians[99]
Tubal Tabal[100][101]
Tiras Uncertain, proposals include Troy, Thrace and the Sea Peoples known as the Teresh.[97][102]
Meshech
Muski[100]
Ashkenaz Scythians[97]
Riphath Uncertain, reckoned by Josephus as Paphlagonia.[102]
Togarmah Tegarama[100]
Elishah Uncertain, usually reckoned as Alashiya,[103][104] but other proposals include Magna Graecia, the Sicels,[105] the Aeolians[102] and Carthage.[106]
Tarshish Tarshish, though its location has been debated for centuries and remains uncertain.
Kittim/Kitties Kition[102]
Dodanim/Dodanites Uncertain, further complicated by its later attestation as Rodanim. Those assuming Dodanim represents the original form have proposed Dodona,[107][108] Dardania,[107] and Dardanus;[109] whereas those assuming Rodanim represents the original have almost universally proposed Rhodes.[110][108]
Cush Kush[111]
Mizraim Egypt[112]
Put Ancient Libya[113]
Canaan Canaan[112]
Seba
 Sabaeans in the Horn of Africa[112]
Havilah Uncertain, probably Ḫawlan, a region in
southern Arabia.[112][114]
Sabtah
 Uncertain, possibly Šabwat[112]
Raamah Uncertain, possibly Ragmatum, an ancient city in southwest Arabia.[112]
Sabtecha
 Uncertain, possibly Shabakat, an ancient city in Hadhramaut.[112]
Sheba
Sabaʾ[115][116][117]
Dedan Lihyan[118]
Nimrod Uncertain, various proposals exist imagining Nimrod as an ethnic group, person, city, and deity.
Ludim Lydia,[119] sometimes amended to read Lubim (Libya)[120]
Anamim Uncertain, proposals include Crete, an oasis in the Libyan Desert, a location south or west of Alexandria and the eastern desert between the Nile and the Red Sea.[121]
Lehabim
 Uncertain, sometimes suggested to represent Libya.[122]
Naphtuhim
 Uncertain, possibly Memphis, or Lower Egypt as a whole.[122]
Pathrusim Pathros[122]
"the
Casluhites
" 		Uncertain, perhaps Colchis[122]
"the
Caphtorites
" 		Caphtor, modern identification uncertain, proposals include Cilicia, Cyprus, and Crete.[123]
Sidon Sidon[124]
Heth Biblical Hittites
"the Jebusites" Jebusites, traditionally identified as an ethnic people dwelling in Jerusalem.[124]
"the Amorites" Amorites[124]
"the Girgashites" Possibly Karkisa.[125]
"the Hivites"
northern Israel.[124]
"the
Arkites
" 		Arqa[124]
"the
Sinites
" 		Siyannu[124]
"the
Arvadites
" 		Arwad[126]
"the
Zemarites
" 		Sumur[126]
"the
Hamathites
" 		Hama[126]
Elam Elam[96]
Ashur Assyria[96][127]
Arpachshad Uncertain, possibly Chaldea[127]
Lud Lydia[127]
Aram Aram[128]
Uz "Land of Uz", hypothesized locations include Aram and Edom.[128]
Hul Uncertain, possibly Houla[128]
Gether Uncertain, sometimes suggested to represent Geshur.[129][128]
Mash
 Uncertain, sometimes equated with
Massa,[129] Meshech[128] or Maacah (Genesis 22:24).[130]
Selah Uncertain
Eber Hebrews[131][132]
Peleg Uncertain, possibly Palgu, a site at the junction of the
Euphrates rivers.[132]
Joktan Uncertain, perhaps related to the Qahtanites.[132]
Almodad Uncertain
Sheleph A South Arabian tribe referred to by
Arab geographers as as-Salif or as-Sulaf.[133]
Hazarmaveth Hadhramaut[133]
Jerah
 Uncertain, possibly related to the place name WRḪN mentioned in a Sabean inscription.[133]
Hadoram Uncertain, possibly related to the place name DWRN mentioned in Sabean inscriptions.[133]
Uzal Uncertain, probably related to the place name ʾAzal, designating two different sites in South Arabia.[133]
Diklah
 Uncertain, probably related to the place name NḪL ḪRF, in the region of Sirwah.[133]
Obal
 Uncertain, probably related to the tribe BNW ʿBLM ("sons of ʿAbil"), mentioned in Sabean inscriptions and probably settled in the Yemeni highlands.[133]
Abimael
 Uncertain, it may be related to the tribe ʾBM ṮTR mentioned in Sabean inscriptions.[133]
Ophir Uncertain, proposals include the Farasan Islands,[134] Sumatra, Sri Lanka, Poovar,[135][136][137] numerous locations in Africa, Mahd adh Dhahab,[138] and Zafar.[133]
Jobab
 Uncertain, probably related to the Sabaean tribe YHYBB (*Yuhaybab), mentioned in Old South Arabian inscriptions.[139]

Problems with identification

Because of the traditional grouping of people based on their alleged descent from the three major biblical progenitors (Shem, Ham, and Japheth) by the three Abrahamic religions, in former years there was an attempt to classify these family groups and to divide humankind into three races called

Modern Age
may prove futile. Sometimes people sharing a common patrilineal descent spoke two separate languages, whereas, at other times, a language spoken by a people of common descent may have been learnt and spoken by multiple other nations of different descent.

Another problem associated with determining precise descent-groups based strictly on patrilineal descent is the realization that, for some of the prototypical family groups, certain sub-groups have sprung forth, and are considered diverse from each other (such as Ismael, the progenitor of the

Israelite nation, although both family groups are derived from Shem's patrilineal line through Eber
. The total number of other sub-groups, or splinter groups, each with its distinct language and culture is unknown.

Ethnological interpretations

Main article: Biblical terminology for race
Further information: Darwinism and Historical race concepts
Tibetan & Burmese
  Malay
  Polynesian
  Maori
  Micronesian
  Eskimo & Inuit
  American


Identifying geographically-defined groups of people in terms of their biblical lineage, based on the Generations of Noah, has been common since antiquity. By the end of the 19th century, the influential German

Negritoes" were seen as Negroid sub-races, although living outside the African continent. The only sub-races attributed to Africa were the "African Negroes" and the "Hottentots".[146]

The

Caucasian or White", "Mongolian or Yellow", "Aethiopian or Black", "American or Red", and "Malayan or Brown
").

Extrabiblical sons of Noah

There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before the Deluge.

According to the Quran (Hud 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he drowned. Some later Islamic commentators give his name as either Yam or Kan'an.[147]

According to Irish mythology, as found in the Annals of the Four Masters and elsewhere, Noah had another son named Bith who was not allowed aboard the Ark, and who attempted to colonise Ireland with 54 persons, only to be wiped out in the Deluge.[citation needed]

Some 9th-century manuscripts of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle assert that Sceafa was the fourth son of Noah, born aboard the Ark, from whom the House of Wessex traced their ancestry; in William of Malmesbury's version of this genealogy (c. 1120), Sceaf is instead made a descendant of Strephius, the fourth son born aboard the Ark (Gesta Regnum Anglorum).[citation needed]

An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall "Book of Rolls" (part of

Petrus Comestor c. 1160 (Jonithus), Godfrey of Viterbo 1185 (Ihonitus), Michael the Syrian 1196 (Maniton), Abu al-Makarim c. 1208 (Abu Naiţur); Jacob van Maerlant c. 1270 (Jonitus), and Abraham Zacuto
1504 (Yoniko).

Martin of Opava (c. 1250), later versions of the Mirabilia Urbis Romae, and the Chronica Boemorum of Giovanni de' Marignolli (1355) make Janus (the Roman deity) the fourth son of Noah, who moved to Italy, invented astrology, and instructed Nimrod.[citation needed]

According to the monk

Titans), Araxa Prisca (Araxa the Elder), Regina, Pandora Iunior (Pandora the Younger), Thetis, Oceanus, and Typhoeus. However, Annio's manuscript is widely regarded today as having been a forgery.[150]

Historian William Whiston stated in his book A New Theory of the Earth that Noah, who is to be identified with Fuxi, migrated with his wife and children born after the deluge to China, and founded Chinese civilization.[151][152]

See also

Notes

  1. Neubauer
    (1868:400) thought that Afriki in the Aramaic text "should necessarily represent a country in Asia here. Some scholars want to see Phrygia there, others Iberia" (End Quote).
  2. ^ A name typically associated with the Aeolians, who settled in Ilida (formerly known as Elis) in Greece, and in the regions thereabout. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Elisha in Ezekiel 27:7 is the province of Italy, suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. According to Hebrew Bible exegete, Abarbanel (1960:173), they also established a large colony in Sicily, whose inhabitants are known as Sicilians. According to Josippon (1971:1), Elisha's descendants had also settled in Germany (Almania).
  3. ^ According to Abarbanel (1960:173), the descendants of Tarshish eventually settled in Tuscany and in Lombardy, and made-up parts of the populations of Florence, Milan, and Venice, underscoring the fact that the migration of man and of different ethnic groups is always fluid and ever changing.
  4. ^ A place thought to be in present-day Sudan.[citation needed]
  5. ^ A place on the sub-continent of India.
  6. ^ Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History, describes this place as being situate along the banks of the Nile River.
  7. The Muqaddimah, placing the people who are called Zinğ along the coast of the Indian Ocean, between Zeila and Mogadishu
    .
  8. Gaoga who inhabit a region bordering on Borno to the west and Nubia to the east. On this place, see Leo Africanus
    (1974: vol. 3, p. 852 - note 27)
  9. ^ Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place under the name Sabaei.
  10. Nathanel ben Isaiah, writes: "And Ophir, and Havilah, and Jobab (Gen. 10:29), these are the tracts of countries in the east, being those of the first clime" (End Quote), and which first clime, according to al-Biruni, the sub-continent of India falls entirely therein. Cf. Josephus, (Antiquities of the Jews 8.6.4., s.v. Aurea Chersonesus). The 10th-century lexicographer, Ben Abraham al-Fasi (1936:46), identified Ophir with Serendip, the old Persian name for Sri Lanka
    (aka Ceylon).

References

  1. JSTOR 24417596
    .
  2. ^ a b Rogers 2000, p. 1271.
  3. S2CID 143142650.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link
    )
  4. ^ "Biblical Geography," Catholic Encyclopedia: "The ethnographical list in Genesis 10 is a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the old general geography of the East, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated."
  5. JSTOR 2707822
    .
  6. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 156.
  7. ^ Saadia Gaon 1984b, p. 180.
  8. ^ Ben Maimon 1956, p. 381 (part 3, ch. 50).
  9. ^ "Genesis chapter 10 ESV Commentary". BibleRef.com. 2024. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024.
  10. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, pp. 4 and 155–156.
  11. ^ Towner 2001, p. 102.
  12. ^ Gmirkin 2006, p. 140–141.
  13. ^ Towner 2001, p. 101–102.
  14. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 156–157.
  15. ^ Brodie 2001, p. 186.
  16. ^ Sadler 2009, p. 123.
  17. ^ Scott 2005, p. 4.
  18. ^ Ruiten 2000, p. 1.
  19. ^ Machiela 2009, pp. 87–89.
  20. ^ Alexander 1988, p. 102–103.
  21. ^ Pietersma & Wright 2005, p. xiii.
  22. ^ Scott 2005, p. 25.
  23. ^ Strawn 2000a, p. 1205.
  24. ISBN 0-8248-1219-0
    . there are more references in that book on the early Jesuits' and others' opinions on Noah's Connection to China
  25. ^ "History Collection - Collection - UWDC - UW-Madison Libraries". search.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  26. S2CID 51804916. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  27. ^ http://aschmann.net/BibleChronology/Genesis10.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  28. ^ "1770s–1840s: early ideas – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  29. ^ https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/154991623/Carey_Fraser_240117a.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  30. ^ Strawn 2000b, p. 543.
  31. ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 158.
  32. ^ Thompson 2014, p. 102.
  33. ^ Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (1974)
  34. ^ Josephus 1998, pp. 1.6.1-4.
  35. Babylonian Talmud, Yoma
    10a
  36. ^ Saadia Gaon 1984, pp. 31–34.
  37. ^ Josippon 1971, pp. 1–2.
  38. ^ Abarbanel 1960, pp. 173–174.
  39. Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 10a) where it associates Gomer with the land of Germania. According to 2nd-century author, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, the Celts were thought to be an offshoot of the Gauls
    .
  40. ^ His progeny were initially called by the Greeks "Scythians" (Herodotus, Book IV. 3–7; pp. 203–207), a people that originally inhabited those lands stretching between the Black and Aral Seas (S.E. Europe and Asia), although some of which people later went as far eastward as the Altai Mountains. Abarbanel (1960:173) alleges that Magog was also the progenitor of the Goths, a Germanic race. The Goths have a history of migration where they are known to have settled among other nations, such as among the inhabitants of Italy and of France and of Spain. See Isidore of Seville (1970:3). The Jerusalem Talmud, Leiden MS. (Megillah 1:9 [10a]) uses the word Getae to describe the descendants of Magog. According to Isidore of Seville (2006:197), the Dacians (the ancient people inhabiting Romania - formerly Thrace) were offshoots of the Goths.
  41. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1.), Madai's posterity inhabited the country of the Medes, the capital city of which, according to Herodotus, was Ecbatana.
  42. ISBN 0-434-99119-8
    - British)
  43. ^ According to Josippon (1971:1), the descendants of Javan inhabited Macedonia. According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1.), from Javan were derived the Ionians and all the Grecians.
  44. Caucasian Iberians, the ancestors of modern Georgians
    .
  45. Khorasan. The Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 10a), following the Aramaic Targum, ascribes the descendants of Meshech to the region of Moesia
    .
  46. Kent and Wight, whilst the Angles had established colonies in Mercia and in all the Northumbria
    in about 449 CE.
  47. Alamanni
    .
  48. Mantineia
    ," that is to say, Grecians by origin; the descendants of Javan.
  49. Dovid Solomon Ganz (1541–1613), author of a book published in Hebrew, entitled Tzemach Dovid (Part II, p. 71; 3rd edition pub. in Warsaw, 1878), who, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, writes that the Czech Republic was formerly called Bohemia (Latin: Boihaemum). Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1) simply writes for Ashkenaz that he was the progenitor of the people whom the Greeks call Rheginians, a people which Isidore of Seville (2006:193) identified with Sarmatians. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Jeremiah in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Ashkenaz in Jeremiah 51:27 is Hurmini (Jastrow: "probably a province of Armenia"), and Adiabene
    , suggesting that the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled there.
  50. Abarbanel (1960:173), like Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.1), opined that the descendants of Rifath settled in Paphlagonia, a region corresponding with Cappadocia (Roman province) in Asia Minor. Abarbanel added that some of these people (from Paphlagonia) eventually made their way into Venice, in Italy, while others went to France and to Lesser Britain (Brittany) where they settled along the Loire river. According to Josippon (1971:1), Rifath was the ancestor of the indigenous peoples of Brittany. The author of the Midrash Rabba (on Genesis Rabba §37) takes a different view, alleging that the descendants of Rifath settled in Adiabene
    .
  51. Chechen and Ingush
    peoples.
  52. Tadzhikistan in central Asia. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that Togarmah in Ezekiel 27:14 is the province of Germamia (var. Germania), suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there. The same view is taken by the author of the Midrash Rabba
    (Genesis Rabba §37).
  53. Asia Minor. In the language employed by Israel's Sages, this place is always associated with the western part of Turkey, the largest city of which region during the period of Israel's sages being Ephesus, situated on the coast of Ionia, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir
    Province, in west Turkey (cf. Josephus, Antiquities 14.10.11).
  54. flood plain. Jonathan ben Uzziel, who rendered an Aramaic translation of the Book of Ezekiel in the early 1st-century CE, wrote that the Kitim in Ezekiel 27:6 is the province of Apulia
    , suggesting that his descendants had originally settled there.
  55. Slovenians, among other nations. Abarbanel (1960:173) held that the descendants of Dodanim settled the isle of Rhodes
    .
  56. Ilida (in southern Greece on the Peloponnese
    ).
  57. ^ This place is distinguished by being the northwestern part of the Peloponnese peninsula.
  58. Caphtorim
    .
  59. Abarbanel (1960:173), Fūṭ is the progenitor of the indigenous peoples of Libya. R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 15) writes in Judeo-Arabic that Fūṭ's name has been preserved as an eponym in the town called תפת, and which Yosef Qafih thought may have been the town תוות mentioned by Ibn Battuta, a town in the Sahara bounded by present-day Morocco
    .
  60. Africa propria. The Tosefta
    (Shabbat 7 [8]:25) mentions the country in respect to the Amorites who went there.
  61. ^ Not identified. Possibly a region in Libya. Jastrow has suggested that the place may have been an Egyptian eparchy or nomos, probably Heracleotes. The name also appears in Rav Yosef's Aramaic Targum of I Chronicles 1:8–ff.
  62. ^ Sebā is thought to have left his name to the town of Saba, which name, according to Josephus (Antiquities 2.10.2.), was later changed by Cambyses the Persian to Meroë, after the name of his own sister. Sebā's descendants are thought to have originally settled in Meroë, along the banks of the upper Nile River.
  63. Gihon River of Genesis 2:13 with that of Amu Darya (al-Jiḥān / Jayhon of the Islamic texts), and which river encircled the entire Hindu Kush
    . Ben Ali's interpretation stands in direct contradiction to Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, where it assigns the "land of Havilah" (in Gen. 2:11) to the "land of India."
  64. Astaborans," a northeastern Sudanic
    people.
  65. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32), Savteḫā was the progenitor of the inhabitants of Demas, probably the ancient port city and harbour in Tunisia, mentioned by Pliny, now an extensive ruin along the Barbary Coast called Ras ed-Dimas, located ca. 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the island of Lampedusa, and ca. 200 kilometres (120 mi) southeast of Carthage.
  66. ^ Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.2.) calls the descendants of Dedan "a people of western Aethiopia" and which place "they founded as a colony" (Αἰθιοπικὸν ἔθνος τῶν ἑσπερίων οἰκίσας). R. Saadia Gaon (1984:32 - note 22), in contrast, thought that the children of Dedan came to settle in India.
  67. ^ Also known as Byzacium, or what is now called Tunisia.
  68. El-Jadida
    in Morocco.
  69. Khuzestan (Elam), and which, according to Josephus
    (Antiquities 1.6.4.) were "the ancestors of the ancient Persians."
  70. ^ According to R. Saadia Gaon (1984:33 - note 48), Ashur was the progenitor of the Assyrian race, whose ancestral territory is around Mosul in northern Iraq, near the ancient city of Nineveh. The same view was held by Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.).
  71. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), Arphaxad's descendants became known by the Greeks as Chaldeans (Chalybes), who inhabited the region known as Chaldea, in present-day Iraq.
  72. Khorasan (Charassan), but known by the Arabic-speaking peoples of Afrikia (North Africa) as simply "the isle" (Arabic: Al-gezirah). (see: Moses Gaster (ed.), The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the "Secrets of Moses", The Royal Asiatic Society
    : London 1927, p. 232)
  73. Armenian people
    .
  74. Ghouta
    .
  75. ^ According to Josephus (Antiquities 1.6.4.), the descendants of Hul (Ul) founded Armenia. Ishtori Haparchi (2007:88), dissenting, thought that Hul's descendants settled in the region known as Hulah, south of Damascus and north of Al-Sanamayn (Ba'al Maon).
  76. ISBN 2-87772-337-2
    , p. 59).
  77. Charax Spasini
    .
  78. ^ Whose posterity were known as the "Hebrews", after the name of their forebear.
  79. ^ From Peleg's line descended the Israelites, the descendants of Esau, and the Arabian nations (Ishmaelites), among other peoples - all sub-nations.
  80. ^ In the South Arabian tradition, he is today known by the name Qaḥṭān, the progenitor of the Sabaean-Himyarite tribes of South Arabia. See Saadia Gaon (1984:34) and Luzzatto, S.D. (1965:56).
  81. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Almodad's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.
  82. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983), p. 74, Sheleph's descendants settled along the "coastal plains," without naming the country.
  83. Ḥaḍramawt
    . Pliny, in his Natural History, mentions this place under the name Chatramotitae.
  84. al-Shiḥr
    (ash-Shiḥr).
  85. ^ a b Nethanel ben Isaiah 1983, p. 74.
  86. Sana'a in Yemen was Uzal. Uzal's descendants are thought to have settled there. See Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74); Luzzatto, S.D. (1965:56); and see Al-Hamdāni
    (1938:8, 21), where it was later known under its Arabic equivalent Azāl.
  87. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Diklah's posterity were said to have founded the city of Beihan.
  88. ^ A place which Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls in Judeo-Arabic אלאעבאל = al-iʻbāl.
  89. ^ According to Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), Abimael's posterity inhabited the place called Al-Jawf.
  90. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74) calls the land settled by Havilah's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east". Targum Pseudo-Jonathan ascribes the "land of Havilah" in Genesis 2:11 to the "land of India." Josephus (Antiquities 1.1.3.), writing on the same verse, says that "Havilah" is a place in India, traversed by the Ganges River.
  91. ^ Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:74), calls the land settled by Jobab's posterity as being "a land inhabited in the east".
  92. Indus), inhabiting parts of India (Ἰνδικῆς) and of the adjacent country Seria (Σηρίας)." Of this last country, Isidore of Seville
    (2006:194) wrote: "The Serians (i.e. Chinese, or East Asians generally), a nation situated in the far East, were allotted their name from their own city. They weave a kind of wool that comes from trees, hence this verse 'The Serians, unknown in person, but known for their cloth'."
  93. ^ Cambridge Ancient History Vol. II pt. 2, p. 425
  94. ^ Barry Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford History of Prehistoric Europe (Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 381–382.
  95. ^ Daniel Block (2013), Beyond the River Chebar: Studies in Kingship and Eschatology in the Book of Ezekiel, p. 107.
  96. ^ a b c Day 2021, p. 184.
  97. ^ a b c Hendel 2024, p. 362.
  98. ^ Emmet John Sweeny, Empire of Thebes, Or Ages in Chaos Revisited, 2006, p. 11.
  99. ISBN 0-8028-3782-4
    .
  100. ^
    ISBN 978-1-61097-650-3
    .
  101. ISBN 978-1-58983-658-7
    .
  102. ^ a b c d Josephus, Flavius. The Antiquities of the Jews 1.6.1. Translated by William Whiston. Greek original.
  103. ISBN 978-0-521-23447-4
  104. ISBN 978-3-11-022346-0
    .
  105. ^ Public Domain Emil G. Hirsch (1901–1906). "Elishah". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
  106. ^ "MikraotGedolot – AlHaTorah.org". mg.alhatorah.org. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  107. ^ a b Barnes' Notes on the Bible Gen. 10:4
  108. ^ a b Clarke's Commentary on the Bible Gen 10:4
  109. ISBN 9780802849601
    .
  110. ^ Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible, Genesis 10:3.
  111. ^ Hendel 2024, p. 364.
  112. ^ a b c d e f g Hendel 2024, p. 365.
  113. Katharine Sakenfeld (ed.). The New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible
    . Vol. 4. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 691–92.
  114. ^ Müller, W. W. (1992). "Havilah (Place)." In the Anchor Bible Dictionary. Volume 3, p. 82.
  115. ISBN 978-0810855281
    .
  116. ISBN 0714111511
    .
  117. ISBN 0802849601
    .
  118. ^ Day 2021, p. 176.
  119. ^ Day 2021, p. 178.
  120. ^ Hendel 2024, p. 370–371.
  121. ISBN 978-3-11-018355-9
    .
  122. ^ a b c d Hendel 2024, p. 371.
  123. ^ Strange, J. Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation (Leiden: Brill) 1980
  124. ^ a b c d e f Hendel 2024, p. 372.
  125. ISBN 978-0-310-53177-7
    .
  126. ^ a b c Hendel 2024, p. 373.
  127. ^ a b c Hendel 2024, p. 374.
  128. ^ a b c d e Hendel 2024, p. 375.
  129. ^ a b Day 2021, p. 187.
  130. ^ McKinny 2021, pp. 44–46.
  131. ^ Day 2021, p. 181.
  132. ^ a b c Hendel 2024, p. 376.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hendel 2024, p. 377.
  134. ^ Zwickel, Wolfgang (May 2024). "Ofir". Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikon im Internet (WiBiLex) (in German). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
  135. ^ Ramaswami, Sastri, The Tamils and their culture, Annamalai University, 1967, pp.16
  136. ^ Gregory, James, Tamil lexicography, M. Niemeyer, 1991, pp.10
  137. ^ Fernandes, Edna, The last Jews of Kerala, Portobello, 2008, pp.98
  138. ^ Rensberger, Boyce (24 May 1976). "Solomon's Mine Believed Found". The New York Times.
  139. ^ Hendel 2024, pp. 377–378.
  140. ^ D'Souza (1995), p. 124
  141. ^ According to Eusebius' Onomasticon, after the Hivites were destroyed in Gaza, they were supplanted by people who came there from Cappadocia. See Notley, R.S., et al. (2005), p. 62
  142. Ammonite
    descent, was permitted to marry a daughter of Israel.
  143. Wulfila Bible by a small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum
    (a place in northern Bulgaria). Later, because of an influx of south Slavs in the region from the 6th century, they adopted a common language on the basis of Slavonic.
  144. ^ A case in point is Bethuel the Aramean ("Syrian") in Gen. 25:20, who was called an "Aramean", not because he was descended from Aram, but because he lived in the country of the Aramaeans (Syrians). So explains Nethanel ben Isaiah (1983:121–122).
  145. Mishne Torah
    (Hil. Nahalot 1:6).
  146. ^ The German legend of the map shows the following names: Hamiten, Australier, Melanesier, Negritos, Afrikanische Neger, Hottentotten.
  147. ^ This was observed as early as 1734, in George Sale's Commentary on the Quran.
  148. ISBN 90-04-05245-3
    ., page 54
  149. ^ S.P. Brock notes that the earliest Greek texts of Pseudo-Methodius read Moneton, while the Syriac versions have Ionţon (Armenian Apocrypha, p. 117)
  150. ^ Gascoigne, Mike. "Travels of Noah into Europe". www.annomundi.com.
  151. ^ Whiston, William (1708). "A New Theory of the Earth: From Its Original, to the Consummation of All Things. Wherein the Creation of the World in Six Days, the Universal Deluge, and the General Conflagration, as Laid Down in the Holy Scriptures, are Shewn to be Perfectly Agreeable to Reason and Philosophy. With a Large Introductory Discourse Concerning the Genuine Nature, Stile, and Extent of the Mosaick History of the Creation".
  152. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2007.07.004
    .

Bibliography

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