Oedometer test

An oedometer test is a kind of

This should not be confused with the similar-looking but unrelated word "odometer", derived from Ancient Greek ὁδός (hodos, "path") which refers to a device to measure the distance travelled by a vehicle.^[3]

History

Consolidation experiments were first carried out in 1910 by Frontard. A thin sample (2in thick by 14in in diameter) was cut and placed in a metal container with a perforated base. This sample was then loaded through a piston incrementally, allowing equilibrium to be reached after each increment. To prevent drying of the clay, the test was done in a room with high humidity.^[4]

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology played a key role in early consolidation research. Both Terzaghi and Arthur Casagrande spent time at M.I.T. - Terzaghi from 1925 to 1929 and Casagrande from 1926 to 1932. During that time, the testing methods and apparatuses for consolidation testing were improved.^[5] Casagrande's contributions to the technique of oedometer testing includes the "Casagrande method" to estimate the pre-consolidation pressure of a natural soil sample.^[6] Research was continued at MIT in the 1940s by Donald Taylor.^[7]

Both the

An oedometer is fundamentally made out of three components: a "consolidation cell" to hold the soil sample, a mechanism to apply a known pressure over the sample, and an instrument to measure the changes in the sample's thickness.^[12]

The equipment required to perform an oedometer test is sometimes called an "oedometer test set". A typical inventory of an oedometer laboratory includes:^[13]

• 1 x Bench
• 3 x Oedometers
• 3 x Cells, either 50mm or 63.5mm, or 75mm
• 3 x Dial gauges, either analogue, or digital
• 1 x Weight set

The consolidation cell is the part of the oedometer that holds the soil sample during a test. At the centre of the consolidation cell is a sample ring where the soil sample is held. The sample ring is typically shaped like a cookie cutter, with a sharp edge on one side, so the ring can be used to cut out a sample slice of soil from a larger block of natural soil. Two slices of porous stone, which fit snugly into the sample ring, provide water drainage to the soil sample while confining it mechanically. These components all fit in a larger cylinder, which has grooves to ensure alignment of the components, and provides water supply and drainage to external plumbing. A rigid loading cap sits on top of the soil sample to apply compressive loads to the soil.^[12][14]

The loading mechanism of the oedometer applies a known compressive load, and therefore a known compressive stress since the diameter is fixed, to the soil sample. Most oedometers achieve this with a lever arm and a set of

There are many oedometer tests that are used to measure consolidation properties. The most common type is the incremental loading (IL) test.^[16]

Sample preparation

Tests are carried out on specimens prepared from undisturbed samples. A stiff confining ring with a sharp edge is used to cut a sample of soil directly from a larger block of soil. Excess soil is carefully carved away, leaving a sample with a diameter-to-height ratio of 3 or more. Porous stones are placed on the top and bottom of the sample to provide drainage. A rigid loading cap is then placed on top of the upper porous stone. For saturated soil samples, it is important to submerge the entire sample ring in water to prevent the sample from drying out.^[16]

Incremental loading

This assembly is then placed into a loading frame. Weights are placed on the frame, imposing a load on the soil. Compression of the sample is measured over time by a dial indicator. By observing the deflection value over time data, it can be determined when the sample has reached the end of primary consolidation. Another load is then immediately placed on the soil and this process is repeated. After a significant total load has been applied, the load on the sample is decreased incrementally. Using a load increment ratio of 1/2 provides a sufficient number of data points to describe the relationship between void ratio and effective stress for a soil.^[16]

Results

Oedometer tests provide engineers with very useful data about the soil being tested.

Coefficient of volume compressibility

${\displaystyle m_{v}={\frac {\Delta e}{1+e_{0}}}{\frac {1}{\Delta \sigma _{v}^{'}}}}$ derivied from Oedometer test

${\displaystyle \Delta H=m_{v}{\sigma _{v}^{'}}H_{0}}$ Applied to layer in field (see pictures)

Consolidation Properties

• Preconsolidation pressure σ'_p^[17]
  • The effective stress that marks the boundary between stiff and soft deformation response of a soil to loading
  • Usually indicative of high loadings in the past from glaciers or eroded layers
• Recompression Index C_R = Δe/Δlogσ'_v^[18]
  • How the soil will change volume (settle) under loads less than the preconsolidation pressure
  • Can be used to approximate swelling due to unloading
• Compression Index C_C = Δe/Δlogσ'_v^[18]
  • How the soil will change volume (settle) under loads greater than the preconsolidation pressure
• Duration of Primary Consolidation t_p^[19]
• Secondary Compression Index C_α = Δe/Δlogt^[19]
  • How the soil will change volume (settle) under a constant loading

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category:Oedometers.

• Soil mechanics
• Effective stress

References