Outline of Protestantism

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Protestantism
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History Proto-Protestantism Bohemian Reformation Reformation Magisterial Radical Counter Martin Luther Ninety-five Theses Augsburg Confession Huldrych Zwingli John Calvin Arminianism Crypto-Protestantism Nonconformists Dissenters Puritans John Wesley Pietism Great Awakenings in America Revival meetings
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Protestantism:

, a movement against what the Protestants considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the major branches of the Christian religion, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

Nature of Protestantism

• Theism
  • Monotheism
    • Abrahamic religions
      • Christianity
        • Nicene Christianity
          • Chalcedonian Christianity
            • Western Christianity
              • Protestantism

Beliefs of Protestants

• the
  Five Solas
  • Sola Fide – by faith alone (no works involved in justification
    )
  • Sola Scriptura – by scripture alone (the Bible as the sole infallible authority of Christian doctrine and practice as opposed to the belief in tradition or magisterium infallibility
    )
  • Sola Gratia – (salvation) by grace alone (without any merit
    )
  • Solus Christus – Christ alone (Jesus Christ as the only mediator between God and man as opposed to Intercession of saints or Mary)
  • saints
    )

Branches of Protestantism

• Lutheranism – a major branch of the reformation, adhering to the theology of Martin Luther
• Anabaptist
  – part of the Radical Reformation of 16th-century Europe. Many consider Anabaptism to be a distinct movement from Protestantism. Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are descendants of the movement.
• Anglicanism – churches with historical connections to the Church of England.
• Arminianism – a Protestant theological movement based on the teachings of Jacobus Arminius.
• Calvinism
  – a Protestant theological system based in large part on the teachings of John Calvin, a reformer.
  • Continental Reformed Churches – Calvinist churches which trace their origin in the European continent.
  • Presbyterianism – a denomination adhering to Calvinist views, with governance by elders (presbyters)
  • congregationalist
    governance.
• Baptist – English separatists
  distinguished by baptizing professing Christian believers only.
• Methodism – a revival movement within the Church of England which later became a separate denomination.
• Pentecostalism – a movement within Christianity putting particular emphasis on the direct experience of God in the form of the Holy Spirit.

Interdenominational movements

• Lutheran traditions) to employ a very formal style of worship, similar to that of the Catholic Church
  .
• Pietism – a Protestant movement born out of 17th century Lutheranism which emphasizes individual piety over ritualism. It is accused by its opponents as downplaying doctrine.
• Christian denominations with the scope of spreading the Gospel
  (something they all share in common), while acknowledging the doctrinal differences that set them apart.
• Ecumenism – a Christian movement, not particular to Protestantism, which seeks reconciliation between Christian denominations (Protestant as well as others) on doctrinal issues with the chief goal of reunification.
• Pentecostals
  .
• Liberalism – a movement which is rooted in enlightenment thinking and emphasizes doctrinal reinterpretation (in light of new scientific discoveries) over creedalism, tradition or church authority.
• Confessionalism – a Protestant movement, opposed to both Ecumenism and Liberalism, which refers to denominations that hold to their particular doctrines as they are defined in their confessions of faith, as opposed to striving for doctrinal reconciliation with other denominations. Adherents to the movement tend to be dogmatic and have a very well structured Systematic theology.
• Fundamentalism – a response to Liberalism, this movement is characterised by an unwavering devotion to the Bible to the point of Biblical literalism (with no room for allegorical or figurative interpretations). For this reason it has been accused of being a form of anti-intellectualism.
• Confessing Movement – a movement within Liberal churches, which seeks to accomplish a conservative resurgence.
• Pentecostal denominations which emphasizes contemporary experience of the gifts of the Holy Spirit
  .
• Progressivism – a movement which is rooted in postmodern thinking and emphasizes theological diversity (to the point of affirming non-Christian religions as well) while being very active in social issues like racism, social justice and more.
• Church Growth – also labeled as "Seeker Sensitive Movement" by its opponents, is a movement which aims to grow churches by appropriating their practices to what studies have shown people seek from a church.
• Emerging church – a response to the formation of Megachurches by the Seeker sensitive movement, it emphasizes the importance of a small and personal Christian community at the cost of doctrinal diversity.
• Calvinist
  theology in historically non-Reformed churches.

History of Protestantism

Pre-Reformation figures and movements

Patristic Age

• Aerius of Sebaste (Pontus, 4th century)
• Helvidius (4th century)
• Jovinian – (?–405)
• Vigilantius – (Gaul, c. 370– c. 406)
• Augustine of Hippo – (North Africa, 354–430)
• Prosper of Aquitaine – (Italy, 390–455)

Middle Ages

• Claudius of Turin – (Italy, ?–827)
• Gottschalk of Orbais – (Germany, ?–868)
• Ratramnus – (France, ?–868)
• Berengar of Tours – (France, ?–1088)
  • Berengarians – (France, 11th century)
• Peter of Bruys – (France, ?–1131)
  • Petrobrusians – (France, 12th century)
• Henry of Lausanne – (France, ?–1148)
• Arnold of Brescia – (Italy, 1090–1155)
  • Arnoldists – (Italy, 12th century)
• Peter Waldo – (France, 1140–1205)
  • Waldensians – (Italy, 12th century – present)
• Gregory of Rimini – (Italy, 1300–58)
• Thomas Bradwardine – (England, 1300–49)
• John Wycliffe – (England, 1320–84)
  • Lollards – (England, 14th – 16th century)
• Friends of God – (Germany, 14th century)
• Jan Hus – (Bohemia, ~1369–1415)
  • Bohemian Reformation – (Bohemia, 14th – 16th century)
  • Hussite Wars – (1420–~34)
  • Hussites
    – (15th century – present)
• Jerome of Prague – (Bohemia, 1379–1416)
• Jacob of Mies – (Bohemia, 1372–1429)

Renaissance

• Lorenzo Valla – (Italy, 1407–1457)
• Petr Chelčický – (Bohemia, 1390–1460)
• Johannes von Goch – (Germany, 1400–1475)
• Johann Ruchrat von Wesel – (Germany, ?–1481)
• Wessel Gansfort – (Netherlands, 1419–1489)
• Girolamo Savonarola – (Italy, 1452–1498)
  • Piagnoni – (Italy, 15th – 16th century)
• Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples – (France, 1455–1536)
• Desiderius Erasmus
  – (Netherlands, 1466–1536)

The Protestant Reformation

• Lutheran was coined when Catholics labelled
  like-minded people Lutherans following the practice of naming a heresy after its leader in an attempt to discredit it.
  • The Ninety-Five Theses
    (31 October 1517) – Martin Luther's list of complaints against the church.
  • Heidelberg Disputation (26 April 1518) –
  • Leipzig Debate (June and July 1519) –
  • Exsurge Domine (15 June 1520) – a papal bull condemning Martin Luther's theses.
  • Decet Romanum Pontificem (3 January 1521) – the official excommunication of Martin Luther from the Catholic Church.
  • Diet of Worms (28 January to 25 May 1521) –
  • Marburg Colloquy (1–4 October 1529) – a meeting between Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli and other leading reformers.
  • Augsburg Confession (25 June 1530) – the first confession of faith of the Lutheran tradition.
• German Peasants' War – A peasants' rebellion in Germany.
• Schmalkaldic League –
• Magisterial Reformation –
• Radical Reformation – a section of the reformation movement seeking radical reform in the Church; the Anabaptists are major adherents.
• Counter-Reformation – a series of reforms within the Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Reformation era movements

• Lutheranism – the Protestant movement which identified itself with the theology of Martin Luther.
• Calvinism
  – a Protestant theological system largely based on the teachings of John Calvin, a reformer.
• Anabaptism – a 16th-century movement which rejected infant baptism; Many consider Anabaptism to be a distinct movement from Protestantism. Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are descendants of this movement.
• Anglicanism – the multitude of doctrines and practices of the Church of England.
  • Nonconformism – the practice of refusing to adhere to the practices of the Church of England.
  • Dissenters – in this context, those who have separated themselves from the "Established Church" (Church of England).
  • Puritanism
    – Calvinist English Protestants who thought the Church of England was not truly reformed and sought to purify the Church from its remaining Roman Catholic practices.
• Polish Brethren – members of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland, a non-Trinitarian church in Poland (1565–1658).
• Remonstrants – Dutch Protestants adhering to the views of Arminius, in opposition to Calvinism.
• Counter-Reformation – a series of reforms within the Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Personalities of the era of the Reformation

Protestant reformers

Evangelical (Lutheran)

• Martin Luther (1483–1546) – church reformer, Father of Protestantism, theological works guided those now known as Lutherans.
• Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560) – early Lutheran leader, colleague of Luther and author of the Augsburg Confession and its apology
  .
• Martin Chemnitz (1522–1586) – proeminent Lutheran leader, author of the Formula of Concord and editor of the Book of Concord.

Reformed (Calvinist)

• Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) – founder of the Swiss reformed tradition, reformation leader in Zürich.
• Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531) – reformation leader in Basel.
• Martin Bucer (1491–1551) – reformation leader in Strasbourg.
• William Farel (1489–1565) – reformation leader in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
• Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) – Italian reformer.
• Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575) – successor of Zwingli, leading reformed theologian, co-author of the Helvetic Confessions.
• Calvinism
  .
• Zacharias Ursinus (1534–1583) – author of the Heidelberg Catechism.
• Guido de Bres (1522–1567) – student of John Calvin, author of the Belgic Confession.
• John Knox (1514–1572) – Scottish Calvinist reformer, founder of the Church of Scotland.
• Theodore Beza (1519–1605) – successor of Calvin, leading reformed theologian.
• Jacobus Arminius (1560–1609) – Dutch theologian, founder of the Remonstrant movement and the school of thought known as Arminianism.

Anglican

• linguist, author of the first English Bible translation
  to use the Hebrew and Greek texts as source.
• Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556) – Archbishop of Canterbury and leading reformer in England.
• Matthew Parker (1504–1575) – Archbishop of Canterbury, primary author of the final version of the Thirty-nine Articles.
• Puritan
  leader.

Anabaptist

• Balthasar Hubmaier (1480–1528) – influential Anabaptist theologian, author of numerous works during his five years of ministry, tortured at Zwingli's behest, and executed in Vienna.
• Menno Simons (1496–1561) – founder of the Mennonites.

Non-Trinitarians

• Michael Servetus (1511–1553) –
• Lelio Sozzini (1525–1562) –
• Martin Cellarius (1499–1564) –
• Ferenc Dávid (1520–1579) –
• Giorgio Biandrata (1515–1588) –
• Fausto Sozzini (1539–1604) –

Catholic opponents of the Reformation

• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) – Dutch theologian and philosopher, agreed with many points of the reformation but disagreed with the reformers over the doctrine of free will
  and accused them of being schismatic, believing the Catholic Church must be reformed from within.
• Jesuit Order
• Luis de Molina (1535–1600) – founder of the school of thought known as Molinism to reconcile the doctrines of sovereignty of God and human free will.

Political figures

• Frederick III (1463–1525) – Elector of Saxony (1486–1525), protector of Martin Luther.
• France
  (1515–1547), a repressor of the Reformation.
• Charles V (1500–1558) – emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1519–1556).
• Henry VIII (1491–1547) – king of England (1509–1547), founder of the Church of England.
• Edward VI (1537–1553) – king of England (1547–1553), significant reforms of the Church of England were implemented during his reign.
• Mary I (1516–1558) – queen of England (1553–1558), a great persecutor of Protestants.
• Elizabeth I (1533–1603) – queen of England (1558–1603), most reforms of the Church of England were implemented during her reign.

Popes

• Leo X (1513–1522)* – excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church.
• Adrian VI (1522–1523) –
• Clement VII (1523–1534) – refused the annulment of the marriage of King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon which resulted in the English Reformation and the break away of the Church of England.
• Paul III (1534–1549) – established the Roman Inquisition and convoked the Council of Trent.
• Julius III (1550–1555) –
• Marcellus II (1555) – confirmed Reginald Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury during the Counter-Reformation in England started by Queen Mary I.
• Paul IV (1555–1559) – introduced the Index Librorum Prohibitorum to suppress Protestant writings and also persecuted the Spirituali.
• Pius IV (1559–1565) –
• Pius V (1566–1572) –

*dates represent the time of papacy

The Great Awakenings

• First Great Awakening – (c. 1731–1755)
• Second Great Awakening – (c. 1790–1840)
• Third Great Awakening – (c. 1850–1900)
• Fourth Great Awakening – (c. 1960–1980)

History

See also

• Outline of religion

External links