Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon | |
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Queen consort of England | |
Tenure | 11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533 |
Coronation | 24 June 1509 |
Born | 16 December 1485 Archiepiscopal Palace, Alcalá de Henares, Castile, Spain |
Died | 7 January 1536 Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire, England | (aged 50)
Burial | 29 January 1536 , England |
Spouses | |
Issue more... | |
House | Trastámara |
Father | Ferdinand II of Aragon |
Mother | Isabella I of Castile |
Religion | Catholic Church |
Signature |
Catherine of Aragon (also spelt as Katherine,
historical Spanish: Catharina,
The daughter of
By 1526, Henry was infatuated with Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter Mary as heir presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events that led to England's schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters in England. In 1533, their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as supreme head of the Church in England and considered herself the king's rightful wife and queen, attracting much popular sympathy.[4] Despite this, Henry acknowledged her only as dowager princess of Wales. After being banished from court by Henry, Catherine lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, dying there in January 1536 of cancer. The English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning.[5] Her daughter Mary would become the first undisputed English queen regnant in 1553.
Catherine commissioned
Early life
Catherine was born at the
Catherine was educated by a tutor, Alessandro Geraldini, who was a clerk in Holy Orders. She studied arithmetic, canon and civil law, classical literature, genealogy and heraldry, history, philosophy, religion, and theology. She had a strong religious upbringing and developed her Roman Catholic faith that would play a major role in later life.[13] She learned to speak, read and write in Castilian Spanish and Latin, and spoke French and Greek. Erasmus later said that Catherine "loved good literature which she had studied with success since childhood".[14] She had been given lessons in domestic skills, such as cooking, embroidery, lace-making, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving and was also taught music, dancing, drawing, as well as being carefully educated in good manners and court etiquette.[15]
At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for
Catherine was accompanied to England by the following ambassadors:
At first it was thought Catherine's ship would arrive at Gravesend. A number of English gentlewomen were appointed to be ready to welcome her on arrival in October 1501. They were to escort Catherine in a flotilla of barges on the Thames to the Tower of London.[20]
As wife and widow of Arthur
Then-15-year-old Catherine departed from
Once married, Arthur was sent to Ludlow Castle on the borders of Wales to preside over the Council of Wales and the Marches, as was his duty as Prince of Wales, and his bride accompanied him. A few months later, they both became ill, possibly with the sweating sickness, which was sweeping the area. Arthur died on 2 April 1502; 16-year-old Catherine recovered to find herself a widow.[28]
At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her 200,000-ducat dowry, half of which he had not yet received, to her father, as required by her marriage contract should she return home.
Marriage to Arthur's brother depended on the Pope granting a dispensation because canon law forbade a man to marry his brother's widow (Lev. 18:16[a]). Catherine testified that her marriage to Arthur was never consummated as, also according to canon law, a marriage was dissoluble unless consummated.[32][33]
Queen of England
Wedding
Catherine's second wedding took place on 11 June 1509,
Coronation
On Saturday 23 June 1509, the traditional eve-of-coronation procession to
Influence
On 11 June 1513, Henry appointed Catherine Regent in England with the titles "Governor of the Realm and Captain General", while he went to France on a
Catherine was issued with banners at Richmond on 8 September,
Catherine's religious dedication increased as she became older, as did her interest in academics. She continued to broaden her knowledge and provide training for her daughter, Mary. Education among women became fashionable, partly because of Catherine's influence, and she donated large sums of money to several colleges. Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. The
In 1520, Catherine's nephew, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,[48] paid a state visit to England, and she urged Henry to enter an alliance with Charles rather than with France. Immediately after his departure, she accompanied Henry to France on the celebrated visit to Francis I, the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Within two years, war was declared against France and the Emperor was once again welcome in England, where plans were afoot to betroth him to Catherine's daughter Mary.
Pregnancies and children
Name | Birth | Death | Details |
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Daughter | 31 January 1510 | Miscarried at approximately six months gestation.[49] Catherine was told she was carrying twins and that the other still lived, so the loss was kept secret as she prepared for the birth. No child came.[50] | |
Henry | 1 January 1511 | 22 February 1511 | Died suddenly, with no recorded cause of death. |
Son | c.17 September 1513 | Either miscarried, stillborn or lived for a few hours.[51] | |
Son | November/December 1514 | Stillborn. Wolsey wrote in a letter on 15 November that Catherine was "to lie in shortly."[52] Two letters in December mention Catherine lost a child.[53][54] | |
Mary | 18 February 1516 | 17 November 1558 | Became Queen Mary I of England. |
Daughter | 10 November 1518 | Stillborn.[55] |
The King's great matter
In 1525, Henry VIII became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Catherine; Anne was between ten and seventeen years younger than Henry, being born between 1501 and 1507. Henry began pursuing her;[56] Catherine was no longer able to bear children by this time. Henry began to believe that his marriage was cursed and sought confirmation from the Bible, which he interpreted to say that if a man marries his brother's wife, the couple will be childless.[8][57] Even if her marriage to Arthur had not been consummated (and Catherine would insist to her dying day that she had come to Henry's bed a virgin), Henry's interpretation of that biblical passage meant that their marriage had been wrong in the eyes of God.[33] Whether the pope at the time of Henry and Catherine's marriage had the right to overrule Henry's claimed scriptural impediment would become a hot topic in Henry's campaign to wrest an annulment from the present Pope.[33] It is possible that the idea of annulment had been suggested to Henry much earlier than this, and is highly probable that it was motivated by his desire for a son. Before Henry's father ascended the throne, England was beset by civil warfare over rival claims to the English crown, and Henry may have wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession.[58]
It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to secure an annulment.[59] Catherine was defiant when it was suggested that she quietly retire to a nunnery, saying: "God never called me to a nunnery. I am the King's true and legitimate wife."[60] He set his hopes upon an appeal to the Holy See, acting independently of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, whom he told nothing of his plans. William Knight, the King's secretary, was sent to Pope Clement VII to sue for an annulment, on the grounds that the dispensing bull of Pope Julius II was obtained by false pretenses.
As the pope was, at that time, the prisoner of Catherine's nephew
Both the Pope and Martin Luther raised the possibility that Henry have two wives,[62] not to re-introduce polygamy generally, but "to preserve the royal dignity of Catherine and Mary".[63]: 54
Wolsey went so far as to convene an ecclesiastical court in England with a representative of the pope presiding, and Henry and Catherine herself in attendance. The pope had no intention of allowing a decision to be reached in England, and his legate was recalled. (How far the pope was influenced by Charles V is difficult to say, but it is clear Henry saw that the pope was unlikely to annul his marriage to the emperor's aunt.[64]) The Pope forbade Henry to marry again before a decision was given in Rome. Wolsey had failed and was dismissed from public office in 1529. Wolsey then began a secret plot to have Anne Boleyn forced into exile and began communicating with the pope to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest and, had he not been terminally ill and died in 1530, he might have been executed for treason.[65]
A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her old rooms were given to Anne Boleyn. Catherine wrote in a letter to Charles V in 1531:
My tribulations are so great, my life so disturbed by the plans daily invented to further the King's wicked intention, the surprises which the King gives me, with certain persons of his council, are so mortal, and my treatment is what God knows, that it is enough to shorten ten lives, much more mine.[66][67]
When Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham died, the Boleyn family's chaplain, Thomas Cranmer, was appointed to the vacant position.[68]
When Henry decided to annul his marriage to Catherine, John Fisher became her most trusted counsellor and one of her chief supporters. He appeared in the legates' court on her behalf, where he shocked people with the directness of his language, and by declaring that, like John the Baptist, he was ready to die on behalf of the indissolubility of marriage. Henry was so enraged by this that he wrote a long Latin address to the legates in answer to Fisher's speech. Fisher's copy of this still exists, with his manuscript annotations in the margin which show how little he feared Henry's anger. The removal of the cause to Rome ended Fisher's role in the matter, but Henry never forgave him.[69][70] Other people who supported Catherine's case included Thomas More; Henry's own sister Mary Tudor, Queen of France; María de Salinas; Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; Pope Paul III; and Protestant Reformers Martin Luther[71] and William Tyndale.[72]
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King Henry VIII and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King Edward I of England.[73]
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Banishment and death
Upon returning to Dover from a meeting with King Francis I of France in Calais, Henry married Anne Boleyn in a secret ceremony.[76] Some sources speculate that Anne was already pregnant at the time (and Henry did not want to risk a son being born illegitimate) but others testify that Anne (who had seen her sister Mary Boleyn taken up as the king's mistress and summarily cast aside) refused to sleep with Henry until they were married. Henry defended the lawfulness of their union by pointing out that Catherine had previously been married. If she and Arthur had consummated their marriage, Henry by canon law had the right to remarry.[77] On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgement at a special court convened at Dunstable Priory to rule on the validity of Henry's marriage to Catherine, declared the marriage unlawful, even though Catherine had testified that she and Arthur had never had physical relations. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer ruled that Henry and Anne's marriage was valid.[78]
Until the end of her life, Catherine would refer to herself as Henry's only lawful wedded wife and England's only rightful queen, and her servants continued to address her as such. Henry refused her the right to any title but "Dowager Princess of Wales" in recognition of her position as his brother's widow.[76]
Catherine went to live at
In late December 1535, sensing her death was near, Catherine made her will, and wrote to her nephew, the Emperor Charles V, asking him to protect her daughter. It has been claimed that she then penned one final letter to Henry:[81]
My most dear lord, king and husband,
The hour of my death now drawing on, the tender love I owe you forceth me, my case being such, to commend myself to you, and to put you in remembrance with a few words of the health and safeguard of your soul which you ought to prefer before all worldly matters, and before the care and pampering of your body, for the which you have cast me into many calamities and yourself into many troubles. For my part, I pardon you everything, and I wish to devoutly pray God that He will pardon you also. For the rest, I commend unto you our daughter Mary, beseeching you to be a good father unto her, as I have heretofore desired. I entreat you also, on behalf of my maids, to give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three. For all my other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, lest they be unprovided for. Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things.
Katharine the Quene.
The authenticity of the letter itself has been questioned, but not Catherine's attitude in its wording, which has been reported with variations in different sources.[82]
Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle on 7 January 1536.[83] The following day, news of her death reached the king. At the time there were rumours that she was poisoned,[84][85][86] possibly by Gregory di Casale.[87] According to the chronicler Edward Hall, Anne Boleyn wore yellow for the mourning, which has been interpreted in various ways; Polydore Vergil interpreted this to mean that Anne did not mourn.[88] Chapuys reported that it was King Henry who decked himself in yellow, celebrating the news and making a great show of his and Anne's daughter, Elizabeth, to his courtiers.[89] This was seen as distasteful and vulgar by many. Another theory is that the dressing in yellow was out of respect for Catherine as yellow was said to be the Spanish colour of mourning. Certainly, later in the day it is reported that Henry and Anne both individually and privately wept for her death. On the day of Catherine's funeral, Anne Boleyn miscarried a male child. Rumours then circulated that Catherine had been poisoned by Anne or Henry, or both. The rumours were born after the apparent discovery during her embalming that there was a black growth on her heart that might have been caused by poisoning.[90] Modern medical experts are in agreement that her heart's discolouration was due not to poisoning, but to cancer, something which was not understood at the time.[91]
Catherine was buried in Peterborough Cathedral with the ceremony due to her position as a Dowager Princess of Wales, and not a queen. Henry did not attend the funeral and forbade Mary to attend.[91]
Faith
Catherine was a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis and she was punctilious in her religious obligations in the Order, integrating without demur her necessary duties as queen with her personal piety. After the annulment, she was quoted "I would rather be a poor beggar's wife and be sure of heaven, than queen of all the world and stand in doubt thereof by reason of my own consent."[92]
The outward celebration of saints and holy
In 1523 Alfonso de Villa Sancta, a learned
Appearance
In her youth, Catherine was described as "the most beautiful creature in the world"[95] and that there was "nothing lacking in her that the most beautiful girl should have".[10] Thomas More and Lord Herbert would reflect later in her lifetime that in regard to her appearance "there were few women who could compete with the Queen [Catherine] in her prime."[96][97]
Legacy, memory and historiography
The controversial book
In the reign of her daughter Mary I of England, her marriage to Henry VIII was declared "good and valid". Her daughter Queen Mary also had several portraits commissioned of Catherine, and it would not by any means be the last time she was painted. After her death, numerous portraits were painted of her, particularly of her speech at the Legatine Trial, a moment accurately rendered in Shakespeare's play about Henry VIII.
Her tomb in Peterborough Cathedral[100] can be seen and there is hardly ever a time when it is not decorated with flowers or pomegranates, her heraldic symbol. It bears the title Katharine Queen of England.
In the 20th century, George V's wife, Mary of Teck, had her grave upgraded and there are now banners there denoting Catherine as a Queen of England. Every year at Peterborough Cathedral there is a service in her memory. There are processions, prayers and various events in the Cathedral including processions to Catherine's grave in which candles, pomegranates, flowers and other offerings are placed on her grave. On the service commemorating the 470th anniversary of her death, the Spanish Ambassador to the United Kingdom attended. During the 2010 service a rendition of Catherine of Aragon's speech before the Legatine court was read by Jane Lapotaire. There is a statue of her in her birthplace of Alcalá de Henares, as a young woman holding a book and a rose.[101]
Catherine has remained a popular biographical subject to the present day. The American historian Garrett Mattingly was the author of a popular biography Katherine of Aragon in 1942. In 1966, Catherine and her many supporters at court were the subjects of Catherine of Aragon and her Friends, a biography by John E. Paul. In 1967, Mary M. Luke wrote the first book of her Tudor trilogy, Catherine the Queen which portrayed her and the tumultuous era of English history through which she lived.
In recent years, the historian Alison Weir covered her life extensively in her biography The Six Wives of Henry VIII, first published in 1991. Antonia Fraser did the same in her own 1992 biography of the same title; as did the British historian David Starkey in his 2003 book Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII.[102][103][104] Giles Tremlett's biography, Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII, came out in 2010, and Julia Fox's dual biography, Sister Queens: The Noble, Tragic Lives of Katherine of Aragon and Juana, Queen of Castile, came out in 2011.
Places and statues
- In Alcalá de Henares, the place of Catherine's birth, a statue of Catherine as a young woman holding a rose and a book can be seen in the Archbishop's Palace.
- Peterborough is twinned with the Spanish city of Alcalá de Henares, located in the wider Community of Madrid. Children from schools in the two places have learned about each other as part of the twinning venture, and artists have even come over from Alcalá de Henares to paint Catherine's tombstone.
- Many places in Ampthill are named after Catherine. Also in Ampthill there is a cross in Ampthill Great Park named "Queen Catherine's Cross" in her honour. It is on the site of the castle where she was sent during her divorce from the King.
- Kimbolton School's science and mathematics block is called the QKB, or Queen Katherine Building.
Spelling of her name
Her baptismal name was "Catalina", but "Katherine" was soon the accepted form in England after her marriage to Arthur.[93] Catherine herself signed her name "Katherine", "Katherina", "Katharine" and sometimes "Katharina". In a letter to her, Arthur, her husband, addressed her as "Princess Katerine". Her daughter Queen Mary I called her "Quene Kateryn", in her will. Rarely were names, particularly first names, written in an exact manner during the sixteenth century and it is evident from Catherine's own letters that she endorsed different variations.[b] Loveknots built into his various palaces by her husband, Henry VIII, display the initials "H & K",[c] as do other items belonging to Henry and Catherine, including gold goblets, a gold salt cellar, basins of gold, and candlesticks. Her tomb in Peterborough Cathedral is marked "Katharine Queen of England".[106][107]
Ancestry
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See also
- Cultural depictions of Catherine of Aragon
- Descendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile
- List of English royal consorts
Notes
- Deuteronomy 25:5–10 required levirate marriage.
- ^ Catherine's endorsement of different spellings can be identified in numerous letters, signing herself as 'Katharine the Quene' in a letter to Wolsey in 1513 and as 'Katharine' in her final letter to Henry VIII dating to Jan 1536.
- during her state entry in Paris on 18 June 1549.
References
Citations
- ^ de Villegas, Alonso (1691). Flos sanctorum y historia general en que se escrive la vida de la Virgen Sacratissima ... y las [d]e los santos antiguos... p. 473.
- ^ a b c Weir 1991, p. 59.
- ^ Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England.
- ^ Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536).
- ^ Lehman 2011, p. 295.
- ^ a b Chapuys 1533, p. 737.
- ^ a b c d Deutscher & Bietenholz 1987, p. 283.
- ^ a b c Catherine of Aragon Biography.
- ^ Lehman 2011, p. 283.
- ^ a b Fraser 1992, p. 24.
- ^ Weir 1991, p. 15.
- ^ a b c Lehman 2011, p. 284.
- ^ Fraser 1992, p. 12.
- ^ Dowling 1986, p. 17.
- ^ Weir 1991, p. 20.
- ^ Sanders & Low 1910, p. 235.
- ^ Molina Recio, Raúl (2018), Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Mendoza (in Spanish), Real Academia de la Historia, retrieved 11 August 2019
- ^ John Blanke.
- ^ Goodwin 2008, p. 166.
- ^ Philip Yorke, Miscellaneous State Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1778), p. 1-20.
- ^ "Mary Rose Tudor". www.khm.at. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ Starkey 2003, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Tremlett 2010, p. 73.
- ^ Cahill Marrón 2012.
- ^ Fraser 1992, p. 25.
- ^ "Catherine of Aragon Timeline". Historyonthenet.com. 15 October 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
- ^ Jemma Field, 'Female dress', Erin Griffey, Early Modern Court Culture (Routledge, 2022), p. 395.
- ^ a b Lehman 2011, p. 285.
- ^ Maria Elizabeth Budden (1841). True Stories from English History. Chronologically Arranged from the Invasion of the Romans to the Present Time. By a Mother, Author of "True Stories from Ancient History", "Modern History", Etc. 5th Ed ... John Harris. p. 202.
- ISBN 978-1-136-64035-3.
- ^ Williams 1971, p. 15.
- ^ Weir 1991, p. 34.
- ^ a b c Lehman 2011, p. 290.
- ISBN 978-0-19-158028-4.
- ^ a b Lehman 2011, p. 287.
- ^ Eagles 2002, p. 194.
- ^ Thomas Rymer, Foedera, vol. 13 (London, 1712), p. 370 Catherine was appointed "Rectrix" and "Gubernatrix" of England.
- ^ Ellis 1846, p. 152–154.
- ^ Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, Appendix 9: Gloucester (London, 1891), p. 438.
- ^ Rymer 1741, p. 49.
- ^ Cunningham, Sean, Katherine of Aragon and an army for the North in 1513, TNA Research
- ^ Letters & Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2243.
- ^ Letters & Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1920), no. 2299.
- ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 1 (London, 1920) no. 2278: Calendar State Papers Venice, vol. 2, no. 340: Edward Hall, Chronicle (London, 1809), p. 564.
- ^ Ellis 1846, p. 82–84, 88–89.
- ^ Lehman 2011, p. 288–289.
- ^ Wilkinson 2009, p. 70.
- ^ Lehman 2011, p. 291.
- ^ Catherine, having been told she was carrying twins, made her pregnancy official in March 1510 by going into confinement at what would have been eight months gestation, for her delivery in April. No child came since she probably had an infection which finally passed.
- ^ "Queen Katharine: 1510 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Henry VIII: September 1513, 21–30 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Henry VIII: November 1514, 11–20 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Venice: January 1515 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Henry VIII: December 1514, 26–30 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ "Henry VIII: November 1518 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
- ^ Scarisbrick 1997, p. 154.
- ^ Leviticus 20:21.
- ^ Lacey 1972, p. 70.
- ^ Brigden 2000, p. 114.
- ^ Farquhar 2001, p. 61.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ISBN 978-1-7252-7755-7.
- ISBN 978-0-7524-7292-8.
- ^ Morris 1998, p. 166.
- ^ Haigh 1993, p. 92.
- ISBN 978-1-84868-102-6.
- ISBN 978-1-4668-2368-6.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .
- ^ Jestice 2004, p. 277.
- ^ Rex 2003, p. 27.
- ^ Brecht 1994, p. 44.
- ^ Rees 2006, p. 77.
- ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "genealogical tables". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
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- ^ a b Lehman 2011, p. 292.
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- ^ Williams 1971, p. 124.
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- ^ "Catherine of Aragon is banned from the English Court | Palaces of Europe". www.palaces-of-europe.com. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
- ^ Sharon Turner, The History of England from the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1828)
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- ^ Eagles 2002, p. 202.
- ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. X, no. 190.
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- ^ Warnicke 1991, p. 187.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Sanders, Sir Sidney Low (1910). The dictionary of English history.
- Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Yale English Monarchs—Henry VIII. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07158-0.
- Sigman, Mitchell (2011). Steal This Sound. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-9281-8.
- ISBN 0-06-000550-5.
- Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the queens of England: from the Norman conquest, Volume 2.
- Tremlett, Giles (2010). Catherine of Aragon: Henry's Spanish Queen. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23511-7.
- ISBN 0-521-40677-3.
- Weir, Alison (1991). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. Grove press. ISBN 0-8021-3683-4.
- Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). Mary Boleyn: the True Story of Henry VIII's Favourite Mistress. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-300-07158-0.
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Further reading
- John E. Paul (1966) Catherine of Aragon and Her Friends. Fordham University Press ISBN 978-0-8232-0685-8
- Mattingly, Garrett (2005 [1942]) Catherine of Aragon. Ams Pr Inc. ISBN 978-0-404-20169-2
- J.O. Hand & M. Wolff, (1986) Early Netherlandish Painting, National Gallery of Art, Washington (catalogue) ISBN 0-521-34016-0
- Tremlett, Giles. (2010). Catherine of Aragon: The Spanish Queen of Henry VIII. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23512-4
- Cahill Marrón, Emma Luisa (2014). Medieval or Modern Queen? Catherine of Aragon's role in the Anglo-Spanish alliance and her contribution to the introduction of New Learning in England.[permanent dead link]
- Williams, Patrick. (2012). Catherine of Aragon. Amberley. ISBN 978-1-84868-325-9
- Gardner, Laurien. (2008). The Spanish Bride: A Novel of Catherine of Aragon (Tudor Women Series).Berkley Trade. ISBN 0-425-21996-8
- Prince, Alison. (2010). Catherine of Aragon (My Royal Story). Scholastic; 1 edition. ISBN 978-1-4071-2071-3
- Luke, Mary M. (1967). Catherine, The Queen, a biography of Catherine of Aragon, first wife to Henry VIII. Coward-McCann, Inc.
- Lofts, Norah. (2008). The King's Pleasure: A Novel of Katharine of Aragon. Touchstone. ISBN 978-1-4165-9089-7
- ISBN 978-0-7091-0511-4.
- De rebus Britannicis collectanea, cum Thomae Hearnii praesatione notis et indice ad editionem primam. Ed. altera. White. 1774.
- Hardwicke, Philip Yorke of, ed. (1778). Miscellaneous State Papers: From 1501 to 1726. In Two Volumes. Strahan and Cadell., https://books.google.com/books?id=Rcs_AAAAcAAJ Miscellaneous State Papers, vol. 1 (1778) pp. 1–20, instructions for her wedding to Arthur.
- Lindsey, Karen. (1995). Divorced Beheaded Survived: A Feminist Reinterpretation of the Wives of Henry VIII. ISBN 0-201-40823-6
- Coates, Tim. (2001). Letters of Henry VIII 1526–29. Tim Coates Books. ISBN 978-0-11-702453-3
- Ashley, Mike. (2002). British Kings & Queens. ISBN 0-7867-1104-3
- ISBN 978-0-15-205447-2.
- Bernard, G.W. (2007). The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church. ISBN 978-0-300-12271-8
- Strickland, Agnes (1860). Lives of the Queens of England, from the Norman Conquest: With Anecdotes of Their Courts. Brown & Taggard.
External links
- Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 529–531. .
- Catherine of Aragon from the online Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Catherine of Aragon's divorce papers and other Tudor treasures online to mark the 500th anniversary of Henry VIII's accession
- tudorhistory.org – An overview of her life, accompanied by a portrait gallery
- englishhistory.net – An in-depth look at her life and times
- A geo-biography Archived 21 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine of the Six Wives of Henry the VIII on Google Earth
- How Henry's first wife tried to save marriage, letter from her to Pope Clement VII
- Project Continua: Biography of Catherine of Aragon
- Portraits of Katherine of Aragon at the National Portrait Gallery, London