Parasitiformes
Parasitiformes Temporal range:
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An Ixodes hexagonus tick | |
Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
Class: | Arachnida |
Superorder: | Parasitiformes Leach, 1815 |
Orders and main families[1] | |
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Parasitiformes are a superorder of Arachnids, constituting one of the two major groups of mites, alongside Acariformes.[1][2][3][4][5] Parasitiformes has, at times, been classified at the rank of order or suborder.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
It is uncertain whether Parasitiformes and Acariformes are closely related, and in many analyses they are recovered more closely related to other arachnids.[3][12] Amongst the best known members of the group are the ticks, though the Mesostigmata is by far the most diverse group with over 8,000 described species, including economically important species such as the varroa mite.
Description
Taxonomy
- Holothyrida - small group of scavenging mites native to former Gondwana landmasses
- Ixodida– ticks
- Mesostigmata – a large order of predatory and parasitic mites
- Opilioacarida– a small group of large, long-legged segmented mites.
Many species are parasitic (most famous of which are
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The
There are over 12,000 described species of Parasitiformes, and the total estimate is between 100,000 and 200,000 species.
Gallery
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Ventral views of male (left) and female (right) of Diplothyrus lecorrei (Holothyrida, Neothyridae)
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Specimen ofOpilioacarida)
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Specimens ofIxodida, Nuttalliellidae)
Evolutionary history
The oldest known fossils of Parasitiformes, representing three out of the four modern groups, Ixodida, Mesostigmata, and Opilioacarida, are known from Cretaceous aged amber, dating to around 100 million years ago.[14][15][16] They are suspected to have diversified substantially earlier. The genetic divergence between the groups is less than that of Acariform mites, suggesting a younger origin, likely dating to the late Paleozoic.[17]
References
- ^ a b
Beaulieu, Frédéric (2011). Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (ed.). "Superorder Parasitiformes: In: Zhang, Z-Q. (ed.) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness". Zootaxa. 3148. ISSN 1175-5326.
- ^ "Parasitiformes Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2021-10-31.
- ^ a b
Arribas, Paula; Andújar, Carmelo; Moraza, María Lourdes; Linard, Benjamin; et al. (2019). "Mitochondrial Metagenomics Reveals the Ancient Origin and Phylodiversity of Soil Mites and Provides a Phylogeny of the Acari". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (3): 683–694. PMID 31670799.
- ^
Beron, Petar, ed. (2020). Acarorum Catalogus VI, Order Mesostigmata. Pensoft. ISBN 978-619-248-006-6.
- ^ Castilho, Raphael de Campos; Moraes, Gilberto; Halliday, R. B. (2012). "Catalogue of the mite family Rhodacaridae Oudemans, with noyes on the classification of the Rhodacaroidea (Acari: Mesostigmata)". Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz. 3471. .
- ^
Barker, S.C.; Murrell, A. (2004). "Systematics and evolution of ticks with a list of valid genus and species names". Parasitology. 129 (7): S15–S36. S2CID 38865837.
- ^ Evolution of ticks. Klompen, J.S.; Black, W.C.; Keirans, J.E.; Oliver, J.H. Annual Review of Entomology, 1996, Vol.41, pp.141-61
- ^ John F Anderson, The natural history of ticks, Medical Clinics of North America, Volume 86, Issue 2, March 2002, Pages 205-218
- ^ Hans Klompen, Mariam Lekveishvili, William C. Black IV, Phylogeny of parasitiform mites (Acari) based on rRNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 43, Issue 3, June 2007, Pages 936-951
- ^ Lindquist, E.E.; Walter, D.E.; Krantz, G.W. (2009) A manual of Acarology, 3 Edit. Lubbock: Texas Tech, pp. 97-103
- ^ Schweizer, J. (1949). Die Landmilben des schweizerischen Nationalparks: Teil 1. Liestal: Lüdin.
- S2CID 90344977.
- S2CID 55284869.
- S2CID 239420481.
- S2CID 253637881.
- PMID 29233973.
- PMID 31670799.