Parathyroid adenoma

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Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid adenoma
SpecialtyEndocrinology, Otolaryngology

A parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland. It generally causes hyperparathyroidism; there are very few reports of parathyroid adenomas that were not associated with hyperparathyroidism.[1]

A human being usually has four parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid in the neck. In order to maintain calcium metabolism, the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which stimulates the bones to release calcium and the kidneys to reabsorb it from the urine into the blood, thereby increasing its serum level. The action of calcitonin opposes PTH. When a parathyroid adenoma causes hyperparathyroidism, more parathyroid hormone is secreted, causing the calcium concentration of the blood to rise, resulting in hypercalcemia.[2]

Signs and symptoms

The first signs of a parathyroid adenoma and the resulting primary hyperparathyroidism can include

kidney stones.[1]

Often, a parathyroid adenoma is diagnosed by an incidental finding on blood tests that reveal high calcium levels.[3] Patients may not be experiencing any noticeable symptoms but could be producing excessive amounts of calcium and eventually experience problems later in life if untreated. However, if symptomatic, patients can experience: pain or discomfort in the joints, muscles, and abdomen; depression and mood changes due to the hormonal imbalance.;[4] constipation; exhaustion; and kidney damage.[4]

Genetics

Parathyroid adenoma can be associated with overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene.[5] It is also associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN).[6]

Diagnosis

Micrograph of a parathyroid adenoma (left) and normal parathyroid gland (right). H&E stain.

Hyperparathyroidism is confirmed by blood tests such as calcium and PTH levels. A specific test for parathyroid adenoma is

sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy, the sestamibi scan. This nuclear imaging technique reveals the presence and location of pathological parathyroid tissue.[7]

4DCT is used as second line investigation to diagnose parathyroid adenoma. In addition to the three dimensional imaging of a conventional CT scan, 4DCT provides imaging on the changes of iodinated contrast enhancement over time and present them in a video format (from plain imaging to arterial to venous and delay phases). Parathyroid adenoma would show low density on non contrast image, with peak enhancement during the arterial phase, then slowly fade away until the delay phase.[8]

Treatment

minimally invasive fashion, mainly because imaging techniques can pinpoint the location of the tissue.[10] Minimally invasive techniques include smaller open procedures, radio-guided and video-assisted procedures, and totally endoscopic surgery.[10]

Before surgery is attempted, the affected glandular tissue must be located. Though the parathyroid glands are usually located on the back of the thyroid, their position is variable. Some people have one or more parathyroid glands elsewhere in the neck anatomy or in the chest. About 10% of parathyroid adenomas are

CT scans.[9][11]
sometimes parathyroid adenomas can be ablated by ethanol injection, laser or radiofrequency guided by ultrasound.

Micrographs

See also

References

  1. ^
    PMID 15078912
    .
  2. PMID 17942777
    .
  3. ^ (2012) The New York Times, Health Guide[verification needed]
  4. ^ a b "Parathyroid adenoma: Diagnosis & treatment". Cleveland Clinic. June 11, 2012.
  5. PMID 8626826
    .
  6. ^ "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  7. PMID 12724639
    .
  8. PMID 24354373
    .
  9. ^
    doi:10.4103/0973-0354.96061
    .
  10. ^
    PMID 22065831
    .
  11. S2CID 46264400
    .

External links

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