Paul Baudouin
Paul Baudouin[1] (French pronunciation: [pɔl bodwɛ̃]; 19 December 1894 – 10 February 1964)[2] was a French banker[3] who became a politician and Foreign Minister of France for the last six months of 1940. He was instrumental in arranging a cessation of hostilities between France and Germany in June that year, resulting in an Armistice.
Early years
Paul Baudouin was born into a wealthy family in Paris, and served as an artillery officer during The Great War in the French Army. In 1930 he became the Deputy Director and General Manager of the Banque de l'Indochine.[4] A "convinced Catholic", like many Catholics of the time he considered himself "non-political" although he had been a committed member of the militant nationalist movement Action Française. He had also been a Catholic Scout leader in the years just prior to World War II, and had written a notable exhortation to young Christians for the Revue de jeunes. He called for "the renaissance, in the humbler form of a layman's Order, of the chivalry of old times" to defend the spiritual patrimony of the Christian West.[5]
Enters government
Following the fall of the troubled French Government of Édouard Daladier, on 20 March 1940, his Finance Minister Paul Reynaud was asked by President Albert Lebrun to form a new government, even though he only had a majority of one. Daladier remained as Minister of Defence. One of those civilian members appointed to the new Cabinet was Paul Baudouin, a known opponent of France's declaration of war against Germany, as Under-Secretary of State to the Prime Minister[6][7] Soon, this young technocrat, attentive to the rising generation, would be the centre of a Catholic/Action Française cohort set on re-educating French young people, inspired by a host of new programs of Pétain's later Cabinet and entourage, drawing upon his Catholic scout or Revue des jeunes contacts.[8]
Invasion crisis
The German Army invaded France on 14 May 1940 and Baudouin was present at the French Cabinet conference with Churchill on the night of 16 May when Churchill was told of the hopelessness of the French military situation. On the 18th a cabinet reshuffle took place and Marshal Philippe Pétain was invited by Paul Reynaud to become Deputy Premier of France. Baudouin was present on the morning of 24 May when General Weygand reported to Reynaud and Pétain that "the situation is very grave".[9] On 26 May Weygand told Baudouin that he "wished to avoid internal troubles, and above all anarchy". On the same day, Pétain came to see Baudouin and said, "I cannot allow the errors of the politicians to be blamed on the army", and blamed Daladier and the 'Front Populaire'. Baudouin reported this conversation to Reynaud the following day. That night, the King of Belgium announced the capitulation of the Belgian army.[10]
The military situation now drastically deteriorated: on 5 June, Dunkirk fell, and Reynaud again reshuffled his Cabinet, sacking Daladier, and giving Paul Baudouin another appointment as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. General Charles de Gaulle was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War.[11] Pétain, furious at de Gaulle's appointment, complained to Baudouin and asked him to use his influence with the prime minister to prevent de Gaulle attending the morning meetings, describing de Gaulle as "proud, ungrateful and embittered." Baudouin suggested he should see Reynaud himself. On 8 June, Baudouin dined with Camille Chautemps and both agreed that the war must end.[12] On 10 June, the government left Paris for Tours. Maxime Weygand, the Commander-in-Chief, now declared that "the fighting had become meaningless" and he told Baudouin and several members of the government that he thought an armistice was essential; Baudouin agreed.[13]
On 11 June, Churchill flew to the Chateau du Muguet, at Briare, near Orléans, where he put forward first his idea of a Breton redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was "just a fantasy". The following day, the cabinet met, and Weygand again called for an armistice. He referred to the danger of military and civil disorder and the possibility of a Communist uprising in Paris. Pétain and Minister of Information Jean Prouvost urged the Cabinet to hear Weygand out because "he was the only one really to know what was happening". Churchill returned on the 13th. Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of the French army's resistance.[14]
Armistice
Baudouin was appointed
Vichy
The government subsequently moved from Bordeaux to
In the summer of 1940 Baudouin gave his backing to Henri Dhavernas, Inspecteur des Finances, and a former chief commissioner for the Catholic Scouts de France, to found a new official youth movement, the 'Compagnons de France', which was formally registered as an association in July 1940. It was, following the armistice, both a pragmatic way to unify French young people and a reflection of the romantic, anti-liberal, anti-modern mentality of many pre-war Catholic intellectuals. The Compagnons, Maréchal Pétain said, were to be "the National Revolution's vanguard". The movement received the enormous sum of 19 million Francs in subsidies, in addition to an initial sum of 6.1 million Francs handed over personally to Dhavernas by Baudouin, between October 1940 and January 1941.[20]
It appears that Baudouin was also a monarchist at heart, as on the 8 October Abetz, the German Ambassador in Paris, wrote to von Ribbentrop that "some (French) ministers, such as Alibert, Baudouin and Bouthillier, are hoping for an eventual restoration of the Bourbons". About this time
After government
Between 1941 and 1944 he returned to the bank of Indo-China, serving as Chairman. However, after the war he was charged with collaborating with the Germans, and on 3 March 1947 he was sentenced to five years hard labour. The sentence was commuted in 1949.[4]
References
- Baudouin, Paul, Neuf mois au gouvernement, Paris, 1948.
Notes
- ^ Association X-Résistance, Ministres de Vichy issus de l'École polytechnique, Paul Baudouin Archived 2 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, x-resistance.polytechnique.org
- ^ Chan,C.Peter, @ http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=533
- ISBN 0-316-86127-8
- ^ a b Chan
- ISBN 0-85323-742-5
- ^ Williams, 2005, p. 306
- ^ Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1968, p. 163.
- ^ Hellman, 1997, p. 16.
- ISBN 0-09-455740-3
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, pp. 228–9.
- ^ Warner, 1968, p. 163.
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p. 231.
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p. 232.
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p. 235.
- ^ Williams, 2005, pp. 332–6
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p. 244.
- ^ Williams, 2005, p.336 & 340-1.
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p. 252.
- ^ Williams, 2005, p. 342.
- ^ Hellman, 1997, pp. 130–132.
- ^ Griffiths, 1970, p.264 & 267.
- ^ Warner,1968, p.277n.