Capetian dynasty
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (January 2008) |
House of Capet | |
---|---|
One variation of the Capetian Armorial | |
Parent house | Robertians,
Karlings |
Country | List
|
Founded | 987 |
Founder | Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou |
Cadet branches | See below |
The Capetian dynasty (/kəˈpiːʃən/ kə-PEE-shən; French: Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a dynasty of European origin, and a branch of the Robertians and the Karlings. It is among the largest and oldest royal houses in Europe and the world, and consists of Hugh Capet, the founder of the dynasty, and his male-line descendants, who ruled in France without interruption from 987 to 1792, and again from 1814 to 1848. The senior line ruled in France as the House of Capet from the election of Hugh Capet in 987 until the death of Charles IV in 1328. That line was succeeded by cadet branches, the Houses of Valois and then Bourbon, which ruled without interruption until the French Revolution abolished the monarchy in 1792. The Bourbons were restored in 1814 in the aftermath of Napoleon's defeat, but had to vacate the throne again in 1830 in favour of the last Capetian monarch of France, Louis Philippe I, who belonged to the House of Orléans. Cadet branches of the Capetian House of Bourbon are still reigning over Spain and Luxembourg.
The dynasty had a crucial role in the formation of the French state. Initially obeyed only in their own demesne, the Île-de-France, the Capetian kings slowly but steadily increased their power and influence until it grew to cover the entirety of their realm. For a detailed narration on the growth of French royal power, see Crown lands of France.
Members of the dynasty were traditionally Catholic, and the early Capetians had an alliance with the
The Capetians generally enjoyed a harmonious family relationship. By tradition, younger sons and brothers of the king of France were given appanages for them to maintain their rank and to dissuade them from claiming the French crown itself. When Capetian cadets did aspire for kingship, their ambitions were directed not at the French throne, but at foreign thrones. As a result, the Capetians have reigned at different times in the kingdoms of Portugal, Sicily and Naples, Navarre, Hungary and Croatia, Poland, Spain and Sardinia, grand dukedoms of Lithuania and Luxembourg, and in Latin and Brazilian empires.
In modern times, King
Name origins and usage
The name of the dynasty derives from its founder,
Historians in the
Capetian miracle
The Capetian miracle (French: Miracle capétien) refers to the dynasty's ability to attain and hold onto the French crown.[5][page needed]
In 987,
By comparison, the Crusader
The Robertians and before
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Capetian dynasty Cadets |
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The dynastic surname now used to describe Hugh Capet's family prior to his election as King of France is "Robertians" or "Robertines." The name is derived from the family's first certain ancestor,
In the late 9th century, King Robert I, grandfather of Hugh Capet, married Beatrice of Vermandois, a direct descendant of Charlemagne, thus making the Capetian dynasty a cadet branch of the Carolingian dynasty.[6][7]
The Carolingian dynasty ceased to rule France upon the death of Louis V. After the death of Louis V, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, was elected by the nobility as king of France. Hugh was crowned at Noyon on 3 July 987 with the full support from Holy Roman Emperor Otto III. With Hugh's coronation, a new era began for France, and his descendants came to be named the Capetians, with the Capetian dynasty and its cadet branches such as the House of Valois ruling France for more than 800 years (987–1848, with two interruptions during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, first between 1792 and 1814, and then for three months in 1815.)
Robertian family branches
- Rodbert
- Ingerman of Hesbaye
- Ermengarde of Hesbaye, wife of Louis the Pious
- Cancor, founder of the Lorsch Abbey
- Heimrich (−795), count in the Lahngau
- House of Babenberg
- Heimrich (−795), count in the Lahngau
- Landrada
- Saint Chrodogang, Archbishop of Metz, Abbot of the Lorsch Abbey
- Robert of Hesbaye
- Robert III of Worms
- Robert the Strong
- Western Francia
- Richildis, married to a count of Troyes
- Western Francia
- Rudolph of Burgundy
- Adela, married Herbert II, Count of Vermandois
- Hugh the Great
- Hugh Capet, founder House of Capet
- Hadwig, married Reginar IV, Count of Mons
- Robert II
- Otto-Henry
- Odo
- Beatrix, married Frederick of Bar
- Emma, married Richard I of Normandy
- Herbert, bishop of Auxerre
- Hugh Capet, founder House of Capet
- Robert the Strong
Capetians through history
Over the succeeding centuries, Capetians spread throughout Europe, ruling every form of provincial unit from kingdoms to manors.
Salic law
Without Salic law, upon the death of
In 1328, King Charles IV of France died without male heirs, as his brothers did before him. Philip of Valois, the late king's first cousin, acted as regent, pending the birth of the king's posthumous child, which proved to be a girl. Isabella of France, sister of Charles IV, claimed the throne for her son, Edward III of England. The English king did not find support among the French lords, who made Philip of Valois their king. From then on the French succession not only excluded females but also rejected claims based on the female line of descent.
Thus the French crown passed from the House of Capet after the death of Charles IV to Philip VI of France of the House of Valois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty,
- then to Louis II, Duke of Orléans, of the Orléans branch of the Valois, who became Louis XII of France,
- then to Francis, Duke of Valois, Count of Angoulème, who became Francis I of France, and his descendants, of the Orléans-Angoulème,
- then to Henry III of Navarre, who became Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
This did not affect monarchies not under that law such as Portugal, Spain, Navarre, and various smaller duchies and counties. Therefore, many royal families appear and disappear in the French succession or become cadet branches upon marriage. A complete list of the senior-most line of Capetians is available below.
Capetian cadet branches
The Capetian dynasty has been broken many times into (sometimes rival) cadet branches. A cadet branch is a line of descent from another line than the senior-most. This list of cadet branches shows most of the Capetian cadet lines and designating their royal French progenitor, although some sub-branches are not shown.
Descendants of Philip III of France
- House of Valois (1293–1498)
- House of Valois-Orléans (1392–1515)
- House of Orléans-Angoulême (1407–1589)
- House of Valois-Anjou (1356–1481)
- House of Valois-Burgundy (1364–1477)
- House of Burgundy-Brabant (1404–1430)
- House of Burgundy-Nevers (1404–1491)
- House of Valois-Alençon (1325–1525)
- House of Valois-Orléans (1392–1515)
- House of Évreux (1303–1400)
- House of Évreux-Navarre (1328–1425)
Descendants of Louis IX of France
- House of Bourbon (1268–1503)
- House of Bourbon-Montpensier, counts(1443–1527)
- House of Bourbon-La Marche (1356–1438)
- House of Bourbon-Vendôme (became Royal House of France in 1589)
- House of Artois (1775–1883)
- House of Bourbon, Spanish branch (1700–present)
- Carlists (1819–1936)
- Alfonsines(1819–present)
- House of Bourbon-Anjou (1933–present)
- House of Bourbon, Spanish royal family (1933–present)
- House of Bourbon-Seville (1823–)
- House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1751–present)
- House of Bourbon-Braganza (1752–1979)
- House of Bourbon-Parma (1748–present)
- Parma-Luxembourg, called House of Nassau-Weilburg(1919–present)
- House of Orléans (1661–)
- Orléans-Nemours, then (1891) House of Orléans-Braganza (1864–present)
- Orléans-Alençon (1844–1970)
- Orléans-Aumale (1822–1872)
- Orléans-Montpensier, then House of Orléans-Galliera (1824–present)
- Orléans-Nemours, then (1891) House of Orléans-Braganza (1864–present)
- House of Bourbon-Condé(1557–1830)
- House of Bourbon-Conti(1629–1814)
- House of Bourbon-Soissons (1569–1641)
- House of Bourbon-Montpensier, dukes(1477–1608)
- House of Bourbon-Carency (1393–1520)
- House of Bourbon-Duisant (1457–1530)
- House of Bourbon-Preaux (1385–1429)
- House of Bourbon-Vendôme (became Royal House of France in 1589)
Descendants of Louis VIII of France
- House of Artois (1237–1472)
- House of Anjou (initially ruling house of Sicily, then of Naples, became ruling house of Hungary) (1247–1382)
- House of Anjou-Naples (1309–1343)
- House of Anjou–Taranto (1294–1374)
- House of Anjou–Durazzo (1309–1414)
Descendants of Louis VI of France
- House of Dreux (1137–1345)
- Breton House of Dreux(1213–1341)
- House of Montfort(1322–1488)
- Capetian House of Courtenay (1150–1727)
- Capetian House of Courtenay – Latin emperors of Constantinople (1217–1283)
Descendants of Henry I of France
- Capetian House of Vermandois(1085–1212)
Descendants of Robert II of France
- House of Burgundy (1032–1361)
- Portuguese House of Burgundy (1109–1383)
- House of Aviz (1385–1580) – illegitimate male-line descent from Burgundy
- House of Braganza (1442–present) – illegitimate male-line descent from Aviz
- House of Cadaval (1645–present), the male line went extinct in 2001[citation needed]
- House of Braganza (1442–present) – illegitimate male-line descent from Aviz
- House of Aviz (1385–1580) – illegitimate male-line descent from Burgundy
- Portuguese House of Burgundy (1109–1383)
Sovereigns from the Capetian dynasty
Latin Empire
- Peter (1216–1217)
- Robert(1219–1228)
- Baldwin II(1228–1273, exiled in 1261)
- Philip I (1273–1283)
- Catherine I (1283–1307)
- Catherine II (1307–1346)
- Robert II (1346–1364)
- Philip II (1364–1374)
Kingdom of Albania
- Charles I (1272–1285)
- Charles II (1285–1294)
- Philip(1294–1331)
- Robert(1331–1332)
- John (1332–1336)
- Charles III (1336–1348)
- Joan I (1348–1368)
- Louis (1376–1383)
Kingdom of Etruria
- Louis (1801–1803)
- Charles Louis (1803–1807)
Kingdom of France
- Hugh (987–996)
- Robert II (996–1031)
- Henry I (1031–1060)
- Philip I (1060–1108)
- Louis VI (1108–1137)
- Louis VII (1137–1180)
- Philip II (1180–1223)
- Louis VIII (1223–1226)
- Louis IX (1226–1270)
- Philip III (1270–1285)
- Philip IV (1285–1314)
- Louis X (1314–1316)
- John I (1316)
- Philip V (1316–1322)
- Charles IV (1322–1328)
- Philip VI (1328–1350)
- John II (1350–1364)
- Charles V (1364–1380)
- Charles VI (1380–1422)
- Charles VII (1422–1461)
- Louis XI (1461–1483)
- Charles VIII (1483–1498)
- Louis XII (1498–1515)
- Francis I (1515–1547)
- Henry II (1547–1559)
- Francis II (1559–1560)
- Charles IX (1560–1574)
- Henry III (1574–1589)
- Henry IV (1589–1610)
- Louis XIII (1610–1643)
- Louis XIV (1643–1715)
- Louis XV (1715–1774)
- Louis XVI (1774–1792)
- Louis XVIII (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
- Charles X (1824–1830)
- Louis Philip (1830–1848)
Kingdom of Hungary
- Charles I (1310–1342)
- Louis I (1342–1382)
- Mary (1382–1385, 1386–1395)
- Charles II (1385–1386)
Kingdom of Naples
- Charles I (1266–1285)
- Charles II (1285–1309)
- Robert(1309–1343)
- Joan I (1343–1382)
- Charles III (1382–1386)
- Ladislas (1386–1414)
- Joan II (1414–1435)
- René I (1435–1442)
- Philip (1700–1707)
- Charles VII (1735–1759)
- Ferdinand IV (1759–1816)
- Philip I (1284–1305)
- Louis I (1305–1316)
- John I (1316–1316)
- Philip II (1316–1322)
- Charles I (1322–1328)
- Joan II (1328–1349)
- Philip III (1328–1343)
- Charles II (1349–1387)
- Charles III (1387–1425)
- Blanche I (1425–1441)
- Anthony (1555–1562)
- Henry III (1572–1610)
- Louis II (1610–1643)
- Louis III (1643–1715)
- Louis IV (1715–1774)
- Louis V (1774–1792)
- Louis VII (1814–1815, 1815–1824)
- Charles V (1824–1830)
- Louis Philip (1830–1848)
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom and County of Portugal
- Henry (1093–1112)
- Alphonse I (1112–1185, crowned in 1139)
- Sancho I (1185–1211)
- Alphonse II (1211–1223)
- Sancho II (1223–1247)
- Alphonse III (1247–1279)
- Denis (1279–1325)
- Alphonse IV (1325–1357)
- Peter I (1357–1367)
- Ferdinand I (1367–1383)
Kingdom of Sicily
- Charles I (1266–1282)
- Philip (1700–1713)
- Charles VII (1735–1759)
- Ferdinand III (1759–1816)
Kingdom of Spain
- Philip V (1700–1724, 1724–1746)
- Louis I (1724)
- Ferdinand VI (1746–1759)
- Charles III (1759–1788)
- Charles IV (1788–1808, 1808)
- Ferdinand VII (1808, 1813–1833)
- Isabella II(1833–1868)
- Alphonse XII (1874–1885)
- Alphonse XIII (1886–1931)
- John Charles I (1975–2014)
- Philip VI (2014–)
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
- Ferdinand I (1816–1825)
- Francis I (1825–1830)
- Ferdinand II (1830–1859)
- Francis II (1859–1860)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
- Henry (1573–1574)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Duchy of Brabant
- Anthony (1406–1415)
- John IV (1415–1427)
- Philip I (1427–1430)
- Philip II (1430–1467)
- Charles (1467–1477)
- Mary (1477–1482)
Duchy of Brittany
- Peter I (1213–1237)
- John I (1237–1286)
- John II (1286–1305)
- Arthur II (1305–1316)
- John III (1312–1341)
- John IV (1341–1345)
- John V (1364–1399)
- John VI (1399–1442)
- Francis I (1442–1450)
- Peter II (1450–1457)
- Arthur III (1457–1458)
- Francis II (1458–1488)
- Anne (1488–1514)
- Claude (1514–1524)
- Francis III (1514–1524)
- Francis IV (1524–1536)
- Henry (1536–1547)
Duchy of Burgundy
- Otto of Paris (956–965)
- Odo-Henry (965–1002)
- Henry I (1026–1032)
- Robert I (1032–1076)
- Hugh I (1076–1079)
- Odo I (1079–1103)
- Hugh II (1103–1143)
- Odo II (1143–1162)
- Hugh III (1162–1192)
- Odo III (1192–1218)
- Hugh IV (1218–1272)
- Robert II (1272–1306)
- Hugh V (1306–1315)
- Odo IV (1315–1349)
- Philip I (1349–1361)
- John I (1361–1363)
- Philip II (1363–1404)
- John II (1404–1419)
- Philip III (1419–1467)
- Charles (1467–1477)
- Mary (1477–1482)
Duchy of Lorraine
- René I (1431–1453)
- John II (1453–1470)
- Nicholas I (1470–1473)
- Yolande (1473–1473)
Duchy of Lucca
- Maria Louisa (1815–1824)
- Charles (1824–1847)
Duchy of Luxemburg
Duchy of Milan
- Louis I (1499–1512)
- Francis II (1515–1521)
- Philip IV (1700–1714)
Duchy of Parma
- Charles I (1731–1735)
- Philip (1748–1765)
- Ferdinand (1765–1802)
- Charles II (1847–1849)
- Charles III (1849–1854)
- Robert I (1854–1859)
Principality of Achaea
- Charles I (1278–1285)
- Charles II (1285–1289)
- Philip I (1307–1313)
- Louis (1313–1316)
- Robert I (1318–1322)
- Robert II (1333–1364)
- Catherine II(1333–1346)
- Philip II (1364–1373)
- Joan I (1373–1381)
- Charles III (1383–1386)
Principality of Taranto
- Charles I (1266–1285)
- Charles II (1285–1294)
- Philip I (1294–1331)
- Robert II (1331–1346, 1362–1364)
- Louis (1346–1362)
- Philip II (1362–1374)
- Ladislaus (1406–1414)
- James (1414–1420)
Marquisate of Namur
- Philip II (1212–1226)
- Henry II (1226–1229)
- Margaret (1229–1237)
- Baldwin II (1237–1256)
- Philip IV (1421–1467)
- Charles I (1467–1477)
- Mary I (1477–1482)
Illegitimate descent
Empire of Brazil
Kingdom of Portugal
- John I (1385–1433)
- Edward (1433–1438)
- Alphonse V (1438–1481)
- John II (1481–1495)
- Manuel I (1495–1521)
- John III, (1521–1557)
- Sebastian, (1557–1578)
- Henry (1578–1580)
- Anthony (1580–1580, disputed)
- John IV (1640–1656)
- Alphonse VI (1656–1683)
- Peter II (1683–1706)
- John V (1706–1750)
- Joseph I (1750–1777)
- Peter III (1777–1786)
- Mary I (1777–1816)
- John VI (1816–1826)
- Peter IV (1826–1826)
- Mary II (1826–1828, 1834–1853)
- Michael I (1828–1834)
Senior Capets
Throughout most of history, the Senior Capet and the
- King of France(987–996)
- Robert II, King of France (996–1031)
- Henry I, King of France (1031–1060)
- Philip I, King of France (1060–1108)
- Louis VI, King of France (1108–1137)
- Louis VII, King of France (1137–1180)
- Philip II, King of France (1180–1223)
- Louis VIII, King of France (1223–1226)
- Louis IX, King of France (1226–1270)
- Philip III, King of France (1271–1285)
- Philip IV, King of France (1285–1314)
- Louis X, King of France (1314–1316)
- John I, King of France (1316–1316)
- Philip V, King of France (1316–1322)
- Charles IV, King of France (1322–1328)
- Philip VI, King of France (1328–1350)
- John II, King of France (1350–1364)
- Charles V, King of France (1364–1380)
- Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422)
- Charles VII, King of France (1422–1461)
- Louis XI, King of France (1461–1483)
- Charles VIII, King of France (1483–1498)
- Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515)
- Francis I, King of France (1515–1547)
- Henry II, King of France (1547–1559)
- Francis II, King of France (1559–1560)
- Charles IX, King of France (1560–1574)
- Henry III, King of France (1574–1589)
- Henry IV, King of France (1589–1610)
- Louis XIII, King of France (1610–1643)
- Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Louis XV, King of France (1715–1774)
- Louis XVI, King of France (1774–1793)
- Louis XVII, King of France (1793–1795)
- Louis XVIII, King of France (1795–1824)
- Charles X, King of France (1824–1836)
- Louis Anthony, Duke of Angoulême (1836–1844)
- Henry, Count of Chambord (1844–1883)
- John, Count of Montizón (1883–1887)
- Charles, Duke of Madrid (1887–1909)
- James, Duke of Anjou and Madrid (1909–1931)
- Alphonse Charles, Duke of San Jaime (1931–1936)
- King of Spain(1936–1941)
- James Henry, Duke of Anjou and Segovia (1941–1975)
- Alphonse, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (1975–1989)
- Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou (1989–)
The Capetian dynasty today
Many years have passed since the Capetian monarchs ruled a large part of Europe; however, they still remain as kings, as well as other titles. Currently two Capetian monarchs still rule in Spain and Luxembourg. In addition, seven
Except for the
Current Capetian rulers
- Grand Duke of Luxembourg(since 2000)
- King of Spain(since 2014)
Current Capetian pretenders
- Legitimist pretender to the Kingdom of Francesince 1989.
- Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria, Calabrian pretender to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since 2015.
- Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, Castroist pretender to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies since 2008.
- Kingdom of Spainsince 2010.
- Kingdom of Spainsince 1979.
- Jean, Count of Paris, Orléanist pretender to the Kingdom of France since 2019.
- Prince Pedro Carlos of Orléans-Braganza, Petrópolis pretender to the Empire of Brazil since 2007.
- Prince Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza, Vassouras pretender to the Empire of Brazilsince 2022.
- Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, pretender to the Kingdom of Portugal since 1976.
- Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon, Raja of Bhopal of the Bourbon-Bhopal dynasty
- Philippe, Count of Châlus of Bourbon-Busset
Arms of cadet branches
See also
- French monarchs family tree
- Genealogiae scriptoris Fusniacensis
- Capetian Armorial
Notes
Works cited
- Naus, James (2016). Constructing kingship : the Capetian monarchs of France and the early Crusades. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719090974.
Further reading
- Ingmar Krause: Konflikt und Ritual im Herrschaftsbereich der frühen Capetinger – Untersuchungen zur Darstellung und Funktion symbolischen Verhaltens. (in German). Rhema-Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-930454-62-4
- Fawtier, Robert. The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy & Nation (987–1328). Macmillan, 1960. (translated from French edition of 1941)
- Hallam, Elizabeth M. Capetian France 987–1328. Longman, 1980.
- Le Hête, Thierry. Les Capetiens: Le Livre du Millenaire. Editions Christian, 1987.
External links
- Genealogies of the Capetian dynasty from Genealogy.eu
- Capetian Kings: Chart of 148 Kings, France, Spain, England, etc, 500 yr timeline and wiki links
- ISBN 978-0-19-161640-2.
- ISBN 978-0-85613-672-6.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40428-1.
- ISBN 978-0-8264-2491-4.
- ^ Naus 2016.
- ^ Detlev Schwennicke, Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten, Neue Folge, Band II (Marburg, Germany: J. A. Stargardt, 1984), Tafeln 10, 11
- ^ Pierre Riché, The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe, trans. Michael Idomir Allen (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 371, 375