Politics of Nepal
Nepal portal |
political science नेपाली राजनीति | |
---|---|
Districts of Nepal |
The politics of Nepal functions within the framework of a parliamentary
The Governing Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal (UML) have been the main rivals of each other since the early 1990s, with each party defeating the other in successive elections.[2][3][4] There are seven major political parties in the federal parliament: Nepali Congress (NC),[1] CPN (UML), CPN (Maoist-centre), CPN (Unified Socialist), People's Socialist Party, Nepal, Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal and People's Progressive Party.[1] While all major parties officially espouse democratic socialism, UML, Unified Socialist and Maoist-centre are considered leftist while the Nepali Congress, Democratic Socialist Party and People's Progressive Party are considered centrist, with most considering them center-left and some center-right.[5] The party PSP-N is center-left to left-wing.[6] During most of the brief periods of democratic exercise in the 1950s and 1990s, Nepali Congress held a majority in parliament.[7] After a ten-year civil war, the Nepalese parliament voted to abolish the monarchy in June 2006, and Nepal became a federal republic on 28 May 2008. A new constitution was adopted in 2015, and in 2017 Nepal held its first general election since the end of the civil war, in which the Nepal Communist Party (a short-lived merger of the UML and Maoist-centre) won a majority at the federal level as well as in six of the seven provinces.[8][9]
The
History
Family politics
The four noble families to be involved in the active politics of the Kingdom of Nepal before the rise of the
Post 1950s
By the 1930s, Nepali expatriates in India had started smuggling in writings on political philosophies, which gave birth to a vibrant underground political movement in the capital, birthing Nepal Praja Parishad in 1939, which was dissolved only two years later, following the execution of the four great martyrs. Around the same time, Nepalis involved in the Indian Independence Movement started organising into political parties, leading to the birth of Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal. Following Indian independence, Nepali Congress was successful in overthrowing the Rana regime with support from the Indian government and cooperation from the king.[20] While communism was still trying to find its footing, Nepali Congress enjoyed overwhelming support of the electorate. Following a brief ten-year exercise in democracy, the autocratic Panchayat system was initiated, this time by the King, who deposed the democratically elected government of Nepali Congress, imprisoned or exiled prominent leaders and issued a ban on party politics.[20][21][22][7]
Many political parties and their leaders remained underground or in exile for the next 30 years of "partyless" politics in Nepal.[23] BP Koirala was released from prison in 1968 and went into exile in Benaras, returning in 1976 only to immediately be put in house arrest.[20] Although an armed insurgency launched by the major communist faction called the Jhapa movement had failed comprehensively by 1971, it formed the foundation for the dominant communist power, CPN (ML), that was officially launched in 1978.[24] A general referendum was held in 1980, which saw the CPN ML campaign for the option of multi-party democracy, along with Nepali Congress, but the Panchayat System was declared the winner to significant controversy.[22] The Panchayat rule saw governments led by a group of monarchy loyalists taking turns, with Surya Bahadur Thapa, Tulsi Giri and Kirti Nidhi Bista becoming prime minister three times each, among others. It introduced a number of reforms, built infrastructures and modernised the country, while significantly curtailing political freedom, imposing the Nepali language and Khas culture to the oppression of all others, and spreading Indophobic propaganda, the effects of which are experienced to the present day.[20][7]
In 1990, the joint civil resistance launched by the
Following the political consensus to draft the new constitution of the Republic via a constituent assembly, Nepali politics saw a rise of nationalist groups and ideologies. While the political power-wrangling caused continuous instability, maintaining the established average of nine months per government, this period saw two constituent assembly elections and the rise of Madhesi nationalist parties, especially in the Eastern Terai region.
Political parties
The political parties in Nepal can be mainly divided into the Democratic camp and the Communist camp. Still, these parties at times form alliances with each other and among them as per the situation and demand.
Democratic camp
This camp is led by Nepali Congress, the opposition party in Nepal. Numerous parties in Nepal claim to endorse democratic ideology but few are active which are listed below.
Name | Leader | Political position | Foundation Year | Federal Parliament of Nepal
|
Provincial Assembly
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Representatives | National Assembly | |||||
Nepali Congress | Sher Bahadur Deuba | Centre-left | 1950 | 89 | 10 | 174 |
Rastriya Swatantra Partyराष्ट्रिय स्वतन्त्र पार्टी[38] | Rabi Lamichhane | Centre-left | 2022 | 19 | 0 | 0 |
Rastriya Prajatantra Party[36][39] (National Democratic Party)
राष्ट्रिय प्रजातन्त्र पार्टी |
Rajendra Lingden
|
Centre-right | 1990 | 14 | 0 | 28 |
People's Socialist Party, Nepal
जनता समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल |
Upendra Yadav | Centre-left | 2020 | 12 | 3 | 20 |
Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal
लोकतान्त्रिक समाजवादी पार्टी, नेपाल |
Mahantha Thakur | Centre-left | 2021 | 4 | 1 | 12 |
Nagrik Unmukti Partyनागरिक उन्मुक्ति पार्टी | Resham Lal Chaudhary | Centre left | 2022 | 4 | 0 | 12 |
Communist camp
Majorly, CPN(UML) and CPN(Maoist Centre) carry the communist legacy in Nepal while there are other few parties which claim to endorse communist ideology. Some of them are given below. They currently make up the ruling coalition.
Name | Leader | Foundation Year | Federal Parliament of Nepal
|
Provincial Assembly
|
Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
House of Representatives | National Assembly | |||||
Communist Party of Nepal (UML)[41] | Khadga Prasad Oli
|
2021 | 79 | 17 | 161 | Re-founded after split of Nepal Communist Party[41] |
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)[41] | Pushpa Kamal Dahal | 2021 | 32 | 15 | 81 | |
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Socialist) | Madhav Kumar Nepal | 2021 | 10 | 8 | 26 | founded by split from CPN (UML) |
Rastriya Janamorcha[42] | Chitra Bahadur K.C. | 2008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Split from Janamorcha Nepal
Electoral front of Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) |
Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party[43] | Narayan Man Bijukchhe | 1975 | 1 | 0 | 3 | Split from the Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal)
Originally founded as Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization |
Political conditions
2001: Royal Massacre
The Royal Massacre (राजदरबार हत्याकाण्ड) happened on 1 June 2001, in which members of the royal family, King
Although the prince never regained consciousness before dying, Crown Prince Dipendra was the monarch under the law of Nepali royal succession. Two days later after his death, the late King's surviving brother
2002–2007: suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan
On 22 May 2002 King Gyanendra suspended the Parliament, appointed a government led by himself, and enforced martial law. The King argued that civil politicians were unfit to handle the Maoist insurgency. Telephone lines were cut and several high-profile political leaders were detained. Other opposition leaders fled to India and regrouped there. A broad coalition called the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was formed in opposition to the royal takeover, encompassing the seven parliamentary parties who held about 90% of the seats in the old, dissolved parliament.
The
On 22 November 2005, the
On 21 April 2006, King Gyanendra declared that "power would be returned to the people". This had little effect on the people, who continued to occupy the streets of Kathmandu and other towns, openly defying the daytime curfew. Finally, King Gyanendra announced the reinstatement of the House of Representatives, thereby conceding one of the major demands of the SPA, at midnight on 24 April 2006. Following this action, the coalition of political forces decided to call off the protests.
At least 14 died during the 19 days of protests.[45]
On 19 May 2006, the parliament assumed total legislative power and gave executive power to the Government of Nepal (previously known as His Majesty's Government). Names of many institutions (including the army) were stripped of the "royal" adjective and the Raj Parishad (a council of the King's advisers) was abolished, with his duties assigned to the Parliament itself. The activities of the King became subject to parliamentary scrutiny and the King's properties were subjected to taxation. Moreover, Nepal was declared a secular state abrogating the previous status of a Hindu Kingdom. However, most of the changes have, as yet, not been implemented. On 19 July 2006, the prime minister, G. P. Koirala, sent a letter to the United Nations announcing the intention of the Nepali government to hold elections to a constituent assembly by April 2007.
December 2007 to May 2008: abolition of the monarchy
On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state.[46] The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the largest party amidst a general atmosphere of fear and intimidation from all sides.[47] A federal republic was established in May 2008, with only four members of the 601-seat Constituent Assembly voting against the change,[48] which ended 240 years of royal rule in Nepal. The government announced a public holiday for three days, (28 – 30 May), to celebrate the country becoming a federal republic.
Since 2008
This article needs additional citations for verification. (February 2010) |
Major parties such as the
The Maoists, as the largest party of the country, took power right after the elections and named Pushpa Kamal Dahal (
The Maoists demanded
The Maoists forced closures – commonly known as bandhs – in the country, and also declared autonomous states for almost all the ethnic groups in Nepal.
In May 2012 the constitutional assembly was dissolved and another election to select the new constitutional assembly members were declared by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai.
Madhes Movement (2007–2016)
The
The second Madhes Movement took place in 2008, jointly launched by Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum-Nepal, Terai Madhes Loktantrik Party and Sadbhawana Party led by Rajendra Mahato with three key agenda: federalism, proportional representation and population-based election constituency, which were later ensured in the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2008.
However,
From 2017 to 2019
In June 2017,
In November 2017, Nepal had its first general
2020: political crisis
Since the inception of NCP, the struggle for power between the two leaders: Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli and Pushpa Kamal Dahal started. The internal crisis led to dissolution of parliament (both house of representative and lower house of parliament) by Khadga Prasad Oli twice within six months. It was approved by the president but Supreme court denied the legality of such decision by Oli. After the supreme court's historic decision, both the parliaments were reinstated.[65][66]
After facing the vote for confidence in parliament, Oli lost the vote for confidence. As per the 72(6) of Constitution of Nepal, the opposition was given the opportunity to form a new government by President Bidya Devi Bhandari. The opposition and they could not construct the new government as they lacked support of one faction from Janata Samajbadi Party. As a result, the party got divide and Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal was formed after nearly a month.[67][68]
As a result, Khadga Prasad Oli was sworn in again as the Prime minister of Nepal.[69] He dissolved the parliament on 22 May 2021 for second time rather than taking vote of confidence. This time as well, it was approved by president unanimously against the signatures submitted claiming majority to NC.[70] Still, 146 of the total 275 sitting members of HOR filed a case in supreme court against the decision and approval of president. Previously, they had submitted majority signatures to president asking to appoint Sher Bahadur Deuba as the next Prime minister of Nepal.
On 4 June 2021, a major cabinet re-shuffle took place when so called Madhesbani leader Rajendra Mahato led faction of PSP-N joined the government with eight cabinet ministers and two state ministers while other five from CPN (UML). Bishnu Prasad Paudel, Raghubir Mahasheth and Rajendra Mahato were made Deputy Prime-minister.[71] While the previous expansion was yet to be clarified by the Supreme Court, Oli made yet another re-shuffle and included seven ministers from UML and one from PSP-N.[72] On 22 June, Supreme Court delivered a fresh blow to embattled Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli 20 removing recently appointed ministers. It revealed a care-taker prime-minister cannot make such change as per article 77(3) of Constitution of Nepal.[73] By the end, only five ministers are present in Council of ministers including sitting PM Oli while deputy prime minister post of Bishnu Prasad Paudel was removed.[74]
Present (2021–)
On 12 July 2021, the Supreme Court stated the decision to dissolve parliament was unlawful.
In December 2022, former Maoist guerilla chief,
Legislative branch
Present
In 2022, the
From the 2006 democratic movement to the Constituent Assembly
After the victory of the democratic movement in the spring of 2006, a unicameral interim legislature replaced the previous parliament. The new body consists both of members of the old parliament as well as nominated members. As of December 2007, the legislature had the following composition.[82]
Party | Seats |
---|---|
Nepali Congress | 133 |
Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
|
84 |
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)
|
83 |
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party
|
9 |
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandi Devi)
|
5 |
Janamorcha Nepal | 4 |
Nepal Workers Peasants Party | 4 |
Rashtriya Jana Morcha
|
3 |
United Left Front
|
2 |
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) | 2 |
Rashtriya Janashakti Party
|
1 |
The first elections after becoming a Republic: the Constituent Assembly
In May 2008 the
Party | Seats |
---|---|
Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
|
220 |
Nepali Congress | 110 |
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)
|
103 |
Madeshi Jana Adhikar Forum Nepal | 52 |
Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party | 20 |
Sadbhavana Party | 9 |
Rashtriya Prajatantra Party
|
8 |
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist)
|
8 |
Janamorcha Nepal | 7 |
Communist Party of Nepal (United) | 5 |
Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal | 4 |
Rastriya Janamorcha | 4 |
Nepal Workers Peasants Party | 4 |
Rastriya Janshakti Party
|
3 |
Sanghiya Loktantrik Rastriya Manch | 2 |
Nepal Sadbhavana Party (Anandidevi) | 2 |
Rastriya Janamukti Party | 2 |
Nepali Janata Dal | 2 |
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) | 2 |
Dalit Janajati Party | 1 |
Nepa Rastriya Party | 1 |
Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party, Nepal
|
1 |
Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekta Party, Nepal | 1 |
Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal | 1 |
Nepal Parivar Dal
|
1 |
Independents | 2 |
Not yet determined | 26 |
Judicial branch
The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court (सर्बोच्च अदालत), Appellate courts, and various District courts. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges were appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council.[83]
Nepal's judiciary is legally separate from the executive and legislative and has increasingly shown the will to be independent of political influence. The judiciary has the right of judicial review under the constitution.[citation needed]
Different levels of governments
Federal government
The executive is headed by prime minister while president remains head of state. Nepal has provision for executive Prime minister per the present Constitution of Nepal. The role of President is largely ceremonial as the functioning of the government is managed entirely by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the Parliament.
Provincial government
As per the Constitution of Nepal, there are 7 provinces in Nepal with their own provincial government and assemblies.
Municipal/Local government
as per the
International organisation participation of Nepal
Notes
- ^ See Kot massacre and Bhandarkhal massacre
- ^ later known as Janga Bahadur Rana
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Works cited
- Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E. (1966), Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation, University of California Press, p. 551
- Karmacharya, Ganga (2005), Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846, Nepal: Educational Publishing House, ISBN 9789994633937
- Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132
Further reading
- Devendra, Jonathan (2013). Massacre at the Palace: The Doomed Royal Dynasty of Nepal. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6878-3.
External links
- The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)
- The Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, 2047 (1990) (terminated by the Interim Constitution)