Kiranti languages

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Rai languages
)
Kiranti
Ethnicity
Eastern Nepal and India (Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong & Bhutan
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
  • Eastern
  • Central
  • Western
Glottologkira1253

The Kiranti languages are a major family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Nepal and India (notably Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, and Bhutan) by the Kirati people.

External relationships

George van Driem had formerly proposed that the Kiranti languages were part of a Mahakiranti family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership.[1] LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger "Rung" group.

Languages

There are about two dozen Kiranti languages. The better known are

Vayu, Dungmali Rai, Lohorung language and Kulung language
.

Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to the presence of

portmanteau morphemes, crowded affix strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) allomorphy
.

Classification

Overall, Kiranti languages are:


Ethnologue adds Tilung language to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011).

Opgenort (2005)

Opgenort (2005)[2] classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti.

Gerber & Grollmann (2018)

Trans-Himalayan languages.[4]

Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan):

Grollmann (2023) identifies a Khambu subgroup that consists of three languages,

Camling may also be a Khambu language.[5]

Sound changes

Sound changes defining each subgroup (Gerber & Grollmann 2018):[4]

  • Central-Eastern Kiranti (*voiceless > preglottalised; *voiced > voiceless; *ʔk > kʰ; *ʔc > cʰ)
    • Lhokpu, Dhimal, Toto
    • Central Kiranti (*ʔp > b; *ʔt > d)
    • Upper Arun (*ʔp > b; *ʔt > d; *r > j)
    • Greater Yakkha-Limbu (*ʔp > pʰ; *ʔt > tʰ; *r > j)

Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan):

  • Dumi-Khaling (innovative verbal dual marker -i)
  • Chaurasiya-Northwest (*kʷ > ʔw ~ ʔb)
    • Wambule, Bahing, Sunuwar; ? Jero; ? Hayu
  • Thulung-Tilung-Kohi (*p > t; *b > d)

The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes.[5]

  • *ŋ > zero, *k > zero in final syllabic position, and also vowel change to o, ʌ, ə before the precending vowel *a
  • Palatalization of *t and *n before /i/ in final syllabic position
  • *eŋ > aŋ

Reconstruction

Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by George van Driem,[6] reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991)[7] and Sergei Starostin 1994.[8] Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences.

Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants;[9][10] his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, Jacques proposed a reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots based on Michailovsky's system,[11] and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular, the series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of Khaling and Dumi.[12]

Notes

  1. ^ Matisoff 2003, pp. 5–6; Thurgood 2003, pp. 15–16; Ebert 2003, pg. 505.
  2. ^ Opgenort, Jean Robert. Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database Archived 2019-02-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Agreement Morphology: The Case of Rgyalrongic and Kiranti". Language and Linguistics: 84.
  4. ^
    doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101010
    .
  5. ^ a b Grollmann, Selin. 2023. Remarks on the Khambu subgroup of Kiranti. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4-6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.
  6. S2CID 128967034
    .
  7. ^ Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
  8. ^ Starostin, Sergei A. 1994–2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (online database). http://starling.rinet.ru/
  9. ^ Opgenort, Jean-Robert (2004). "Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto–Burman Area. 27 (1): 1–27.
  10. ISBN 978-90-474-1508-4.[page needed
    ]
  11. S2CID 149278651
    .
  12. ISBN 978-3-11-045275-4
    .

References

Reconstructions

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiranti_languages&oldid=1214165203"