Basum language
Basum | |
---|---|
Region | Tibet, China |
Native speakers | (2,500 cited 1989)[1] |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | basu1243 |
Basum (autonym: brag gsum 'three cliffs'; Basong 巴松话; Bake
Wang (2020) is a grammatical and morphosyntactic description of Basum.[3]
Background
The Basum language is locally known as Bäke (བག་སྐད་), which is derived from brag-gsum skad, meaning ‘the language of the Three Rocks’. There are about 3,000 speakers in Zhoka and Tshongo townships,
Classification
Qu, et al. (1989)
Suzuki & Nyima (2016)[5] consider Basum to be a non-Tibetic language.
Tournadre (2014)[2] classifies Basum (Bake) as an unclassified Bodish language that does not belong to the Tibetic branch. Tournadre (2014: 112) notes that Basum has the negator a-, as opposed to the negator ma- or myi- in Tibetic languages. Also, unlike Tibetic languages, Basum does not palatalize Proto-Bodish *ti- and *si-.
A computational phylogenetic of various languages of Tibet by Jiang (2022) shows that Basum is divergent, and although it shows some similarities with the
Tournadre & Suzuki (2023) suggest that Basum may be related to
Lexicon
Tournadre & Suzuki (2023) lists the following Basum words that have no Tibetic cognates.[4]
Gloss | Basum | Classical Tibetan |
---|---|---|
seven | ˉniː | bdun |
four | ˉpər | bzhi |
meat | ˉʔə ȵiː | sha |
blood | ˉkɵʔ | khrag |
leg | ´kiː | rkang |
red | ´nde nde | dmar |
stone | ´tɐ luŋ | rdo |
I | ´ɦi | nga |
you | ˉdo | khyed, khyod |
he | ˉpho | kho |
negation | ˉʔɐ | ma |
Qu, et al. (1989: 50–51) list the following Basum words with no cognates in neighboring Tibetic languages.[1]
Chinese gloss | English gloss | Basum |
---|---|---|
脚 | foot, leg | ci¹⁴ |
酥油 | yak butter | ja⁵⁵ |
盐 | salt | npo⁵³ |
一 | one | tɯʔ⁵³ |
七 | seven | ȵi⁵⁵ |
走 | to walk | nõ⁵³ |
看 | to look | ɕẽ⁵³ |
睡 | to sleep | cã¹⁴ |
坐 | to sit | ȵɯ̃⁵⁵ |
我 | I (1.SG) | hi⁵³ |
你 | you (2.SG) | nto¹² |
他 | he (3.SG) | po⁵³ |
那 | that | ũ⁵³ |
多 | many | pi⁵⁵ |
红 | red | nte¹¹nte⁵³ |
吝啬 | stingy | phe⁵⁵mu⁵³ |
一点儿 | a little, a bit | ɐ⁵⁵mi⁵⁵ |
立即 | soon, quickly | a¹¹lu⁵³ |
全部 | all | nta¹¹le¹⁵ |
根本 | basically | ɐ¹¹nɐʔ⁵³ |
一定 | definitely, must | sɯ̃¹¹pa⁵³ |
Other divergent Basum words are (Suzuki & Nyima 2016):[5]
Gloss | Basum |
---|---|
one | tɨʔ |
four | bər |
five | ŋo |
seven | ni |
you (sg) | do |
blood | køʔ |
meat | aȵi |
iron | l̥ɐʔ |
pig | pɐʔ |
Several hundred Basum lexical items are also documented in Qu & Jing (2017), a comparative survey of Central Tibetan lects.[7]
References
- ^ a b c d Qu, Aitang and Gong, Que and Yi, Xi and Jie, Ang 瞿霭堂; 共确; 益西; 结昂. 1989. Wèi cáng fāngyán de xīn tŭyŭ: Bāsōng huà 卫藏方言的新土语——记最近发现的巴松话 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 3. 39–61.
- ^ a b Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ Wang, Sanchuan. 2020. Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Baké. Doctoral dissertation, Université de Paris 3. (in French)
- ^ ISBN 978-2-490768-08-0.
- ^ a b Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2016. ’Bo skad, a newly recognised non-Tibetic variety spoken in mDzo sgang, TAR: a brief introduction to its sociolinguistic situation, sounds, and vocabulary. Fourth Workshop on Sino-Tibetan Languages of Southwest China (STLS-2016). University of Washington, Seattle, September 8–10, 2016.
- ^ Jiang, Huo 江荻 (2022). "Linguistic diversity and classification in Tibet 西藏的语言多样性及其分类". Zhongguo Zangxue 中国藏学. 6. Retrieved 2023-03-16 – via Chinese Tibetology Center 中国藏学研究中心.
- ISBN 9787802534230.