Robert Mapplethorpe
Robert Mapplethorpe | |
---|---|
Born | Robert Michael Mapplethorpe November 4, 1946 Queens, New York City, U.S. |
Died | March 9, 1989 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. | (aged 42)
Resting place | St. John Cemetery, Queens, New York City |
Education | Pratt Institute |
Known for | Photography |
Partner(s) | Patti Smith (1967–1970) David Croland (1970–1972) Sam Wagstaff (1972–1987) |
Website | mapplethorpe |
Robert Michael Mapplethorpe (/ˈmeɪpəlˌθɔːrp/ MAY-pəl-thorp; November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-portraits, and still-life images. His most controversial works documented and examined the gay male BDSM subculture of New York City in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Mapplethorpe's 1989 exhibition, Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment, sparked a debate in the United States concerning both use of public funds for "obscene" artwork and the Constitutional limits of free speech in the United States.
Early life and education
Mapplethorpe was born in the Floral Park neighborhood of Queens, New York City, the son of Joan Dorothy (Maxey) and Harry Irving Mapplethorpe, an electrical engineer.[1] He was of English, Irish, and German descent, and grew up as a Catholic at Our Lady of the Snows Parish. Mapplethorpe attended Martin Van Buren High School, where he graduated in 1963.[2] He had three brothers and two sisters. One of his brothers, Edward, later worked for him as an assistant and became a photographer as well.[3] He attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, where he majored in Graphic Arts,[4] but dropped out in 1969 before finishing his degree.[5]
Career
Mapplethorpe lived with his girlfriend
During this period Mapplethorpe also produced drawings, collages, and found object sculptures.In 1972, Mapplethorpe met art curator
By the 1980s, Mapplethorpe's subject matter focused on statuesque male and female nudes, delicate flower still lifes, and highly formal portraits of artists and celebrities. Mapplethorpe's first studio was at 24 Bond Street in Manhattan. In the 1980s, Wagstaff bought a top-floor loft at 35 West 23rd Street for Robert, where he resided, also using it as a photo-shoot studio.[21] He kept the Bond Street loft as his darkroom. In 1988, Mapplethorpe selected Patricia Morrisroe to write his biography, which was based on more than 300 interviews with celebrities, critics, lovers, and Mapplethorpe himself.[21]
Death
On March 9, 1989, Mapplethorpe died at age 42 due to complications from HIV/AIDS in a Boston hospital. His body was cremated, and his ashes are interred at St. John's Cemetery, Queens in New York City, at his mother's gravesite, etched "Maxey".[22]
Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation
Nearly a year before his death, the ailing Mapplethorpe helped found the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Inc. His vision for the Foundation was that it would be "the appropriate vehicle to protect his work, to advance his creative vision, and to promote the causes he cared about".[23] Since his death, the Foundation has not only functioned as his official estate and helped promote his work throughout the world, but has also raised and donated millions of dollars to fund medical research in the fight against AIDS and HIV infection. In 1991, the Foundation received the Large Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.[24] The Foundation donated $1 million towards the 1993 establishment of the Robert Mapplethorpe Residence, a six-story townhouse for long-term residential AIDS treatment on East 17th Street in New York City, in partnership with Beth Israel Medical Center.[25] The residence closed in 2015, citing financial difficulties.[26] The Foundation also promotes fine art photography at the institutional level.[23] The Foundation helps determine which galleries represent Mapplethorpe's art.[27][28] In 2011, the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation donated the Robert Mapplethorpe Archive, spanning from 1970 to 1989, to the Getty Research Institute.[29]
Art
Mapplethorpe worked primarily in a studio, and almost exclusively in black and white, with the exception of some of his later work and his final exhibit "New Colors". His body of work features a wide range of subjects and the greater part of his work is on erotic imagery. He would refer to some of his own work as pornographic,
Other subjects included flowers, especially orchids and calla lilies, children, statues, and celebrities and other artists, including Andy Warhol, Louise Bourgeois, Deborah Harry, Kathy Acker, Richard Gere, Peter Gabriel, Grace Jones, Amanda Lear, Laurie Anderson, Iggy Pop, Philip Glass, David Hockney, Cindy Sherman, Joan Armatrading, and Patti Smith. Smith was a longtime roommate of Mapplethorpe and a frequent subject in his photography, including a stark, iconic photograph that appears on the cover of Smith's first album, Horses.[32] His work often made reference to religious or classical imagery, such as a 1975 portrait of Patti Smith[33] from 1986 which recalls Albrecht Dürer's 1500 self-portrait. Between 1980 and 1983, Mapplethorpe created over 150 photographs of bodybuilder Lisa Lyon, culminating in the 1983 photobook Lady, Lisa Lyon, published by Viking Press and with text by Bruce Chatwin.
Robert took areas of dark human consent and made them into art. He worked without apology, investing the homosexual with grandeur, masculinity, and enviable nobility. Without affectation, he created a presence that was wholly male without sacrificing feminine grace. He was not looking to make a political statement or an announcement of his evolving sexual persuasion. He was presenting something new, something not seen or explored as he saw and explored it. Robert sought to elevate aspects of male experience, to imbue homosexuality with mysticism. As Cocteau said of a Genet poem, "His obscenity is never obscene."
Controversy
The Perfect Moment (1989 solo exhibit tour)
In the summer of 1989, a traveling solo exhibit by Mapplethorpe brought national attention to the issues of public funding for the arts, as well as questions of censorship and the obscene. The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., agreed to be one of the host museums for the tour. Mapplethorpe decided to show his latest series that he explored shortly before his death. Titled Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment, the show included photographs from his X Portfolio, which featured images of urophagia, gay BDSM and a self-portrait with a bullwhip inserted in his anus.[35] It also featured photos of two children with exposed genitals.[36][37]
The show was curated by Janet Kardon of the
In June 1989,
According to the ICA, "The Corcoran's decision sparked a controversial national debate: Should tax dollars support the arts? Who decides what is 'obscene' or 'offensive' in public exhibitions? And if art can be considered a form of
University of Central England incident
In 1998, the University of Central England was involved in a controversy when a library book by Mapplethorpe was confiscated. A final-year undergraduate student was writing a paper on the work of Mapplethorpe and intended to illustrate the paper with a few photographs made from Mapplethorpe, a book of the photographer's work. She took the film to a local shop to be developed and the staff there informed West Midlands Police because of the unusual nature of the images. The police confiscated the library book from the student and informed the university that two photographs in the book would have to be removed. If the university agreed to the removal (which it did not) the book would be returned. The two photographs, which were deemed possibly prosecutable as obscenity, were "Helmut and Brooks, NYC, 1978", which shows anal fisting, and "Jim and Tom, Sausalito, 1977", which is of a man clad in a dog collar, a leather mask and trousers, urinating into another man's mouth."[48][49][50] After a delay of about six months, the affair came to an end when Peter Knight, the Vice-Chancellor of the university, was informed that no legal action would be taken.[49][50] The book was returned to the university library without removal of the photographs.[51]
The Black Book
The 1986 solo exhibition "Black Males" and the subsequent book The Black Book sparked controversy for their depiction of black men. The images, erotic depictions of black men, were widely criticized for being exploitative.
Criticism was the subject of a work by American conceptual artist Glenn Ligon, Notes on the Margins of the Black Book (1991–1993). Ligon juxtaposes Mapplethorpe's 91 images of black men in the 1988 publication Black Book with critical texts and personal reactions about the work to complicate the racial undertones of the imagery.[56]
American poet and activist Essex Hemphill also expressed criticism in his anthology Brother to Brother (1991). Although he believed that Mapplethorpe's work reflected exceptional talent, Hemphill also believed that it displayed a lack of concern for gay black men, "except as sexual subjects".[57]
Posthumously
In 1992, author Paul Russell dedicated his novel Boys of Life to Mapplethorpe, as well as to Karl Keller and Pier Paolo Pasolini.[58]
When Mapplethorpe: A Biography by Patricia Morrisroe was published by Random House in 1995,[21] the Washington Post Book World described it as "Mesmerizing ... Morrisroe has succeeded in re-creating the photographer's world of light and dark."[59] Art critic Arthur C. Danto, writing in The Nation, praised it as "utterly admirable ... The clarity and honesty of Morrisroe's portrait are worthy of its subject."[60]
Patti Smith published books titled The Coral Sea (1996) and Just Kids (2010). Both were dedicated to Mapplethorpe, and the latter won the 2010 National Book Award for Nonfiction.[61]
In September 1999, Arena Editions published Pictures, a monograph that reintroduced Mapplethorpe's sex pictures. In 2000, Pictures was seized by two
In May 2007, American writer, director, and producer
In September 2007, Prestel published Mapplethorpe: Polaroids, a collection of 183 of approximately 1,500 existing Mapplethorpe polaroids.
In 2008, Robert Mapplethorpe was named by
In June 2016, Belgian fashion designer Raf Simons debuted his men's Spring 2017 collection inspired by Mapplethorpe's work and featuring several of his photographs printed onto shirts, jackets, and smocks.[71][72]
The American documentary film,
In January 2016, filmmaker
In 2019 and 2020, the Guggenheim Museum in New York City hosted Implicit Tensions, an exhibition of many of Mapplethorpe's works.[81]
In collaboration with the Mapplethorpe Foundation, jeweler Gaia Repossi created a jewelry collection inspired by Mapplethorpe in 2021.[82]
Art market
In 2017, a 1987 Mapplethorpe self-portrait platinum print was auctioned for £450,000,[83] making it the most expensive Mapplethorpe photograph ever sold.
In April 2023, Phillips auctioned Man in Polyester Suit (1980) for an above-estimate $355,600. [84]
Selected publications
- Hollinghurst, Alan; Morgan, Stuart (1983). Robert Mapplethorpe: 1970–1983. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts. ISBN 0-905263-31-6.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert; Chatwin, Bruce (1983). Lady, Lisa Lyon. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-43012-9.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert (1985). Certain People: A Book of Portraits. Pasadena, CA: Twelvetrees Press. ISBN 0-942642-14-7.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert; Shange, Ntozake (1986). Black Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-08302-5.
- Marshall, Richard; Mapplethorpe, Robert (1986). 50 New York Artists: A Critical Selection of Painters and Sculptors Working in New York. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-87701-403-5.
- Robert Mapplethorpe. Tokyo: Parco. 1987. ISBN 4-89194-149-9.
- Mapplethorpe Portraits. London: National Portrait Gallery. 1988. ISBN 0-904017-91-5.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert; ISBN 0-8212-1716-X.
- Kardon, Janet; Joselit, David; Larson, Kay (1988). Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment. Philadelphia: Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-88454-046-4.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert (1990). Flowers. Boston: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-1781-X.
- Cheim, John (1991). Early Works 1970–1974. New York: Robert Miller Gallery. ISBN 0-944680-36-4.
- Celant, Germano (1992). Mapplethorpe. Milan: Electa/Louisiana Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 88-435-3647-8.
- Mapplethorpe, Robert; ISBN 0-679-40804-5.
- White, Edmund (1995). Altars. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-42721-X.
- Ashbery, John; Holborn, Mark; Levas, Dimitri (1996). Pistils. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-40805-3.
- ISBN 0-8212-2458-1.
- Levas, Dimitri; ISBN 1-892041-16-2.
- Celant, Germano; Ippolitov, Arkadiĭ; Vail, Karole P B; Blessing, Jennifer (2004). Robert Mapplethorpe and the Classical Tradition: Photographs and Mannerist Prints. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. ISBN 0-89207-312-8.
- Celant, Germano (2005). Robert Mapplethorpe: Tra Antico e Moderno. Un'antologia. Turin, Italy: Palazzina della Promotrice delle Belle Arti. ISBN 88-7624-610-X.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Mapplethorpe, Robert (2006). The Complete Flowers. Essay by ISBN 3-8327-9168-X.
- Wolf, Sylvia (2007). Polaroids: Mapplethorpe. Munich and New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-3835-4.
- Robert Mapplethorpe X7. Interviews by Richard Flood. New York: teNeues Publishing. 2011. ISBN 978-3-8327-9473-6.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - Neutres, Jerome; ISBN 9782711861408.
- Holborn, Mark, ed. (2016). Mapplethorpe Flora: The Complete Flowers. Essay by Dimitri Levas. New York: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-7131-8.
- Martineau, Paul; Salvesen, Britt (2016). Robert Mapplethorpe: The Photographs. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-1-60606-469-6.
Selected exhibitions
This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. (January 2020) |
- 1973: Polaroids, Light Gallery, New York.better source needed]
- 1977:
- 1978:
- The Chrysler Museum, Norfolk, VA. Catalogue with text by Mario Amaya.better source needed]
- Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA.[86]
- The Chrysler Museum, Norfolk, VA. Catalogue with text by Mario Amaya.
- 1983
- Lady, Lisa Lyon, Leo Castelli Gallery, New York[85]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou, Paris.[85]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, 1970–1983, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. Traveled to Stills, Edinburgh; Arnolfini, Bristol; Midland Group, Nottingham; and Museum of Modern Art, Oxford. Catalogue with text by Stuart Morgan and Alan Hollinghurst.[85]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Fotografie, Centro di Documentazione di Palazzo Fortuny, Venice. Traveled to Palazzo Delle Cento Finestre, Florence (1984). Catalogue with text by Germano Celant.
- 1987:
- Robert Mapplethorpe 1986, Raab Galerie, Berlin; Kicken-Pauseback Galerie, Cologne. Catalogue with interview by Anne Horton.[85]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Obalne galerije, Piran, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. Catalogue with text by Germano Celant.[85]
- 1988:
- Whitney Museum of American Art, New York[86]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, the Perfect Moment, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; Washington Project for the Arts, Washington, D.C.; Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut; University Art Museum, University of California, Berkeley; Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. Catalogue with text by Janet Kardon, David Joselit, Kay Larson, and Patti Smith.[86]
- 1992:
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Palais des Beaux Arts, Brussels (1993); Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv (1994); Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona (1994); KunstHaus, Wien, Vienna (1994); Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney (1995); Art Gallery of Western Australia, Perth (1995); City Gallery Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (1995); Hayward Gallery, London (1996); Gallery of Photography, Dublin (1996); Museo de Art Moderna, São Paulo(1997); Staatdgalerie, Stuttgart (1997). Catalogue with text by Germano Celant.[87]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Tokyo Teien Museum, Tokyo. Curated by Toshio Shimizu. Traveled to ATM Contemporary Art Gallery, Mito, Japan; The Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura, Japan; Nagoya City Art Museum, Nagoya, Japan; The Museum of Modern Art, Shiga, Japan.[88]
- Robert Mapplethorpe,
- 1996:
- Les Autoportraits de Mapplethorpe, Galerie Baudoin Lebon, Paris.[89]
- 1997: Robert Mapplethorpe, Mitsukoshi Museum of Art, Shinjuku, Japan. Curated by Richard D. Marshall, Noriko Fuku, and Hiroaki Hayakawa. Traveled to Takashimaya "Grand Hall", Osaka; Fukushima Prefectural Museum of Art, Fukishima; Hokkaido Asahikawa Museum of Art, Asahikawa; Sogo Museum of Art, Yokohama; Marugame Genichiro-Inokuma Museum of Contemporary Art, Kagawa.[86]
- 1999: Robert Mapplethorpe, Centre Cultural La Beneficencia, Valencia, Spain.[86]
- 2002: Robert Mapplethorpe Retrospective, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sapporo, Japan. Curated by Toshio Shimizu.[87]
- 2003: Eye to Eye, Sean Kelly Gallery, New York. Curated by Cindy Sherman.
- 2004: Pictures, Pictures, Marc Selwyn Fine Art, Los Angeles. Curated by Catherine Opie.[90]
- 2005:
- Robert Mapplethorpe and the Classical Tradition: Photographs and Mannerist Prints, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. Traveled to Deutsche Guggenheim Museum, Berlin; The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (2005); Moscow House of Photography, Moscow (2005); The Guggenheim Hermitage Museum, Las Vegas (2006–2007).[91]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, London. Curated by David Hockney.[86]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Galeria Fortes Vilaca, São Paulo. Curated by Vik Muniz.[92]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: Tra Antico e Moderno. Un'antologia, Palazzina della Promotrice delle Belle Arti, Turin, Italy. Curated by Germano Celant.[93]
- 2006: Robert Mapplethorpe, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg. Curated by Robert Wilson.[94]
- 2008: Mapplethorpe: Polaroids, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York.[95] Traveled to: Mary & Leigh Block Museum of Art, Chicago (2009);[96] Henry Art Gallery, Seattle (2009).[97]
- 2009:
- Sterling Ruby & Robert Mapplethorpe, Xavier Hufkens Gallery, Brussels.[98]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: Perfection in Form, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence. Traveled to: Museo de Arte, Lugano (2010).[99]
- Artist Rooms Tour: Robert Mapplethorpe, Organized by the Towner Art Gallery, Eastbourne, UK (2010).[100]
- 2010: Robert Mapplethorpe, NRW-Forum Kultur Wirtschaft, Düsseldorf. Traveled to: C/O Berlin, Berlin (2011); Fotografiska, Stockholm (2011); Forma Foundation for Photography, Milan (2011); Ludwig Museum, Budapest (2012).[101]
- 2011:
- Robert Mapplethorpe curated by Pedro Almodóvar, Galeria Elvira Gonzalez, Madrid.[102]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: Curated by Sofia Coppola, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris.[103]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Onassis Cultural Centre, Athens, Greece.[104]
- 2012:
- Artist Rooms Scottish Tour: Robert Mapplethorpe, Dunoon Burgh Hall, Dunoon, UK. Traveled to: The Gallery at Linlithgow Burgh Halls, Linlithgow, UK, Perth Museum & Art Gallery, Perth, UK (2012), Old Gala House, Galashiels, UK (2013).[105]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: XYZ, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles.[106]
- In Focus: Robert Mapplethorpe, J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center, Los Angeles.[107]
- 2014:
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Grand Palais, Paris.[108] Traveled to: Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki (2015).[109]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: Photographs from the Kinsey Institute Collection, Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana.[110]
- 2015: Warhol & Mapplethorpe: Guise & Dolls, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford.[111]
- 2016:
- Mapplethorpe + Munch, The Munch Museum, Oslo.[112]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Medium, Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.[113][114] Traveled to: The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal,[115] Kunsthal Rotterdam, Rotterdam,[116] Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney (2017).[117]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: On the Edge, ARoS Aarhus Art Museum, Aarhus, Denmark.[118]
- Teller on Mapplethorpe, Alison Jacques Gallery, London.[119]
- 2017:
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Xavier Hufkens, Brussels.[120]
- Robert Mapplethorpe, a perfectionist, Kunsthal, Rotterdam, Holland.[121]
- Memento Mori: Robert Mapplethorpe Photographs from the Peter Marino Collection, Chanel Nexus Hall, Tokyo. Traveled to: Kyotographie 2017, Kyoto.[122]
- Dangerous Art: Queer Show. Haifa Museum of Art. Curated by Svetlana Reingold.[123]
- 2018:
- Robert Mapplethorpe, Gladstone Gallery, New York. Curated by Roe Ethridge.[85]
- Robert Mapplethorpe: Pictures, Serralves Foundation, Porto, Portugal.[124]
- Robert Mapplethorpe. Coreografia per una mostra / Choreography for an Exhibition, Madre museum, Naples, Italy. Curated by Laura Valente and Andrea Viliani.
- 2019:
- Implicit Tensions: Mapplethorpe Now, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. January 25 – July 10, 2019 and July 24, 2019 – January 5, 2020[125]
See also
- Dirty Pictures
- LGBT culture in New York City
- List of LGBT people from New York City
- Andres Serrano
- Cynthia Slater
- Tamotsu Yatō
References
- )
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- ^ Haggerty, George. "Gay histories and cultures"
- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe movie reveals little about the controversial photographer". Twincities.com. March 7, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ White, Edmund (February 13, 2010). "Just Kids by Patti Smith – Book review". The Guardian. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ a b Cutler, Jacqueline (October 28, 2018). "Patti Smith details her wild, artsy, broke days with Robert Mapplethorpe in revised book". Daily News. New York. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe and Patti Smith: Artist and Muse". Tate Etc. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
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- ^ Dunne, Dominick (September 5, 2013). "Robert Mapplethorpe's Finale: The AIDS-Stricken Photographer's Last Interview". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ "Semi-Precious". New York Magazine: 44. June 29, 1970.
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- ^ "Patti Smith on Robert Mapplethorpe: 'He Was Like Picasso, You Couldn't Get Attached to Anything'". Out.com. March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Man Behind The Camera". trendchaser. January 9, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2019.[permanent dead link]
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- ^ Fritscher, Jack (March 9, 2016). "'He was a sexual outlaw': my love affair with Robert Mapplethorpe". The Guardian. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
- ISBN 9780996421812, p. 75.
- ^ Jack Fritscher, Robert Mapplethorpe: Assault with a Deadly Camera, pp. 189–190.
- ^ Mapplethorpe's membership card for the Mineshaft can be seen in the 2016 documentary Mapplethorpe: Look at the Pictures (http://www.mapplethorpefilm.com. Retrieved April 22, 2016).
- ^ ISBN 0-394-57650-0
- ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 29890-29891). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
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- ^ "Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients - The Leather Journal". www.theleatherjournal.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
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- ^ Weaver, Shayne (June 29, 2017). "Homeless Shelter Planned for Former AIDS Rehab Facility on E. 17th Street". dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
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- ^ "The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation – FAQ". mapplethorpe.org. The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe Archive". Getty Research Institute. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
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- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe's extraordinary vision". The Tech. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
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- ^ Danto, Arthur (1996). Playing with the Edge: The Photographic Achievement of Robert Mapplethorpe. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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- ^ "The Sensitive Society, James F. Fitzpatrick, FCLJ Vol 47 No 2". Archived from the original on June 13, 2008.
- ^ "Corcoran Cut From Painter's Will". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ "Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment". Wpadc.org.
- ^ "Censorship: A World Encyclopedia". Jackfritscher.com.
- ^ The federal government and the states have long been permitted to limit obscenity or pornography. However, the exact definition of obscenity and pornography has changed over time. (See also I know it when I see it.)
- ^ Glueck, Grace (April 16, 1990). "Publicity Is Enriching Mapplethorpe Estate". The New York Times.
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- ^ "Mapplethorpe, Robert (1946–1989)". Archived from the original on March 21, 2006.
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- ^ The Unretouched Life, The Nation, June 12, 1995.
- ^ "National Book Awards – 2010". National Book Foundation. Retrieved February 20, 2012. (With interview, acceptance speech, and reading.)
- ^ "Extract from: HANSARD, S.A. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, Wednesday 14 March 2001". Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ "Pictures (book), Australian Classification". Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
- ^ Holden, Stephen (October 19, 2007). "Black White + Gray: A Portrait of Sam Wagstaff and Robert Mapplethorpe – Movie – Review". The New York Times.
- ^ Gefter, Philip (April 24, 2007). "The Man Who Made Mapplethorpe". The New York Times.
- ^ "Jay Weisberg, Review of Black White + Gray, Variety Magazine, May 7, 2007".
- ^ "Black White + Gray: A Portrait of Sam Wagstaff and Robert Mapplethorpe – Tribeca Film Festival". Tribeca.
- ^ "Art Doc of the Week | Black White + Gray". Mandatory. August 25, 2015.
- ISBN 978-3-7913-3835-4.
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Further reading
- Marshall, Richard, Richard Howard, and Ingrid Sischy. Robert Mapplethorpe. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art in association with New York Graphic Society Books, 1988. ISBN 0-87427-060-X
- Veith, Gene Edward. State of the arts: from Bezalel to Mapplethorpe. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1991. ISBN 0-89107-608-5
- Ellenzweig, Allen. The homoerotic photograph: male images from Durieu/Delacroix to Mapplethorpe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-231-07536-7
- ISBN 0-8038-9362-0
- Fritscher, Jack. "What Happened When: Censorship, Gay History & Mapplethorpe", in Censorship: A World Encyclopedia, ed. Derek Jones, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001, ISBN 1579581358. Retrieved 2014-09-02
- Jarzombek, Mark. "The Mapplethorpe trial and the paradox of its formalist and liberal defense: sights of contention." AppendX 2:58–81, Spring 1994.
- Morrisroe, Patricia. Robert Mapplethorpe: a biography. New York: Random House, 1995. ISBN 0-394-57650-0
- Danto, Arthur C. Playing with the edge: the photographic achievement of Robert Mapplethorpe. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ISBN 0-520-20051-9
- Banham, Gary. "Mapplethorpe, Duchamp and the ends of photography". Angelaki 7(1):119–128, 2002.
- ISBN 978-0-06-621131-2
- Curley, Mallory. A Cookie Mueller Encyclopedia. Randy Press, 2010.
- Gefter, Philip. Wagstaff: Before and After Mapplethorpe. NY: Liveright, 2014.ISBN 978-0871404374
External links
- Exhibit at the Xavier Hufkens gallery
- 26 Photos: Mapplethorpe, Photography and Sculpture
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- Robert Mapplethorpe discography at Discogs
- Robert Mapplethorpe at IMDb