Saint Patrick's Saltire

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Saint Patrick's Cross" redirects here. For other uses, see List of Saint Patrick's crosses.

Saint Patrick's Flag: a red saltire on a field of white

Saint Patrick's Saltire or Saint Patrick's Cross is a red

chivalric order established in 1783 by George III. It has been suggested that it derives from the arms of the powerful Geraldine or FitzGerald dynasty.[2][3] [dubious – discuss] Some Irish nationalists and others reject its use to represent Ireland as a "British invention"[2] "for a people who had never used it".[4]

After its adoption by the Order of Saint Patrick, it began to be used by other institutions. When the

Union Flag still used by the United Kingdom. The saltire has occasionally served unofficially to represent Northern Ireland and also appears in some royal events.[5]

Origins

Insignia of a Knight of St Patrick: Gold crowns on a green shamrock on a red Cross of Saint Patrick

An early possible mention of a Saint Patrick's flag is from the journal of John Glanville, writing about the Anglo-Dutch fleet that sailed to Cádiz, Spain, in 1625. Lord Delaware deposed in writing to the Lieutenant General about his simple foretop (white, red or blue) precedence flags to be flown:

...That this was an Englishe and not an Irishe action, and the colours contended for the fflagg of St George and not of St Patericke [alluding to whatever the Viscount Valentia was flying], which hee intimated to himselfe being a Baron of England much auntient to my Lord Cromwell (whoe alsoe is a Baron of that Realme) to bee more proper and worthie to carry then anie Irish Viscount...[6]

The

Anglo-Irish chivalric order, was created in 1783. The order was a means of rewarding those in high office who supported the Anglo-Irish government of Ireland.[7]
On its badge was a red saltire on a white background, which it called the "Cross of St Patrick":

And the said Badge shall be of Gold surrounded with a Wreath of Shamrock or Trefoil, within which shall be a Circle of Gold, containing the Motto of our said Order in Letters of Gold Viz. QUIS SEPARABIT? together with the date 1783, being the year in which our said Order was founded, and encircling the Cross of St Patrick Gules, surmounted with a Trefoil Vert each of its leaves charged with an Imperial Crown Or upon a field of Argent.[8]

The use of a saltire in association with St Patrick was controversial because it differed from the usual crosses by custom worn on St Patrick's Day. In particular, the previous

crosses associated with Saint Patrick were not X-shaped. Some contemporary responses to the badge of the order complained that an X-shaped cross was the Cross of St Andrew, patron of Scotland. A February 1783 newspaper complained that "the breasts of Irishmen were to be decorated by the bloody Cross of St Andrew, and not that of the tutelar Saint of their natural isle".[8] Another article claimed that "the Cross of St Andrew the Scotch saint is to honour the Irish order of St Patrick, by being inserted within the star of the order ... a manifest insult to common sense and to national propriety".[8]

A cross pattée

An open letter to Lord Temple, to whom the design of the Order of St Patrick's badges were entrusted, echoes this and elaborates:

The Cross generally used on St Patrick's day, by Irishmen, is the

disputed – discuss
]

Coat of arms of the Duke of Leinster, derived from those of the FitzGeralds

Many subsequent commentators believed that the saltire was simply taken from the arms of the

St George's Cross 45 degrees.[10]

Henry Gough in 1893 doubted the antiquity of Patrick's Cross on the basis that, if a cross had been an established symbol of Ireland during the Protectorate, then flags of the era would have used that instead of the gold Irish harp.[11]

Earlier use of saltires in an Irish context

A variety of sources show saltires in use earlier than 1783 in Ireland and in an Irish context, although there is no suggestion that they are linked to St Patrick. The

Gearóid Mór FitzGerald and his son Gearóid Óg were also Lord Deputies of Ireland
in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

The design on the reverse of some Irish coins (groat and half-groat) minted c. 1480 includes two shields with saltires. At this time, Gearóid Mór FitzGerald was Lord Deputy of Ireland, and the shields are considered to be his arms.[13][14]

A 1576 map of Ireland (or "Hirlandia") by John Goghe shows the FitzGerald arms over their spheres of influence. It also shows a red saltire flag flying at the masthead of a ship, possibly an Irish pirate, which is engaged in action in the Saint George's Channel with another ship flying the Saint George's cross. The red saltire is placed on the Mulls of Galloway and Kintyre in Scotland. This is either a defect of the print or as it was confused with Scotland's Saint Andrew's saltire.[3]

Cross of Burgundy

English and German picture maps of the

Battle of Kinsale of 1601–02 show the combined Irish–Spanish forces under a red saltire. This is presumed to be the Cross of Burgundy, the war flag of Spain, rather than an Irish flag.[15]

A 1612 seal of Trinity College Dublin shows uncoloured cross and saltire flags.[16] These have been taken to represent England and Ireland respectively.[17]

Irish expedition to Scotland
.

Contemporary reports of the ensigns of the Irish Catholic Confederation during the Eleven Years' War say that each had a canton with a red saltire on a gold field.[18][19][20] A 1645 picture map of the Siege of Duncannon shows Preston's Irish Confederates under a saltire.[21]

The flag used by the King's Own Regiment in the Kingdom of Ireland, established in 1653, was a red saltire on a "taffey" yellow field. Its origin remains a mystery, however.

Willem van de Velde, the elder, include a red saltire as in the post-1800 Union; but there is no evidence for such a design.[24] The Graydon MS. Flag Book of 1686, which belonged to Samuel Pepys, gives the flag of Ireland as the harp and St George's cross on a green field.[3]

Flag of the Régiment de Berwick

A red saltire on green appears on the flag of Berwick's regiment in the Irish Brigade of the French army. This was a brigade made up of Irish Jacobite exiles that formed in 1690. The Irish Brigade served as part of the French Army until 1792.

Uniform and colonel's flag of the Regiment of Hibernia in Spanish service, mid-18th century

The cross of Burgundy appears on the flag of the Spanish

penal laws. It is possible that the design of the flag was influenced by the red saltire.[citation needed
]

The Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1769 edition) illustrates one of three maritime flags of Ireland (bottom left), described as white, charged with a red saltire. One other flag is also white with a red saltire, while the remaining maritime flag is Green with a golden harp with a silver quarter bearing a red cross.[25]

Several atlases and flag books in the late 17th and 18th centuries show a red-saltire–on–white flag for Ireland, including Paulus van der Dussen's (c. 1690)[26] and Le Neptune françois, a marine atlas published in Amsterdam in 1693, where it is depicted with the legends Ierse above and Irlandois below, which are Dutch and French for "Irish".[27] Jan Blaeu's 1650s atlas has a saltire on white for Ireland, which is hand-coloured red in some copies.[28]

According to a newspaper report from Waterford in 1785, two years after the Order of St Patrick had been founded:[29]

Upwards of forty vessels are now in our harbour, victualling for Newfoundland, of which number thirteen are of our own nation, who wear the St Patrick's flag (the field of which is white, with a St Patrick's cross, and an harp in one quarter.)

Other St Patrick's crosses

Further information:
List of Saint Patrick's Crosses

Other crosses besides the red saltire have been associated with Saint Patrick. Crosses in various shapes and colours were worn as badges on

Order of Saint Patrick.[citation needed
]

Modern use of the flag

Flag of the Kingdom of Great Britain
Flag of the United Kingdom

The most widespread use of St Patrick's Saltire today is in the

Flag of the United Kingdom
as representing Ireland. The red saltire is
counterchanged with the saltire of St Andrew, such that the white always follows the red clockwise. The arrangement accounts for the discontinuous look of the red diagonal lines, and has introduced a requirement to display the flag "the right way up", with the white line of St Andrew above the red of St Patrick in the upper lefthand quarter next to the flagpole.[31] As with the red cross, so too the red saltire is separated by a white fimbriation
from the blue field. This fimbriation is repeated for symmetry on the white portion of the saltire, which thereby appears wider than the red portion. The fimbriation of the cross of St George separates its red from the red of the saltire.

Irish tricolour used by Irish nationalists.[33]

It is one of two flags authorised to be flown on church grounds by the Church of Ireland, the other being the Compass Rose Flag of the Anglican Communion.[34] This was the recommendation of a 1999 synod committee on sectarianism.[34]

It is one of the flags approved by the

Orange Institution for display during Orange walks.[35]

House flag of Irish Shipping (1941–1947)
House flag of Irish Shipping (1947–1984)

The St Patrick's flag is the flag of

St George's Cross in 1970 on the flag of the Commissioners of Irish Lights.[40][41] The badge of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, designed by John Vinycomb, incorporates the saltire and the arms of the four provinces.[42]

Official Uses of St. Patricks Saltire

Aside from appearing in the Union Flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. There are few other uses for the St Patrick's Saltire in official governmental use.

It was the basis of the police badge of the new Police Service of Northern Ireland.[33]

In 2023, the British Army's 204 (North Irish) Field Hospital and 253 (North Irish) Medical Regiments merged to create 210 (North Irish) Multi-Role Medical Regiment. This amalgamated regiment uses St. Patrick's saltire in the background of the regimental insignia. This is overlaid by symbols of the Caduceus and Irish shamrock. [43]

In heraldry

Regardless of the uncertainty over its origins, the red saltire, or saltire gules on a white field was used in the arms adopted by various Irish organisations, and some outside Ireland.

The arms of Trinity College Dublin show two flags, a red cross on white and a red saltire on white, which Hayes-McCoy and Galloway interpret as representing England and Ireland respectively.[44] The arms were granted by Arthur Vicars in 1901, based on a 1612 seal showing uncoloured cross and saltire flags.[16] Bernard Burke's 1864 armory does not specify the flag's format,[30]: 1031  and nineteenth-century depictions of them vary.[45][46]

The arms of

FitzGerald
family.

The original arms of the

Queen's University in Ireland (est. 1850, arms granted 1851, dissolved 1879), its successor, Queen's University Belfast (est. 1908, arms granted 1910),[53] and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.[54]

The

St Patrick's, incorporates the saltire.[58]

St Patrick's National School in Drumcondra, Dublin City has a saltire on its arms[59] St. Patrick's High School, Ottawa has the saltire in its flag and arms.[60]

To represent Ireland or Northern Ireland

Main article: Flag of Northern Ireland
St Patrick's Saltire flying for Northern Ireland at the 2011 Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo (left to right: The Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway)
St Patrick's Saltire flying for Northern Ireland from The Royal Barge Gloriana at the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant on 3 June 2012

At the 1935 celebrations in London for

British Commonwealth. In 1986, government policy during state visits to London was to fly the crosses of Saints George, Andrew and Patrick and the Welsh Dragon.[62] The government clarified that the Union Flag was the flag of Northern Ireland, not the Saint Patrick's Saltire or the Ulster Banner.[63]

The barge Gloriana during the 2012 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant flew flags for the five "home nations" of the United Kingdom, including Saint Piran for Cornwall, Saint Andrew for Scotland, Saint George for England, Saint David for Wales and Saint Patrick's Saltire for Northern Ireland. In this context, the symbol was referred to as St Patrick's Cross.[64]

The all-island bodies for men's and ladies' bowls compete internationally under the Saint Patrick's flag.[65][66]

The Unionist politician

Northern Irish number plates analogous to the flags allowed on English, Scottish, and Welsh plates.[67]

On St Patrick's Day

Saint Patrick's Flag is sometimes seen during Saint Patrick's Day parades in Northern Ireland and Britain.[33] Flags are handed out by Down District Council before the Downpatrick parade, near Patrick's burial place at Down Cathedral, in an attempt to create a parade that has cross-community support.[68] This has had only limited success, however, and controversy continues over the use of flags in the parade.[69] In Great Britain, Saint Patrick's Flag was flown in place of the Irish tricolour at the 2009 parade in Croydon, prompting complaints from some councillors.[70] It was flown on some years on Patrick's Day by Bradford City Council,[71] which subsequently reverted to flying the Irish tricolour.

In political movements

The Saint Patrick's Saltire was on the flag proposed in 1914 of the County Down unit of Irish Volunteers.[72] A writer in The Irish Volunteer complained that The O'Rahilly should have known the saltire was "faked for Union Jack purposes".[73]

In 1932–33 a variation of the flag with a

St Patrick's blue background was adopted as the badge and flag of the short-lived Blueshirt fascist movement.[74] This militant group incorporated right-wing, conservative and some former-unionist elements in opposition to the then left-wing republican Fianna Fáil party.[74]

A flag combining St Andrew's Saltire, St Patrick's Saltire, and the Red Hand of Ulster has been used by Ulster separatists, who wish to see Northern Ireland leave the United Kingdom and become an independent state, not joining with the Republic of Ireland.[32][75]

The saltire was incorporated in the badge of the

Reform Movement,[76] for some time after its inception in 1998, but this no longer so prominent. The Reform Group is a "post-nationalist" pressure group in the Republic of Ireland seeking closer ties with the United Kingdom.[77]

Other symbols of Ireland

The

James I.[79]

The Celtic cross and Brigid's cross are other crosses which have been used as symbols of Ireland.

Unrelated similar saltires

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argent a saltire gules.

Other flags exist which feature a red saltire on a white field.

The

Plantagenet crown
".

The

Confederate Battle Flag.[84][85][86][87] Sources which ascribe Florida's saltire to Saint Patrick include an article in the Orlando Sentinel[88] and a column in which Joseph Cotto suggests it was a symbol of Florida's Britishness.[89]

The flag of Alabama is "a crimson cross of St. Andrew on a field of white".[90] The flag of Valdivia is derived from the Spanish Cross of Burgundy.

The village of Luqa in Malta also has a similar flag. Its origins are unknown; however, the flag is almost identical to the personal flag of Grandmaster Piero de Ponte who ruled the Maltese islands from 1534 to 1535.

In the system of International maritime signal flags, a red saltire on a white background denotes the letter V and the message "I require assistance".

In the Shanghai International Settlement, the Shanghai Municipal Council used a flag with a red saltire on a white field, with its seal in the middle.

The arms of

Lennox.[91][92] Since Old Kilpatrick, a legendary birthplace of Saint Patrick, is in the district, the association of Saint Patrick's Saltire may be considered appropriate, if coincidental.[93]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick's Saltire.

Notes

  1. ^ "Cross of St Patrick: 'Unity flag' for Northern Ireland?". BBC News. 20 July 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 38.
  3. ^
    OL 13519843M
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-7190-5826-4
    .
  5. Bartram, Graham (2012). "A Visual Guide to the Flags used in the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant" (PDF). Flag Institute. p. 5. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  6. OCLC 4327266
    .
  7. ^ "Order of St Patrick". Official website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  8. ^ a b c d Morley, Vincent (29 August 2014). "St. Patrick's Cross". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Leinster House: A Tour and History". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014.
  10. ^ Casey 1991, p. 6: "It might be noted in passing that a 'Burgundian Cross' is illustrated as being used by either Spanish or Irish troops at Kinsale – such a cross is also part of the Insignia of the Habsburg Order of the Golden Fleece but my personal belief is that as the statutes were based on those of the Garter, the insignia was also based on that of the Garter badge – the Cross of Saint George is merely turned through 45° to become the Saltire – the Garter with motto is replaced with a simple circle with motto and date."
  11. ^ Gough, Henry (1883). Marshall, George W. (ed.). "St. Patrick's Cross". The Genealogist. VII. London: George Bell and Sons: 129–131 : 130. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  12. ^ "British Flags". Flag Institute. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. The inclusion of St. Patrick's cross is of interest as St. Patrick was not martyred and therefore did not have a cross. The red saltire on white was the emblem of the powerful Irish Fitzgerald family and was a convenient symbol for Ireland.
  13. OCLC 27349387
    .
  14. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 37.
  15. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, pp. 36–37.
  16. ^ a b Dixon 1902, pp. 286–287.
  17. ^ Galloway 1999; Hayes-McCoy 1979, pp. 38–39.
  18. OL 4964331W
    .
  19. OL 11349059W
    .
  20. ^ True Informer news sheet, 1644
  21. ^ Galloway 1999, pp. 189–190; Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 40.
  22. ^ Offen, Lee (2010). "Irish Military Establishment". History Reconsidered. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. The regimental colors remain a mystery ...
  23. OL 20588409M
    . In the first flag following that [1654] ordinance, England and Scotland were represented by the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew, and Ireland by a golden harp on a blue ground which is the correct standard of that country. These were displayed quarterly, St. George being first and fourth, Ireland second, and St. Andrew third. The standard of the Protector consisted of this flag with his escutcheon of a white lion rampant on a black field placed in the centre. The harp, however, seemed quite out of place in this flag, and another was tried in which St. George was in the first and fourth, St. Andrew in the second, and the red saltire on white daringly placed in the third as representing Ireland. This was a most unsatisfactory arrangement for visibility at sea, and the old Union was reverted to, but as Ireland was not shown on it, a golden harp was placed in the centre, and at the Restoration the harp was removed and the flag became as it was at the death of Charles I.
  24. ^ Wilson 1986, p. 24.
  25. OCLC 61833428
    .
  26. ^ Wilson 1986, pp. 28–30.
  27. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, pp. 40–41.
  28. ^ a b Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 41.
  29. Gale
    . 26 February 1785. p. 2.
  30. ^ a b Burke, Bernard (1864) [First published 1842]. The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales: Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time. London: Harrison & Sons. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  31. ^ "British Flag Protocol". Flag Institute. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015. Important: the Union Flag has a correct way up – in the half of the flag nearest the flagpole, the wider diagonal white stripe must be above the red diagonal stripe, as Scotland's St Andrew's Cross takes precedence over Ireland's St Patrick's Cross. It is most improper to fly the flag upside down.
  32. ^ a b c "Symbols in Northern Ireland: Flags Used in the Region".
    University of Ulster
    . 6 January 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  33. ^ a b c Groom 2007, p. 81.
  34. ^ a b "General Synod Sub Committee on Sectarianism Report". Church of Ireland. April 1999. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  35. ^ Bryan 2000, p. 128: "Concern over blood and thunder bands, some of the flags they have begun to carry, and their 'rowdy' supporters are not uncommon in the Orange Standard. Stricter rules have been introduced to control the situation in the form of the band contract and an official list of flags approved by the Grand Lodge for carrying on parade. Those officially permitted flags are: the Union flag, the flags of the four countries comprising the UK, the Cross of St Patrick, flags of overseas Orange jurisdictions, lodge flags, banners and bannerettes, the Orange Standard, band flags and bannerettes, and flags issued for approved anniversaries such as the Boyne tercentenary."
  36. ^ "The RDS Flag". Royal Dublin Society. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  37. ^ "History of Irish Girl Guides". Irish Girl Guides. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  38. ^ "House flag, Irish Shipping Ltd". C M Pope Collection. National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  39. ^ Rosanoski, Neale (17 June 2003). "Irish Ferries (Irish Continental Line Ltd.)". House flags of Irish shipping companies. Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  40. ^ Grieve, Martin; Miles Li; Jarig Bakker; Rob Raeside (1 October 2011). "Commissioner of Irish Lights". Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  41. ^ Dillon, Jim (1995). "The Evolution of Maritime Uniform". Beam. 24. Commissioners of Irish Lights. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2015. In the Lighthouse Service the cap badge originally was a St George's Cross surrounded by a wreath of laurel leaves but from 1970 the St Patrick's Cross has been used.
  42. ^ a b Howley, M. F.; Vinycomb, J.; Burtchaell, G. D. (1902). "Badge of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 5. 12 (4). Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland: 415–418.
  43. ^ "Symbol on the Facebook Page for 210 MMR". 210 MMR. 5 October 2023.
  44. ^ Galloway 1999, pp. 189–190; Hayes-McCoy 1979, pp. 38–39.
  45. ^ Chessborough (15 November 1862). "Arms of Canterbury and Armagh". Notes & Queries. II (3rd Series): 392.
  46. ^ Jess, J. (29 November 1862). "Arms of Canterbury, Armagh, and Trinity College Dublin". Notes & Queries. II (3rd Series): 438–439.
  47. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 39.
  48. ^ "The Coat of Arms of Coleraine Borough Council". Coleraine Borough Council. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  49. ^ "Westport". Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  50. ^ "Fermanagh (historical county in Northern Ireland), coat of arms (1954)". World Civic Heraldry Guide. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  51. ^ Jones, Laurence (2 August 2005). "Rathmines and Rathgar Urban District Council". Dublin County Council, Ireland. Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  52. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 40.
  53. ^ "The University's Coats of Arms". Queen's University Belfast. Archived from the original (DOC) on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  54. ^ "Prospectus" (PDF). RCSI. July 2012. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. The crest is an eagle, preying on a serpent which is an emblem of disease. The supporters are Irish elks, with chaplets of shamrocks around their necks. Over the helmet is conventional drapery, called the Mantling, and derived from a head-covering worn by knights in armour for protection against the sun's heat.
  55. ^ "How was the Diocese of Connor created?". Diocese of Connor. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  56. ^ Nichevo (11 May 1946). "An Irishman's Diary: Episcopal Arms".
    ProQuest 523540534
    . ... the St. Patrick's Cross symbolises the connection with the Saint, when he was a slave in County Antrim.
  57. ^ Dorling 1911, p. 66.
  58. ^ Sullivan, Paul J. "The Coat of Arms of His Excellency, the Most Reverend Timothy Michael Dolan, PhD, D.D. Archbishop of New York". Archdiocese of New York. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  59. ^ "St Patrick's Boys' National School".
  60. ^ "St. Patrick's High School". The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. Canadian Heraldic Authority. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  61. ^ "His Majesty's Silver Jubilee". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 301. House of Commons. 7 May 1935. col. 814–5W. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. The cross of St. George representing England and Wales, and the saltires of St. Andrew and St. Patrick, representing Scotland and Ireland, which together form the Union Jack, have been used in association with each other as separate flags or incorporated in banners at a ... number of points.
  62. ^ "Northern Ireland Flag". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 102. House of Commons. 22 July 1986. col. 111W. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. The St. Patrick's flag is flown alongside those of St. Andrew, St. George and the Red Dragon of Wales.
  63. ^ "Flag of St. Patrick". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 102. House of Commons. 25 July 1986. col. 571W. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013.
  64. Bartram, Graham (2012). "A Visual Guide to the Flags used in the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant" (PDF). Flag Institute. p. 5. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  65. ^ "Nolan's cross words". The Times. 5 September 2008. p. 84.
  66. ^ "Full List of International Member Countries". World Bowls. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
  67. ^ "St Patrick's cross 'is NI symbol'". Daily Mirror. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  68. ^ Emerson, Newton (20 March 2003). "St Patrick's parade remains inoffensive".
    Irish News. Archived
    from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  69. ^ McKeown, Lesley-Anne (16 March 2012). "Irish language on St Patrick's Day parade flag prompts unionist boycott". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  70. ^ Austen, Ian (20 March 2009). "Croydon Council accused of insulting borough's Irish community". Croydon Advertiser. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  71. ^ "Race row over tricolour". Daily Mirror. 12 April 2006. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  72. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 200.
  73. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 201.
  74. ^ a b Cronin 1995.
  75. ^ Groom 2007, p. 85.
  76. Reform Movement: 3–4. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 10 July 2004. Retrieved 22 August 2015. It is seen amongst others in the arms of Queens University, the Royal Irish Academy, The Royal College of Surgeons, and of course in the badge of the Reform Movement.
  77. ^ "Aims".
    Reform Movement
    . 27 July 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  78. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, pp. 20, 22.
  79. ^ Hayes-McCoy 1979, p. 25.
  80. ^ Stewart et al. 1951.
  81. ^ "Jersey Flag". Visit Jersey. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014.
  82. ^ "Florida State Seal and Flag, Amendment 4 (1900)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 30 July 2016. The seal of the State ... in the center of a white ground. Red bars ... extending from each corner toward the center, to the outer rim of the seal.
  83. ^ "State Flag". Florida Department of State. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  84. ^ Williams, Dave (17 September 2000). "Flag debate spreading across Deep South". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  85. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (21 June 2015). "How the Confederacy lives on in the flags of seven Southern states". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  86. ISBN 0-674-01983-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016. The flag changes in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida coincided with the passage of formal Jim Crow segregation laws throughout the South. Four years before Mississippi incorporated a Confederate battle flag into its state flag, its constitutional convention passed pioneering provisions to 'reform' politics by effectively disenfranchising most African Americans.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link
    )
  87. ^ Allman, T. D. (23 June 2015). "Florida's racist state flag". Miami Herald. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  88. ^ "Pictures: Florida state flags through the years". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  89. ^ Cotto, Joseph (6 July 2016). "America's 14th and 15th Colonies". Cagle Cartoons. Retrieved 30 July 2016. Florida has traditionally been quite proud of its Britishness, going so far as to make the St. Patrick's Saltire -- a powerful symbol of Irish unionism -- its state flag.
  90. ^ "Official Symbols and Emblems of Alabama: State Flag of Alabama". Alabama Department of Archives and History. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015. According to the Acts of Alabama, 1895, the state flag was to be a crimson cross of St. Andrew on a field of white.
  91. ^ "West Dunbartonshire". Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  92. ^ "West Dunbartonshire Council". Heraldry Society of Scotland. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  93. ^ Urquhart 1973, p. 129; Urquhart 1979.

References

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