Bradford
Bradford | |
---|---|
City | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Areas of the city (2011 census BUASD) | |
West Yorkshire | |
Ambulance | Yorkshire |
UK Parliament | |
Website | bradford |
Bradford is a
From the mid-20th century,
History
Toponymy
The name Bradford is derived from the Old English brad and ford the broad ford which referred to a crossing of the Bradford Beck at Church Bank below the site of Bradford Cathedral, around which a settlement grew in Anglo-Saxon times.[6] It was recorded as "Bradeford" in 1086.[7]
Early history
After an
By the
During the
Industrial Revolution
In 1801, Bradford was a rural market town of 6,393 people,[10] where wool spinning and cloth weaving were carried out in local cottages and farms. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley (5,745) and was significantly smaller than Halifax (8,866) and Huddersfield (7,268).[10] This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside.[10]
The population of the township in 1841 was 34,560.[13]
In 1825 the wool-combers union called a strike that lasted five-months but workers were forced to return to work through hardship leading to the introduction of machine-combing.[14] This Industrial Revolution led to rapid growth, with wool imported in vast quantities for the manufacture of worsted cloth in which Bradford specialised, and the town soon became known as the wool capital of the world.[15]
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Bradford Moor Barracks in 1844.[16]
Bradford became a
Bradford had ample supplies of locally mined coal to provide the power that the industry needed. Local
A major employer was
Henry Ripley was a younger contemporary of Titus Salt. He was managing partner of Edward Ripley & Son Ltd, which owned the Bowling Dye Works. In 1880 the dye works employed over 1000 people and was said to be the biggest dye works in Europe. Like Salt he was a councillor, JP and Bradford MP who was deeply concerned to improve working class housing conditions. He built the industrial Model village of Ripley Ville on a site in Broomfields, East Bowling close to the dye works.
Other major employers were Samuel Lister and his brother who were worsted spinners and manufacturers at Lister's Mill (Manningham Mills). Lister epitomised Victorian enterprise but it has been suggested that his capitalist attitude made trade unions necessary.[23] Unprecedented growth created problems with over 200 factory chimneys continually churning out black, sulphurous smoke, Bradford gained the reputation of being the most polluted town in England. There were frequent outbreaks of cholera and typhoid, and only 30% of children born to textile workers reached the age of fifteen. This extreme level of infant and youth mortality contributed to a life expectancy for Bradford residents of just over eighteen years, which was one of the lowest in the country.
Like many major cities Bradford has been a destination for immigrants. In the 1840s Bradford's population was significantly increased by migrants from Ireland, particularly rural County Mayo[24] and County Sligo, and by 1851 about 10% of the population were born in Ireland, the largest proportion in Yorkshire.[25] Around[26] the middle decades of the 19th century the Irish were concentrated in eight densely settled areas situated near the town centre. One of these was the Bedford Street area of Broomfields, which in 1861 contained 1,162 persons of Irish birth—19% of all Irish born persons in the Borough.[27]
During the 1820s and 1830s, there was immigration from
To support the
Independent Labour Party
The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party. A mural on the back of the Bradford Playhouse in Little Germany commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford in 1893.[34]
The Bradford Pals
On the morning of 1 July 1916, the 16th and 18th Battalions left their trenches in Northern France to advance across no man's land. It was the first hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme. Of the estimated 1,394 men from Bradford and District in the two battalions, 1,060 were either killed or injured during the ill-fated attack on the village of Serre-lès-Puisieux.[36]
Other Bradford Battalions of The Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) involved in the
The 1/2nd and 2/2nd
Recent history
Bradford's
After the
The textile industry has been in decline throughout the latter part of the 20th century. A culture of innovation had been fundamental to Bradford's dominance, with new textile technologies being invented in the city; a prime example being the work of
The grandest of the mills no longer used for textile production is Lister Mills, the chimney of which can be seen from most places in Bradford. It has become a beacon of regeneration after a £100 million conversion to apartment blocks by property developer Urban Splash.[49]
In 1989, copies of
The Yorkshire Building Society opened its new headquarters in the city in 1992.[52]
In 2006 Wm
In June 2009 Bradford became the world's first UNESCO City of Film and became part of the Creative Cities Network since then.[54] The city has a long history of producing both films and the technology that produces moving film which includes the invention of the Cieroscope, which took place in Manningham in 1896.[55]
In 2010
In 2012 the British Wool Marketing Board opened its new headquarters in the city.[57] Also in 2012 Bradford City Park opened, the park which cost £24.5 million to construct is a public space in the city centre which features numerous fountains and a mirror pool surrounded by benches and a walk way.[58]
In 2015
In 2022, Bradford was named the UK City of Culture 2025, beating Southampton, Wrexham and Durham.[59][60] The UK City of Culture bid, as of 2023, was expected to majorly stimulate the local economy and culture as well as attracting tourism to the city. By 2025, the UK City of Culture bid is expected to support potential economic growth of £389 million to the city of Bradford as well as to the surrounding local areas, creating over 7,000 jobs, attracting a significant amount of tourists to the city and providing thousands of performance opportunities for local artists.[61]
Governance
The city played an important part in the early history of the Labour Party. A mural on the back of the Bradford Playhouse (visible from Leeds Road) commemorates the centenary of the founding of the Independent Labour Party in 1893, and quotes its motto "There is no weal save commonweal".[62]
The original Bradford Coat of Arms had the Latin words Labor omnia vincit below it, meaning "Work conquers all".[63] A new coat of arms was emblazoned in 1976, after local government reorganisation in 1974, with the English motto "Progress, Industry, Humanity". Bradford is represented by three MPs: for the constituencies of Bradford East (Imran Hussain, Labour Party), Bradford South (Judith Cummins, Labour), and Bradford West (Naz Shah, Labour Party).
Bradford was part of the
In the final
The City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council has 90 councillors (2023). As of 2023, a political party must hold more than 45 seats in order to take control of the council. A minority-led administration occurs when all parties hold less than 45 seats on the council.[65] Following local elections on 5 May 2022, Labour had majority control over Bradford council with 56 seats, this was followed by Conservatives and the Green Party with 16 and 8 seats, respectively.[66] The council was led by council leader Susan Hinchliffe, representing the Windhill and Wrose ward, and chief executive Kersten England.[67]
Geography
Bradford is located at 53°45′00″N 01°50′00″W / 53.75000°N 1.83333°W (53.7500, −1.8333)
Bradford is not built on any substantial body of water but is situated at the junction of three valleys, one of them, that of the Bradford Beck which rises in moorland to the west, and is swelled by its tributaries, the Horton Beck, Westbrook, Bowling Beck and Eastbrook. At the site of the original ford, the beck turns north, and flows towards the River Aire at Shipley. Bradfordale (or Bradforddale) is a name given to this valley (see for example Firth 1997[1]). It can be regarded as one of the Yorkshire Dales, though as it passes through the city, it is often not recognised as such. The beck's course through the city centre is culverted and has been since the mid 19th century. On the 1852 Ordnance Survey map[2] it is visible as far as Sun Bridge, at the end of Tyrrell Street, and then from beside Bradford Forster Square railway station on Kirkgate. On the 1906 Ordnance Survey,[3] it disappears at Tumbling Hill Street, off Thornton Road, and appears north of Cape Street, off Valley Road, though there are culverts as far as Queens Road.
The Bradford Canal, built in 1774, linking the city to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal took its water from Bradford Beck and its tributaries. The supply of water from the polluted Bradford Beck was often inadequate to feed the locks and heavily polluted the canal over time.[68] Due to the polluted state of the canal causing health problems, the council temporarily closed the canal in 1866.[69] In 1922, the canal was permanently closed due to it not being economically viable to maintain the canal. In modern times, remnants of the canal can still be found, including by Canal Road where the route of the old canal can be seen by car.[70]
Geology
The underlying geology of the city is primarily carboniferous sandstones. These vary in quality from rough rock to fine, honey-coloured stone of building quality. Access to this material has had a pronounced effect on the architecture of the city.[71] The city also lies within the north western parts of the Yorkshire Coalfield which is mostly composed of carboniferous coal measures.[72] The coal measures stimulated early urban development, in the modern day, geological extraction of minerals is heavily reduced in terms of scale.[73]
Climate
As with the vast majority of the UK, Bradford experiences a maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb), with limited seasonal temperature ranges, and generally moderate rainfall throughout the year.[74] Records have been collected since 1908 from the Met Office's weather station at Lister Park, a short distance north of the city centre. This constitutes one of the nation's longest unbroken records of daily data. The full record can be found on the council's website.[75]
The absolute maximum temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) in
The absolute minimum temperature recorded was −13.9 °C (7.0 °F) during January 1940. The weather station's elevated suburban location means exceptionally low temperatures are unknown. Typically, 41.4 nights of the year will record an air frost.[citation needed]
Rainfall averages around 870 mm (34 in) per year with over 1 mm falling on 139 days.[79]
Sunshine, at little in excess of 1,250 hours per year is low, as one would expect of an inland location in Northern England located amongst upland areas. All averages refer to the 1981–2010 observation period.[citation needed]
Climate data for Bradford (Lister Park),[a] elevation: 134 m (440 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
37.9 (100.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
25.6 (78.1) |
17.1 (62.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
37.9 (100.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.4 (56.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.3 (61.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
6.8 (44.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
1.8 (35.2) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.7 (40.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.9 (7.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
2.8 (37.0) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 88.4 (3.48) |
73.8 (2.91) |
64.0 (2.52) |
57.8 (2.28) |
52.0 (2.05) |
72.5 (2.85) |
64.2 (2.53) |
73.7 (2.90) |
69.5 (2.74) |
84.4 (3.32) |
90.3 (3.56) |
99.0 (3.90) |
889.6 (35.02) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.4 | 12.1 | 11.3 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 14.5 | 142.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 43.2 | 67.7 | 105.2 | 142.1 | 173.3 | 159.4 | 167.2 | 156.1 | 122.8 | 89.7 | 54.9 | 38.0 | 1,319.4 |
Source 1: Met Office[b][80] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: ECA&D[81] |
Green belt
Bradford is within a
The green belt surrounds the Bradford built-up area, separating towns and villages throughout the borough. Larger outlying communities such as
A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,
Demography
This section may contain material not related to the topic of the article and should be moved to City of Bradford instead. (August 2011) ) |
At the 2011 UK census, Bradford had a population of 522,452.
The census showed that of Bradford's total population, 67.44% (352,317) was
22.1% of the population are
Bradford: Ethnicity: 2011 Census[89] | |||||||||||||
Ethnic group | Population | % | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | 352,317 | 67.5 | |||||||||||
Asian or Asian British | 140,149 | 26.8 | |||||||||||
Mixed | 12,979 | 2.5 | |||||||||||
Black or Black British | 9,267 | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Arab | 3,714 | 0.7 | |||||||||||
Other Ethnic Group | 4,026 | 0.8 | |||||||||||
Total | 522,452 | 100 |
The Office for National Statistics Regional Trends report, published in June 2009, showed that some parts of Bradford suffer from the highest levels of deprivation in the country, while other areas of Bradford are some of the least deprived in the country.[90][91] Infant mortality is double the national average,[92] and life expectancy is slightly lower than in other parts of the district.[93]
The long-term health study Born in Bradford studied more than 11,300 births in the city between 2007–2011 and found that the rate of birth defects was 3%, nearly twice the national average of 1.7%.
Economy
Bradford's textile industry has been in decline for many years and the city has suffered from de-industrialisation. Some areas of Bradford are among the worst levels of social deprivation in the UK,
Vanquis Banking Group, formerly Provident Financial plc, has moved into a 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m2), £45 million, flagship headquarters building in the city centre. The building also houses a 200-bed Jurys Inn hotel.[100]
In October 2011 Plans to regenerate Bradford city centre, including the long-delayed Broadway shopping centre, was given a boost as Bradford Council secured £17.6 million of regional growth funding from the government, which it will match to create a £35 million "growth zone" in which companies would get business rate relief in exchange for helping people get training and jobs.[101]
In April 2012 retail giant
As of 2023, Bradford is currently developing city regeneration projects in conjunction with the successful City of Culture 2025 bid. With one of the most major redevelopments being the regeneration of the local Bradford Odeon building in the city centre into "Bradford Live", a £22 million music venue with a capacity of 4,000.[103] In addition to Bradford Live, some other major projects are being developed in the city including:[104][105]
• One City Park, a £30 million development in Bradford City Park for a major corporate office building.
• High Point, a £11 million development transforming the former Yorkshire Building Society building into residential apartments.
• Bradford Central Rail Station, a planned central rail station integrated with "mass transit".
• Darley Street Market, a £23 million commercial development including three trading floors.
In addition to the regeneration projects, existing buildings within the city centre will be demolished including the demolition of the NCP car park in order to expand and improve the current Bradford Interchange.[106]
Shopping
Kirkgate Shopping Centre is located in Bradford city centre. It includes
Forster Square Shopping Park opened in 1995 and is adjacent to the
Sunbridge Wells is an underground retail complex, it incorporates restaurants, bars and retail units. The complex is built in a series of Victorian tunnels situated in the centre of Bradford.[115]
Darley St. Market is an upcoming shopping centre opening in 2024, the new shopping centre replaces existing city centre markets including the Oastler Shopping Centre and Kirkgate Market.[116]
Landmarks
Bradford's oldest building is the
There are some fine
In addition to Undercliffe Cemetery, there are seven other cemeteries in Bradford, located in Bowling, Clayton, North Bierley Thornton, Queensbury, Scholemoor, Thornton and Tong, as well as a number of Council-operated cemeteries in Keighley, Wharfedale and other parts of the district.[118]
Like many cities, Bradford lost a number of notable buildings to
The high rise High Point was built as the headquarters of the Yorkshire Building Society and completed in 1972.[120] It is a prominent example of Brutalist architecture.[121] It has been empty for several decades and various schemes have been proposed to bring it back into use.[122]
Bradford's main art gallery is housed in the grand Edwardian
Also in the city is The
Within the city district there are 37 parks and gardens. Lister Park, with its boating lake and Mughal Water Gardens, was voted Britain's Best Park for 2006.[124] Bowling Park in East Bowling is the site of the annual Bradford Carnival celebrating local African and Caribbean culture.
Bradford City Park, now home to the Bradford Festival which includes the Mela, is a six-acre (2.4-hectare) public space in the heart of Bradford which contains the largest man-made water feature in any UK city—a 4,000 m2 (43,000 sq ft) mirror pool featuring more than 100 fountains, including the tallest in any UK city at 30 m (100 ft). When the mirror pool is drained City Park is capable of holding events such as carnivals, markets, theatre productions, screenings and community festivals. Work started on the £24 million project in February 2010 and City Park officially opened in March 2012, with thousands of people turning out for the grand opening event.
The Bradford Odeon, formerly the Gaumont and New Victoria Theatre, was built in 1930 as a music venue and cinema with a capacity of over 3,000, and was the largest UK cinema outside London at the time. (Another Odeon, always part of the Odeon Cinemas chain, was built in the city in 1938 and demolished in 1969.) Standing in a conservation area adjacent to the listed Alhambra Theatre, it closed in 2000 and was sold to developer Langtree with the intention it would be demolished and replaced with an apartment and office block. The Odeon was the subject of much controversy over these proposals, with public support in the form of a 10,000-signature petition and campaigns for its renovation. In his successful by-election campaign for Bradford West in March 2012, George Galloway cited the restoration of the Odeon as his number one priority, later asking Prime Minister David Cameron to intervene.[125] The architectural historian Jonathan Foyle, actresses Imelda Staunton and Jenny Agutter, and director Michael Winner all lent their support to the campaign.
Memorials
|
Transport
In past centuries Bradford's location in Bradfordale made transport difficult, except from the north; this is no longer a problem.[why?]
Road
Bradford was first connected to the developing turnpike network in 1734,[citation needed] when the first Yorkshire turnpike was built between Manchester and Leeds via Halifax and the city.
It is now accessed by
The M606, a spur of the M62 motorway, connects Bradford with the national motorway network. Although originally planned to go directly into the city centre it ends at the city's ring road.
Buses
On 20 June 1911, Britain's first
Water
The Bradford Canal was a 4-mile (6.4 km) spur from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Shipley. It was built to connect Bradford with the North Riding's limestone quarries, the industrial towns on both sides of the Pennines and the ports of Liverpool and Goole. The canal opened from 1774 until 1866 and 1871 until 1922, plans to rebuild it have existed.
Rail
The Leeds and Bradford Railway opened Forster Square railway station on 1 July 1846 with a service via Shipley to Leeds. The station was rebuilt in the early 1850s and again, in 1890 and 1990.
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway opened a station at Drake Street on 9 May 1850, between Manchester and Leeds. The Great Northern Railway opened a third terminus at Adolphus Street in 1854, but the station was too far from the centre, and the two companies built a joint station, Bradford Exchange which opened in 1867.[129] Adolphus Street remained as a goods terminal. In 1973, Exchange station was rebuilt on a different site and in 1983 renamed Bradford Interchange and a bus station built alongside.
Forster Square and Bradford Interchange stations are part of the West Yorkshire Metro. There have been many schemes to link between Bradford's railway terminals. The major redevelopment of the city centre in the 1960s provided an opportunity to connect the termini, this did not happen with large buildings constructed in the 1990s along the proposed line of route. There is the great difference in elevation: Bradford Interchange is at the end of a long steep slope and is much higher than Forster Square. This gradient is not unprecedented in railway construction and the relocation of Forster Square further from the city centre provided additional space in which the transition could be accomplished.
A tram system was inaugurated by Bradford Corporation in 1882. At first the vehicles were horse-drawn but were replaced by steam-driven trams in 1883, and by electric vehicles in 1898. The system ran until 1950.[130]
Air
Education
The
In terms of nationally recognised leading areas of research there are various departments such as Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford School of Pharmacy, Peace Studies, Archaeology, Engineering, Management, Centre for Skin Sciences amongst others. The university balances academic research and teaching quality with a strong tradition of social inclusion. The University of Bradford was ranked second in the UK for graduate employment by the Times Higher Education Supplement in 2005.[133]
In December 2010 the university was named as the greenest in the UK for the second year running.[134] In 2019, the university was named the UK's top university for social inclusion.[135] Additionally, for 2021 and 2022, the university was named the top university in England for social mobility by the Higher Education Policy Institute (HEPI).[136]
The University of Bradford School of Management was in 2011 rated the 14th best business school in the UK by the Financial Times.[137]
Whilst in Bradford after 1892, Margaret McMillan joined the Fabian Society and the Independent Labour Party. Working with her sister, Rachel, she set about improving the welfare of children living in the slums, and campaigned for free school meals. A memorial college to Margaret McMillan was opened in 1952.[139]
During the 2010s, Ofsted reports ranked many Bradford schools as amongst the UK's finest.[138]
Religion
Two carved stones, probably parts of a
The patron saint of Bradford is Saint Blaise because of his patronage of wool combing, and his statue features on the Wool Exchange in the centre of the city. There is also a statue of the saint in St Cuthbert's Catholic Church, Wilmer Road, also noted as the location of the famous Stations of the Cross by Eric Gill.[141][142]
The district has a tradition of
The
The city has a sizeable South Asian community and the
The city has about 100 mosques,
The
Bradford: Religion: 2011 Census[154] | |||||||||||||
Religion | Population | % | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian | 239,843 | 45.9 | |||||||||||
Muslim | 129,041 | 24.7 | |||||||||||
No Religion | 108,027 | 20.7 | |||||||||||
Undeclared | 32,549 | 6.2 | |||||||||||
Sikh | 5,125 | 1.0 | |||||||||||
Hindu | 4,882 | 0.9 | |||||||||||
Buddhist | 1,000 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
Jewish | 299 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
Other Religion | 1,686 | 0.3 | |||||||||||
Total | 522,452 | 100 |
Culture
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2022) |
The National Science and Media Museum hosts the Bradford International Film Festival annually in March. In June 2009 Bradford was designated the world's first
Bradford has developed a relationship with
The Bradford Animation Festival is the UK's longest-running animation festival. Held each November, the festival hosts an array of screentalks, workshops and special events. The festival culminates in the annual BAF Awards which celebrate new animation from around the world.[156]
The
There are four theatres in Bradford. The
Among the professional theatre companies based in Bradford are Kala Sangam, the
Nightlife in Bradford has traditionally centred on Manor Row and Manningham Lane. More recently, several clubs and
Bradford was one of the first areas of the UK to get a local commercial radio station
The
Bradford City Park has the largest city centre water feature in the UK.[163]
Museums and art galleries
Bradford is home to the acclaimed
A mile from the city centre is
Bradford's main art gallery is housed in
The Bradford Museums & Galleries has a collection items relating to Herbert Morley (explorer) and Mitch the printmaker.[167]
Impressions Gallery is an independent contemporary photography gallery with a temporary exhibitions programme showing on average six exhibitions each year. The gallery moved from York to Centenary Square, Bradford, in 2007.
Music
Bradford is the home town of rock bands New Model Army, Anti System, Smokie, Southern Death Cult, The Cult, The Scene, Redwire, Chantel McGregor, One Minute Silence, Scars on 45, Terrorvision, My Dying Bride and hip hop group Fun-Da-Mental.
Singer-songwriters Tasmin Archer, Teddy Sinclair and Kiki Dee—the first white British artist to be signed by Motown—also hail from the city.
Since the 1980s, Bradford has proved influential within the UK's
In 2002
The guitar player and composer Allan Holdsworth was born in Bradford in 1946.[171]
Curry
In 2013 Bradford was again crowned "Curry Capital of Britain" after seeing off other strong contenders such as Glasgow and Wolverhampton. Bradford scored highly not just for the quality of food and service offered by each of the restaurants, but also for food hygiene, a deep understanding of the curry restaurant sector and its success in collectively raising funds for food charity The Curry Tree, which seeks to alleviate the plight of the poor in South East Asia. The judges were also particularly impressed by Bradford's International Food Academy and Jamie's Ministry of Food, which teaches the districts residents how to cook quick, simple, healthy and cost-effective meals.[172] The city has been voted the curry capital of the UK for 6 years running.[173]
Sport
Bradford has a long sporting tradition, and
The defunct Bradford Dukes speedway team raced at Odsal. Speedway was staged at Greenfields Stadium in the pioneer days, when it was known as the Autodrome in the early 1960s. Odsal opened its doors in 1945 and continued in the late 1950s. It entered a team in the 1960 Provincial League then fell dormant until the 1970s when it re-opened. The track staged a Speedway World Final. The speedway team rode under a number of names—probably the longest running was Bradford Northern—in common with the Rugby League team. This was changed to Bradford Barons, emulating the more successful Halifax Dukes. Eventually the Halifax team was brought to Bradford under the name Bradford Dukes.
The
The city also has a history of skateboarding culture; in Ian Glasper's 2012 book Armed with Anger, the city was described as "West Yorkshire's de facto skate capital".[169]
Joe Johnson, a retired professional snooker player from Bradford, won the 1986 World Snooker Championship.[179]
City of Sanctuary
After a campaign in 2008, Bradford was recognised as a 'City of Sanctuary' on 18 November 2010. Bradford is "a place where a broad range of local organisations,
Public services
There are two major hospitals in Bradford: Bradford Royal Infirmary and St Luke's Hospital. Both are teaching hospitals and are operated by Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS trust. Over the years the Trust has subsumed a number of smaller hospitals; these include Woodlands Orthopaedic Hospital, Northern View and Bierley Hall.
Bradford is the focus of one of the UK's largest ever birth cohort studies, known as Born in Bradford. Partly supported by European funding, it is the result of close collaboration between the University of Bradford, the NHS and other institutions in West Yorkshire. It will track the lives of all the babies born in the city from 2006 to 2008 and aims to provide a wealth of data, allowing health researchers the opportunity to investigate many different aspects of health and wellbeing.
Crime
Bradford has been the scene of some high-profile crimes such as the shooting of Bradford PC
The
Bradfordians
Only a few particularly notable names are listed here.
Among Bradford born people who made significant contributions to the arts were
Sir Edward Appleton (1892–1965), discoverer of the ionosphere was a Nobel Prize winner.[193] Robert Turner (1923–1990) was a pathologist who came to Bradford from Belfast, and pioneered the use of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer at the Bradford Royal Infirmary
In the field of industry, Sir Jacob Behrens (1806–1889) was an Anglo–German textile merchant who was instrumental in Bradford becoming a major exporter of woollen goods.[194]
A social reformer who campaigned against child labour, Richard Oastler (1789–1861), is commemorated by a statue in Northgate[195] and the Oastler Shopping Centre located close to the Kirkgate Shopping Centre W.E. Forster (1818–1886), was MP for Bradford and, commemorated by statue, is the namesake of Forster Square.[196]
In recent pop culture the former participant of
In popular culture
The city has a rich heritage in
The Buttershaw area of the city featured in the film Rita, Sue and Bob Too (1987), in which two 16-year-old girls were involved in a love triangle with a wealthy married man (played by George Costigan). The film was created by local Andrea Dunbar, and was initially unpopular with local residents due to its negative image of the area, but has since earned itself a good reputation in the local community as Buttershaw's claim to fame.[203][204] The award-winning 2013 film The Selfish Giant takes place in and around Bradford.[205]
In the BBC political satire
Bradford features under the name of "Broadbeck" in the best-selling 1912 novel Windyridge by Bradford novelist Willie Riley.[213] Link, the main character of the 1993 novel Stone Cold, by Robert E. Swindells, is from Bradford.[214]
International relations
Bradford is twinned with a number of places around the world:[215]
- Skopje, North Macedonia (since 1963)[216]
- Roubaix, France (since 1969)[217]
- Verviers, Belgium (since 1970)
- Mönchengladbach, Germany (since 1971)
- Galway, Ireland (since 1987)
- Mirpur, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan (friendship agreement in 1998)
- Varna, Bulgaria (Since 1992) [218]
See also
- Bradford City stadium fire
- List of Pals battalions
- Listed buildings in Bradford
- BD1 Gallery
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Bibliography
- Mills, A. D. (1998). Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-280074-9.
- Sheeran, George (2005). The Buildings of Bradford: An Illustrated Architectural History. ISBN 978-0-7524-3584-8.
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- Cudworth, William (1882) Historical Notes on the Bradford Corporation. Republished Old Bradfordian Press
- Cudworth, William (1888) Worstedopolis. Republished Old General Books Memphis
- Cudworth, William (1891) Histories of Bolton and Bowling. Thomas Brear & Co Bradford
- Cudworth, William (1891) Condition of the Industrial Classes. Collected articles from the Bradford Observer. Republished by Mountain Press 1977
Further reading
- ^ Allen, C. (2003). Fair justice: the Bradford disturbances, the sentencing and the impact. London: Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism.
- OCLC 56460838.
- OCLC 63800551. This was surveyed 1847–1850, and published in 1852, though it was reprinted at various dates with certain (unidentified) details updated. The modern edition from Heritage Cartography is 'redrawn' from the original, and titled Bradford 1849, but the railways shown indicate that it is from a printing of at least 1854.
- OCLC 44633113.
- Wilmott, Elvira (1987). The Ryburn Map of Victorian Bradford. Ryburn. OCLC 63989031. The map itself is a reproduction of the Plan of the Town of Bradford … revised and corrected to the present time by Dixon & Hindle, 1871.
- Richardson, C. (1976). A Geography of Bradford. University of Bradford. ISBN 0-901945-19-6.
External links
- Official website
- Bradford travel guide from Wikivoyage