Second Desmond Rebellion

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The Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583) was the more widespread and bloody of the two

, and the defeat of the rebels.

The rebellion was in equal part a protest by

.

The result of the rebellions was the destruction of the Desmond dynasty and the subsequent

colonisation

of Munster with English settlers. In addition, the fighting laid waste to a large part of the south of Ireland. War-related famine and disease are thought to have killed up to a third of Munster's pre-war population.

Background

First rebellion, 1569–1573

The Munster branch of the FitzGeralds, known as the

, referred to here as the Earl of Desmond.

The first Desmond rebellion (1569–73) had been an armed protest against English intrusion into the Desmond territories. Specifically it was against the creation of the office of "Lord President" (governor) in the province of Munster and the English pursuit of policies that favoured the FitzGerald's rivals, the Butlers of Ormonde, and various English colonists. The most pressing grievance of the Geraldines had been the government's arrest of Gerald the Earl and his brother John of Desmond in 1568 for their part in a private war against the Butlers in 1565, which had culminated in the Battle of Affane in County Waterford.

The

), and ended in 1573.

Outcomes

The English response after the first rebellion was conciliation of the Geraldines. Fitzmaurice, the leader of the rebellion, was pardoned and the Earl and his brother John of Desmond were released from imprisonment and returned to their lands. As late as 1579, it looked most unlikely that the FitzGeralds would again challenge English rule in Munster. However, a combination of personal, economic, and religious factors, and the actions of James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald himself, led to an explosion of rebellion in July of that year.

Fitzmaurice, who had led the first rebellion, found himself without property and powerless after peace was restored. Lands that he had inherited were confiscated and colonised by English settlers. The Earl of Desmond was forbidden from exacting military service and quartering his troops on his dependants (a practice known as

), and he was reduced to maintaining only 20 horsemen in his private service. This abolition by the government of private armies meant that Fitzmaurice, who was a professional soldier, was without a source of income.

Fitzmaurice was therefore impoverished, and in 1574 he was evicted by the Earl from lands he had been renting since 1573. On top of these discontents, Fitzmaurice also had a genuine commitment to the Catholic

and a deep antipathy to Protestantism, which had been introduced into Ireland by the English. Fitzmaurice left Ireland for France in 1575, seeking help from Catholic powers to restart the rebellion.

Second rebellion

The factors which drove Fitzmaurice into rebellion also created a wide pool of potential rebels in southern Ireland. Firstly, the disbanded Irish soldiers from various lords' private armies faced destitution and even death in an English-ruled Ireland. In the wake of the first Desmond Rebellion,

, were already engaged in a low level war with the English authorities throughout the 1570s.

Finally, cultural and religious conflict also played a role in fomenting discontent. In the early 1570s, Sir

in 1570, when the Papacy excommunicated Elizabeth and her officials. Fitzmaurice appealed to both of these sentiments, speaking only Irish, wearing Irish dress, and also championing the cause of the counter-reformation.

Aborted invasion of 1578

In exile in Europe from 1575, Fitzmaurice tried to get backing for a new rebellion. He intrigued at the French and Spanish courts for a foreign invasion of Ireland. However, the Habsburg King

who were seeking to invade England, depose Elizabeth, and restore a Catholic monarchy.

With the English adventurer Captain

King of Ireland

. This was supported by the English Catholics.

Stukley was provided by the Pope with infantry and sailed from

, thus ending Fitzmaurice's initial plans for invading Ireland.

1579 invasion

Nicholas Sanders, Fitzmaurice, and others returned to Rome and formed a new expedition with Papal authority. With a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops, they set sail for Ireland in early June 1579 from Corunna in Galicia, Spain. The fleet consisted of Fitzmaurice's own vessel and three Spanish shallops. Fitzmaurice was joined by Matthew de Oviedo and by Nicholas Sanders as Papal commissary.

En route in the

to rule Ireland meant that, unlike the first Desmond rebellion of 1569–1573, this one would be very unlikely to end with a negotiated peace.

The rebels were joined on 25 July by two galleys with 100 more Spanish troops.

Rebellion begins

Fitzmaurice's small force might well have been crushed rapidly had he not been joined on 1 August by John of Desmond. John Fitzedmund Fitzgerald, like Fitzmaurice, had been a soldier and had a large following among his kinsmen and the disaffected and unemployed soldiers of Munster. It was only after John's joining of the rebellion that it was joined by these soldiers in large numbers. John and his brother, James Fitzedmund Fitzgerald, the Seneschal of Imokilly, marked their entry into the rebellion by assassinating two English officials, Henry Davells and Arthur Carter in a tavern in Tralee.

John of Desmond and Fitzmaurice together commanded a force of over 3000 men, including a small number of European soldiers, and several thousand native Irish troops. The prospect of further continental reinforcements was hampered though, when

, on 29 July 1579, four days after the landing at Smerwick, seized the ships of the invasion force and cut off their sea-routes.

The Earl of Desmond, who was reasonably satisfied with the English settlement of the first rebellion, initially tried to stay out of Fitzmaurice's rebellion and attempted to raise the Geraldines to put it down. However, he managed to assemble only 60 men – in contrast to the thousands raised at short notice by his brother John, indicating that most of the FitzGeralds and their allies sympathised with the rebellion.

A number of the invasion force went to other parts of Ireland. A small number went to Carrigafoyle Castle on the southern banks of the River Shannon (in northern County Kerry), the seat of the Earl of Desmond. This contingent included an Italian engineer, Captain Julian, who set about perfecting the castle's defences.

Fitzmaurice himself mounted a sortie to Connacht to try to provoke rebellion there. However, he was killed in a skirmish with the forces of the Burkes of Clanwilliam on 18 August, after his men stole some horses belonging to Theobald Burke (a cousin of Fitzmaurice). This left the rebellion under the command of John of Desmond, now effectively the leader of the Geraldines.

The rebels were left in control of southern Munster and the English did not have enough troops to re-take it. Drury, the English Lord Deputy, marched 600 men to Limerick, where he was joined by Nicholas Malby, with a force of 1,100 English soldiers. Drury was in poor health and died shortly afterwards. He left the Crown forces under the command of Malby.

Gerald the Earl joins the rebellion

Askeaton Friary

was burned during Malby's attack

In late October, Malby marched through the Desmond territory, devastating the countryside there and demanded that Gerald the Earl of Desmond surrender his castle at Askeaton. Desmond refused and resisted when Malby tried to take the castle by force. William Pelham, the Lord Justice of Ireland, then proclaimed Desmond a traitor, meaning that he was to be captured and executed. This forced Gerald and the remaining FitzGeralds to join the rebellion.

The Earl assumed leadership of the rebellion in a spectacular manner. On 13 November 1579, he and his followers sacked the town of Youghal, massacring its English garrison, hanging the English officials there, looting the town, and abusing the civilian population. Desmond's force then blockaded the city of Cork before withdrawing westwards into the mountains of Kerry. MacCarthy Mor, meanwhile, chief of the MacCarthys, announced his joining of the rebellion by sacking Kinsale.

Spring 1580 campaign

Carrigafoyle Castle

The ferocity of Desmond's actions were repaid in kind by the Crown forces early in the following year.

.

In March 1580, the Crown forces had an important strategic victory, taking the Desmond stronghold at Carrigafoyle Castle at the mouth of the Shannon. With 1400 soldiers and assisted by William Winter and his naval forces, William Pelham captured Carrigafoyle, the principal Desmond stronghold at the mouth of River Shannon and massacred the rebel garrison there. They had now cut off the Geraldine forces from the north of the country and prevented a landing of foreign troops into the main Munster port of Limerick. When news of the destruction of Carrigafoyle castle spread, other Desmond strongholds fell swiftly. The castle at Askeaton was abandoned with its Spanish defenders blowing up the walls, and the garrisons at Newcastle West, Balliloghan, Rathkeale, and Ballyduff surrendered soon afterwards. Many of the lords who had joined the rebellion surrendered as well, judging the English to have the upper hand. Those who surrendered included MacCarthy Mor, Roche, Barry, and others.

It looked as if the rebellion was beaten by the summer of 1580, but it was revived by the outbreak of new rebellion in the eastern province of Leinster.

Rebellion in Leinster

In July 1580,

, who was motivated primarily by his devout Catholicism.

In August, John of Desmond and Nicholas Sanders met Baltinglass in

was of grave concern to the English.

Sir

, was sent from England with 6000 troops. Grey's immediate priority was to put down the Leinster rebellion.

On 25 August 1580, English forces under Grey were routed in the

. For the remainder of the war, O'Byrne and his allies raided English settlements in the east and south east, but were unable to take strategic advantage of their victory at Glenmalure.

The rebellion and its aftermath saw a number of people from the Pale and other Old English areas such as

Old English

from the English state in Ireland.

1580 Spanish and Papal landing

On 10 September 1580, a squadron of Spanish ships under the command of Don

blockaded the Papal force's ships into the bay at Smerwick. San Giuseppe had no choice but to fortify his men in the fort at Dún an Óir.

In October 1580, Grey de Wilton with up to 4000 troops arrived at Smerwick and laid siege to the garrison. The invasion forces were geographically isolated on the tip of the narrow Dingle Peninsula, cut off by Mount Brandon on one side and the much larger English force on the other. They had no means of escape. In addition, the English had brought up heavy artillery by sea, which rapidly broke down the improvised defences of Dún an Óir.

After a three-day siege, Colonel Di san Giuseppe surrendered on 10 October 1580, on agreeing to take a bribe as his reward. Local historian Margaret Anna Cusack (1868) explained that: "In a few days the courage of the Spanish commander failed, and he entered into treaty with the Lord Deputy. A bargain was made that he should receive a large share of the spoils... The English were admitted to the fortress on the following day, and a feast was prepared for them."^[1] Grey de Wilton ordered the massacre and the Italian and Spanish mercenaries were beheaded and their bodies thrown into the sea.

Among the English soldiers present at the siege and massacre was the writer and explorer Walter Raleigh. This was brought against him as a criminal charge in one of his trials. Raleigh argued that he was "obliged to obey the commands of his superior officer" but he was unable to exonerate himself.^[2]

End of the rebellion

With the massacre at Smerwick, the tide had turned decisively against the rebels. However, the war dragged on for two more years of increasingly bitter guerrilla fighting. The civilian population was to suffer tremendously as a result of the war, being targeted by both sides and having their crops, livestock, and homes destroyed.

Grey, the ruthless English commander, described his own tactics as "burning their corn, spoiling their harvest and driving their cattle".^[

]

Meanwhile, the rebellion slowly fell apart. As a result of the defeat at Smerwick, Papal assistance to Nicholas Sanders was cut off. After spending almost two years as a fugitive in the south-west of Ireland, he is believed to have died of cold and starvation in the spring of 1581. In April 1581, a general pardon was offered to all but the rebellion's leaders. Many of the Earl of Desmond's erstwhile supporters surrendered. Baltinglass fled for France in August 1581. Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne made a false surrender in April 1581 but continued his raiding after a short period. However he finally surrendered in September 1582, ending the fighting in Leinster.^[citation needed]

For the Earl of Desmond, there would be no pardon, and he was pursued by Crown forces until the end. For the remainder of the war, the Earl and the remaining Geraldines evaded capture on the run in the mountains of Kerry and Tipperary and engaged in guerrilla warfare. In early 1582, John of Desmond was killed in a skirmish north of Cork. The rebellion was finally ended in 1583, when the Earl of Ormonde assumed command of Crown forces. Ormonde took a less ruthless approach to the campaign than previous officers, preferring diplomacy to scorched-earth tactics. He contained the rebels to west Cork and Kerry and persuaded many of Desmond's closest relatives to surrender. On 11 November 1583 the end came when the Earl was killed in Glenaginty in the Slieve Mish Mountains (near Tralee in County Kerry) by the local Moriarty clan of Castledrum on the Dingle peninsula. The Earl and his followers had raided the property of clan Moriarty, stole cattle and mistreated the sister of the clan chief, Owen Moriarty. Men of clan Moriarty, with 25 soldiers, pursued the Earl's followers until they captured and killed the Earl at Glenaginty. Owen Moriarty received 1000 pounds of silver from the English government for Desmond's head, which was sent to Queen Elizabeth in London, while his body was triumphantly displayed on the walls of Cork city.^{[citation needed]}

Aftermath

Munster continued to suffer from bubonic plague and famine in the years following the rebellion, and was described as having vast empty areas and a substantially reduced population. Perhaps as much as one third of the province's population perished in the war.

The main political consequence of the rebellion was the annihilation of the Desmond dynasty's power in southern Ireland. Their lands were confiscated, along with those of their allies. Following a survey in 1584 by the

Nine Years War

in the 1590s, the English attempted to introduce a new Protestant Geraldine Earl who had grown up in England, but without success.

In Leinster, Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne submitted but was later killed leading a new rebellion in Nine Years War. James Eustace, 3rd Viscount of Baltinglass went into exile, dying in Spain in 1585. His title and property, including Rathfarnham Castle were confiscated.

Many more former rebels were pardoned but had some land confiscated and had to pay substantial fines.

The destruction of so many important landed families in Ireland and colonisation of their lands with English settlers meant that the Second Desmond Rebellion was one of the most important events in the Tudor conquest of Ireland – a century long process which saw all of Ireland under English control by 1603. The killing of many of the Irish mercenary class in the war was likewise an important development for the English authorities in establishing their monopoly on the use of force in Ireland. The Rebellion also established the theme of religious conflict in Irish history for the first time. The divide between Irish Catholic landowners and Protestant English settlers and government would dominate Irish life for another century and still has reverberations to this day.

Notable participants

Invasion/Rebellion side – the Irish and their Catholic supporters:^{[further explanation needed]}

• James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald
  , cousin of the Earl of Desmond, organiser of the rebellions
• Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond
• Pope Gregory XIII, provided funds and forces
• Captain Thomas Stukley, English adventurer, leader of first proposed invasion force
• King of Ireland
• William Allen, English priest in Rome who supported the rebellion
• Nicholas Sanders, English priest and Papal legate on the invasion force
• Hercules of Pisano, military member of the first attempted invasion
• Sebastiano di San Giuseppe of Bologna, commander of the invasion garrison at Dún an Óir
• Philip II of Spain, provided forces
• King
  Sebastian of Portugal
  , diverted Thomas Stuckly and the first force to Morocco, where both were killed
• Matthew de Oviedo, accompanied Fitzmaurice on the second invasion force
• Earl of Kildare, Geraldine leader, requested to join the rebellion
• John of Desmond, a brother of the Earl of Desmond, succeeded as leader of the rebellion
• James Fitzedmund FitzGerald, Seneschal of Imokilly
  , succeeded as leader of the rebellion
• Captain Julian, Italian engineer who attempted to reconstruct Carrigafoyle Castle
• Juan Martínez de Recalde, Spanish member of the invasion force who returned later in the Spanish Armada
• Fiach MacHugh O'Byrne, Irish chieftain who rebelled in Leinster, Battle of Glenmalure
• James Eustace, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass of the Pale who joined the rebellion in Leinster, Battle of Glenmalure
• Creon MacMurrough Kavanagh, appointed King of Leinster by the rebellion

Kingdom of Ireland:

• Elizabeth I of England
• Owen Moriarty, Chieftain of the Moriarty clan of Castledrum in Kerry, killed the Earl of Desmond in 1583
• Sir Henry Sidney, the former Lord Deputy of Ireland member of the Privy Council of Ireland
• Theobald Burke, cousin of James Fitzmaurice FitzGerald, whose forces killed him
• Sir William Winter
  , English naval commander
• Sir William Pelham, English army commander
• Sir
  Irish Royal Army
  commander
• Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton, Lord Deputy of Ireland
• William Stanley
  , army commander
• Richard Bingham, member of the English army
• Sir Walter Raleigh, member of the English army
• Edmund Spenser, member of the English army
• Thomas Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormonde
  , supporter of the English forces
• Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Earl of Tyrone
  , supporter of the English forces
• Owen MacCarthy Reagh, 16th Prince of Carbery
  , supporter of the English forces

See also

• List of Irish rebellions
• Rising of the North
• Other events of the Tudor conquest of Ireland
  • Nine Years War
    (1594–1603)
• Other Spanish invasions of Ireland
  • Spanish Armada in Ireland (1588)
  • Battle of Kinsale (1601)

References

1. ^ Cusack MF, An Illustrated History of Ireland from AD 400 to 1800 Dublin, 1868
2. ^ The Scenery and Antiquities of Ireland. Chapter IV. (1841)

• Contemporaneous accounts of the quashing of the rebellion were produced by some of the participants. A chilling, albeit approving, observation on the campaign was set out in A View of the Present State of Ireland [2] by Edmund Spenser written in 1593 and first licensed for publication in 1633, four decades later. Richard Bingham reported on the events at Smerwick to Francis Walsingham, a chief-advisor to the Queen. The Annals of the Four Masters contain reports from the Irish perspective.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ireland". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 742–789. (See pp. 775–776.)
• Richard Bagwell, Ireland under the Tudors 3 vols. (London, 1885–1890).
• John O'Donovan (editor), Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters (1851).
• Cyril Falls Elizabeth's Irish Wars (1950; reprint London, 1996).
  ISBN 0-09-477220-7
  .
• Calendar of State Papers: Carew MSS. 6 vols (London, 1867–1873).
• Calendar of State Papers: Ireland (London)
• Nicholas Canny The Elizabethan Conquest of Ireland (Dublin, 1976); Kingdom and Colony (2002).
• Steven G. Ellis Tudor Ireland (London, 1985)
  ISBN 0-582-49341-2
  .
• Dictionary of National Biography 22 vols. (London, 1921–1922).*Brian C. Donovan, The Rise of Feagh McHugh O'Byrne in Gaelic Leinster
• Colm Lennon, Sixteenth Century Ireland – The Incomplete Conquest, Dublin 1994.
• Edward O'Mahony, Baltimore, the O'Driscolls, and the end of Gaelic civilisation, 1538–1615, Mizen Journal, no. 8 (2000): 110–127.
• Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British 1580–1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2001.

External links

• West Cork and the Elizabethan Wars 1565–1603
• Massacre victims from Raleigh's time return to haunt Irish shore
• Report from BBC.co.uk
• The Second Desmond Rebellion, The Irish Story