Security Service of Ukraine
Служба безпеки України | |
Agency overview | |
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Formed | 20 September 1991 |
Jurisdiction | Government of Ukraine |
Headquarters | 32–35, Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv, 01034[1] |
Employees | 29,000 (November 2017)[2] 30,000 (February 2014)[3] |
Agency executive | |
Parent agency | President of Ukraine |
Website | Official website |
History of State Security of Ukraine |
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Ukrainian State |
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Ukrainian SSR |
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Ukraine |
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Ukraine portal |
The Security Service of Ukraine (
The SBU was created after the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in 1991. The agency was viewed negatively by the Ukrainian public for much of its history, as it was widely regarded as corrupt and was best known for arresting and intimidating political dissidents. After the Revolution of Dignity in 2014, the SBU went through a restructuring with the transition to the new government, because of its corruption and possible infiltration by intelligence agencies of Russia.[6]
The SBU has since been involved in operations against
Duties and responsibilities
The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.[8]
Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.
Organization
The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of
Structure
- Central Apparatus (consists of some 25 departments)
- Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction
- Regional Departments of the SBU (26 departments)
- Special Department
- Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Emergencies, State Border Guard Service, and others.
- Educational Institutions
- National Academy of the Security Service of Ukraine
- Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise
- Other educational institutions
- Military Counter-intelligence
- State Archives of the SBU
- Special Group "Alpha"
History
Ukrainian security services in Soviet era
On January 14, 1918, the Ukrainian People's Republic founded its Security Services.[10]
In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service.[10] This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire).[10] After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State.[10] Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions – domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch.[10][11] It never became as well-led, nor as successful, as its forerunner, the security services of the Ukrainian State.[10][11] The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized.[10] The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police).[10] There was no cooperation between the security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic.[10]
In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic
The All-Ukrainian
1990s–2005
The SBU originated from the
Since 1992, the agency has been competing in
According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called prykhvatizatsiya) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.[9]
Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s.[16] Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.[16]
In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005, the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Управління державної охорони України), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.
The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major
Later, the SBU played a significant role in the
In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).
Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.
2005–2010
In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented
An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case.[18] The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.[19]
2010–2014
The former Security Service of Ukraine Head
All my experience until now indicates that I am a patriot. ... I see through economic intrigues, crime, know methods of money laundering, banks that illegally exchange currency. ... My knowledge is much wider than most of those who work here.
When
Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010, it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the
On May 22, 2012, Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.[30]
The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009.[31] A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011.[32]
2014–2022
In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.[33]
Late February 2014 opposition MP
After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the
In June 2015, the
In 2016, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture.[38]
In 2017, the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU) expressed concerns about a situation with "freedom of opinion and expression" in Ukraine which facing "mounting challenges". According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists, bloggers, and media activists.[39] According to reports of the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, the SBU personnel is responsible for multiple cases of human rights abuses including sexual violence and torture.[40][41]
A new fifth directorate of SBU was created in 2015 to act as a saboteur force. It was associated with several assassinations of prominent pro-Russian commanders in Donbas: Alexander Zakharchenko, Mikhail Tolstykh and Arsen Pavlov.[42]
On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.[7]
In late 2018, the SBU carried out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.[43][44][45]
On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17.[46] The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.[47]
On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Anatolievich Egorov .[48][49] He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine.[48] He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev, a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression.[50][51]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
With the
On March 5, 2022, SBU agents shot and killed
On April 12, 2022, the SBU announced they had arrested Viktor Medvedchuk, an ally of Vladimir Putin, in what Bakanov called a "a lightning-fast and dangerous multi-level special operation"; a treason case was opened against Medvedchuk the previous year and in February, and authorities said that Medvedchuk that escaped from house arrest.[60]
July 17, 2022, Head of the SBU Ivan Bakanov was dismissed by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[61] While a long-time associate and personal friend of Zelenskyy, Bakanov was accused of allowing treason and collaboration of SBU agents with Russia, and failing to uproot them.[62][63] Vasyl Malyuk, the first Deputy Head of the SBU, was appointed as acting Head of the SBU.[63]
According to Ukrainska Pravda and the UNIAN, the October 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion was carried out by the SBU.[64][65]
On 7 August, Ukrainian Security Service has arrested a woman in relation to an attempt to assassinate President
Heads
Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)
- establishment September 20, 1991
- Nikolai Golushko (acting; September 20, 1991 – November 6, 1991)
- Yevhen Marchuk (November 6, 1991 – July 12, 1994)
- Valeriy Malikov (July 12, 1994 – July 3, 1995)
- Volodymyr Radchenko (July 3, 1995 – April 22, 1998)
- Leonid Derkach (April 22, 1998 – February 10, 2001)
- Volodymyr Radchenko (February 10, 2001 – September 2, 2003)
- Ihor Smeshko (September 4, 2003 – February 4, 2005)
- Oleksandr Turchynov (February 4, 2005 – September 8, 2005)
- Ihor Drizhchany[67](September 8, 2005 – December 22, 2006)
- Valentyn Nalyvaichenko (December 22, 2006 – March 11, 2010)
- Valeriy Khoroshkovsky (March 11, 2010 – January 18, 2012)[24]
- Volodymyr Rokytsky (acting; January 19, 2012 – February 3, 2012)[68][69]
- Ihor Kalinin (February 3, 2012 – January 9, 2013)[68]
- Valentyn Nalyvaichenko (February 24, 2014 – June 18, 2015)[72][73]
- Vasyl Hrytsak (July 2, 2015 – August 29, 2019)[74]
- Ivan Bakanov (August 29, 2019 – July 17, 2022)[75][61]
- Vasyl Malyuk, February 7, 2023[4] – present (acting head from July 17, 2022[63] to February 7, 2023)
Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities
Service medals
-
25 years in service
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20 years in service
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15 years in service
-
10 years in service
See also
- All-Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission
- Federal Security Service
- Kontrrazvedka
- Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine
- Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)
- Securocracy
Notes
References
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- ^ "У СБУ розповіли, скільки співробітників працює в спецслужбі". glavcom.ua. November 25, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
- ^ "The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
- ^ BBC Ukrainian(in Ukrainian). February 7, 2023.
- ^ "SSU reform". SSU. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
The Constitution of Ukraine defines the status of the SSU as a military institution.
- ^ a b c d Ex-Ukrainian Spy Chief: Russian Camps Spreading Chaos, Voice of America (July 26, 2015)
- ^ a b Sharkov, Damian (December 21, 2017). "Ukraine Arrests Two 'Russian Spies' as Double Agents Inside Kiev's Ranks". Retrieved October 19, 2020.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-4408-3502-5.
- ^ Radio Svoboda(January 14, 2018)
- ^ a b (in Ukrainian) "Invisible Front": Special Forces of the Times of the Ukrainian Revolution, m.dt.ua (November 26, 2018)
- ^ Summary on Military secret service of the state center of the UNR in the exile and its leaders (1926–1938 biennium), history.vn.ua
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- ^ Cicero. Berlin. August 2019 p. 38 (in German)
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- ^ a b "Yanukovych dismisses Khoroshkovsky from military service". Kyiv Post. January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on January 19, 2012.
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- Spiegel Online. May 5, 2011. Archivedfrom the original on November 3, 2011.
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- ^ "Seven spies, 16 special service agents exposed in Ukraine in 2009". Interfax-Ukraine. Kyiv Post. December 30, 2009. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014.
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- ^ a b Ukraine: Security services 'infiltrated protest groups' Archived April 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (February 28, 2014)
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- Ukrayinska Pravda(February 8, 2016)
- Ukrayinska Pravda(November 7, 2017)
- ^ Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (July 21, 2016). "Ukraine: "You don't exist": Arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, and torture in Eastern Ukraine". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ^ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 August to 15 November 2017" (PDF). www.ohchr.org. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
- ^ "Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 May to 15 August 2017" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ^ "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Ukraine 14 March 2014 to 31 January 2017" (PDF). United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ^ "Inside Ukraine's assassination programme". The Economist. September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ Vasina, Olena; Williams, Matthias (November 30, 2018). "Ukraine's security service raids home of Russian-backed monastery head". Reuters.
- ^ "Ukraine raids Orthodox churches with Russia ties". France 24. December 3, 2018.
- ^ "Ukraine set to establish new church, secure split from Russia". Al Jazeera. December 15, 2018.
- ^ "The Arrest of Vladimir Tsemakh and Its Implications for the MH17 Investigation". Bellingcat. July 9, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ Luhn, Alec (July 5, 2019). "Ukraine captures separatist believed to be linked to MH17". Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "SBU exposes a general working for the Russian FSB". Security Service of Ukraine website. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
- Radio Svoboda(in Ukrainian). April 14, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
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- ^ Стек, Левко (Stek, Levko); Гриценко, Олексій (Gritsenko, Alexey) (July 16, 2018). "Адам Осмаєв про замахи, Аміну Окуєву і чеченців на Донбасі. Ексклюзивне інтерв'ю" [Adam Osmayev about the assassination attempts, Amin Okuyev and the Chechens in Donbas. Exclusive interview]. Radio Svoboda (in Ukrainian). Retrieved October 19, 2020.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Ukraine cracks down on 'traitors' helping Russian troops". AP NEWS. April 29, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ Bryen, Stephen (May 26, 2022). "The fatal failure of Russia's ERA cryptophone system". Asia Times. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ Vavra, Shannon (May 9, 2022). "Russians Caught in Bitchfest Over Putin's 'Bullshit' Victory Day". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- ^ "Intercepted audio said Russian soldiers almost blew up a top general for ordering them to the front line, Ukraine says". ca.news.yahoo.com. May 31, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2022.
- Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ^ "СБУ убила члена украинской делегации Дениса Киреева, подозреваемого в госизмене". UNIAN. March 5, 2022.
- ^ "Нардеп сообщил, что участника переговоров от Украины убили при задержании за госизмену". Interfax. March 5, 2022.
- ^ "Україна втратила своїх відданих синів". gur.gov.ua. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
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- ^ a b c "Ukraine names corruption department head as acting security agency chief". Reuters. July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ "Security Service of Ukraine behind explosion on Crimean bridge". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ "Украинские СМИ со ссылкой на источник сообщили, что взрыв на Крымском мосту – операция СБУ" [Ukrainian media, citing a source, reported that the explosion on the Crimean bridge was an SBU operation.]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
- ^ Yulia Drozd; Kevin Shalvey (August 7, 2023). "Woman arrested in plot to assassinate President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukraine says". ABCnews.
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- ^ a b "Yanukovych names new Kalinin as state security chief". Kyiv Post. February 3, 2012. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012.
- ^ "Yanukovych appoints Rokytsky as acting SBU chief". Kyiv Post. January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012.
- ^ "President calls on officials for joint work on reform in SBU". Kyiv Post. January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014.
- ^ "Ukrainian parliament appoints Nalyvaichenko as security service chief". Interfax-Ukraine. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014.
- ^ "Ukrainian Security Service Chief Fired". REF/RL. June 18, 2015. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- UNIAN. June 18, 2015. Archivedfrom the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
- ^ Rada appoints Vasyl Hrytsak Ukrainian Security Service chief Archived July 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, (July 2, 2015)
- ^ "Рада затвердила людину Зеленського на чолі СБУ". Українська правда.
- ^ Dmytro Yarmak. Official Ukraine Today.
- ^ "President appoints commissioner for control over SBU activities". Ukrinform. October 11, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
External links
- Media related to Security Service of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website (in Ukrainian and English)
- Служба безпеки України (Security Service of Ukraine)'s channel on YouTube
- "Extraordinary Commissions in Podillia" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). NBUV.