ECHELON
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ECHELON, originally a secret government code name, is a surveillance program (signals intelligence/SIGINT collection and analysis network) operated by the five signatory states to the UKUSA Security Agreement:[1] Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States, also known as the Five Eyes.[2][3][4]
Created in the late 1960s to monitor the military and diplomatic communications of the Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies during the Cold War, the ECHELON project became formally established in 1971.[5][6] By the end of the 20th century, it had greatly expanded.[7]
Organization
The UKUSA intelligence community was assessed by the European Parliament (EP) in 2000 to include the signals intelligence agencies of each of the member states:
- the Government Communications Headquartersof the United Kingdom,
- the National Security Agency of the United States,
- the Communications Security Establishment of Canada,
- the Australian Signals Directorate of Australia, and
- the Government Communications Security Bureau of New Zealand.
Operated by the United States | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country | Location | Operator(s) | Codename |
Brazil | Brasília, Federal District | SCS | |
Germany | Bad Aibling, Bavaria | GARLICK[10] | |
India | New Delhi | SCS | |
Japan | Misawa, Tōhoku region | LADYLOVE[13] | |
Thailand | Bangkok (?) | LEMONWOOD[14] | |
United Kingdom | Menwith Hill, Harrogate |
|
MOONPENNY[14] |
United States | Sugar Grove, West Virginia | TIMBERLINE[17] | |
Yakima, Washington | JACKKNIFE[14] | ||
Sábana Seca, Puerto Rico
|
CORALINE[14] | ||
Operated Jointly with the United States (2nd party) | |||
Country | Location | Contributor(s) | Codename |
Australia | Geraldton, WA | STELLAR[12] | |
Darwin, NT | SHOAL BAY[12] | ||
New Zealand | Waihopai, Blenheim
|
IRONSAND[12] | |
United Kingdom | Bude, Cornwall | CARBOY[17] | |
Cyprus | Ayios Nikolaos Station | SOUNDER[21] | |
Kenya | Nairobi |
|
SCAPEL[14] |
Oman | Seeb, Muscat |
|
SNICK[14] |
Reporting and disclosures
Public disclosures (1972–2000)
Former NSA analyst
In 1982, investigative journalist and author James Bamford wrote The Puzzle Palace, an in-depth history of the NSA and its practices, which notably leaked the existence of the eavesdropping operation Project SHAMROCK. Project SHAMROCK ran from 1945 to 1975, after which it evolved into ECHELON.[24][25]
In 1988, Margaret Newsham, a
Also in 1988, an article titled "Somebody's Listening", written by investigative journalist Duncan Campbell in the New Statesman, described the signals intelligence gathering activities of a program code-named "ECHELON".[26] Bamford described the system as the software controlling the collection and distribution of civilian telecommunications traffic conveyed using communication satellites, with the collection being undertaken by ground stations located in the footprint of the downlink leg.[27]
A detailed description of ECHELON was provided by the New Zealand journalist Nicky Hager in his 1996 book Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network.[28] Two years later, Hager's book was cited by the European Parliament in a report titled "An Appraisal of the Technology of Political Control" (PE 168.184).[29]
In March 1999, for the first time in history, the
In 2000,
Lawmakers in the United States feared that the ECHELON system could be used to monitor US citizens.[33] According to The New York Times, the ECHELON system has been "shrouded in such secrecy that its very existence has been difficult to prove."[33] Critics said the ECHELON system emerged from the Cold War as a "Big Brother without a cause".[34]
European Parliament investigation (2000–2001)
The program's capabilities and political implications were investigated by a committee of the European Parliament during 2000 and 2001 with a report published in 2001.[7] In July 2000, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System was established by the European parliament to investigate the surveillance network.[36] It was chaired by the Portuguese politician Carlos Coelho, who was in charge of supervising investigations throughout 2000 and 2001.
In May 2001, as the committee finalised its report on the ECHELON system, a delegation travelled to Washington, D.C. to attend meetings with US officials from the following agencies and departments:
- US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)[37]
- US Department of Commerce (DOC)[37]
- US National Security Agency (NSA)[37]
All meetings were cancelled by the US government and the committee was forced to end its trip prematurely.[37] According to a BBC correspondent in May 2001, "The US Government still refuses to admit that Echelon even exists."[5]
In July 2001, the Committee released its final report.[38] The EP report concluded that it seemed likely that ECHELON is a method of sorting captured signal traffic, rather than a comprehensive analysis tool.[7] On 5 September 2001, the European parliament voted to accept the report.[39]
The European Parliament stated in its report that the term ECHELON is used in a number of contexts, but that the evidence presented indicates that it was the name for a signals intelligence collection system.[7] The report concludes that, on the basis of information presented, ECHELON was capable of interception and content inspection of telephone calls, fax, e-mail and other data traffic globally through the interception of communication bearers including satellite transmission, public switched telephone networks (which once carried most Internet traffic), and microwave links.[7]
Confirmation of ECHELON (2015)
Two internal NSA newsletters from January 2011 and July 2012, published as part of
- TRANSIENT: for intercepting Soviet satellite transmissions
- ECHELON: for intercepting Intelsat satellite transmissions
The European Parliament's Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System stated, "It seems likely, in view of the evidence and the consistent pattern of statements from a very wide range of individuals and organisations, including American sources, that its name is in fact ECHELON, although this is a relatively minor detail".[7] The US intelligence community uses many code names (see, for example, CIA cryptonym).
Former NSA employee
Britain's The Guardian newspaper summarized the capabilities of the ECHELON system as follows:
A global network of electronic spy stations that can eavesdrop on telephones, faxes and computers. It can even track bank accounts. This information is stored in Echelon computers, which can keep millions of records on individuals. Officially, however, Echelon doesn't exist.[44]
Documents leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden revealed that the ECHELON system's collection of satellite data is also referred to as FORNSAT - an abbreviation for "Foreign Satellite Collection".[45][46]
Intercept stations
First revealed by the
- RAF Little Sai Wan (Closed) (Hong Kong) Map
- Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station (Geraldton, Western Australia) Map
- RAF Menwith Hill (Yorkshire, England – Largest known ECHELON facility)[47] Map
- Misawa Security Operations Center (Oura, Misawa, Aomori, Tōhoku, Japan) Map
- GCHQ Bude (formerly CSO Morwenstow) (Cornwall, UK)[7] Map
- Pine Gap (Outside Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia) Map
- Sugar Grove (Closed) (West Virginia, US) Map
- Yakima Training Center (Closed)[48] (Washington State, US) Map
- Buckley Space Force Base (Aurora, Colorado)[49] Map
- CFS Leitrim (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)[52] Map
- Teufelsberg (Closed 1992), *Berlin, Germany[53] – Responsible for listening in to the Eastern Bloc.)[54] Map
- Ayios Nikolaos (British Sovereign Base area of Dhekelia, Cyprus – Cyprus)
- Gibraltar (UK)
- Diego Garcia (UK)
- Bad Aibling Station (Bad Aibling, Germany – US)
- relocated to
- Fort Eisenhower (Georgia, US)
- CFB Gander (Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada)[56][57]
- Guam (Pacific Ocean, US)
- Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center (Hawaii, US)
- Medina Annex (San Antonio, Texas, US)
- RAF Edzell (Closed 1996) (Scotland)[7]
- RAF Boulmer (England)[7]
- SNICK International Processing Center (Seeb, Oman) Map
History and context
The ability to intercept communications depends on the medium used, be it
In 1966, the first
Most reports on ECHELON focus on satellite interception. Testimony before the
Concerns
In 2001, the Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System recommended to the
American author James Bamford provides an alternative view, highlighting that legislation prohibits the use of intercepted communications for commercial purposes, although he does not elaborate on how intercepted communications are used as part of an all-source intelligence process.[65]
In its report, the committee of the European Parliament stated categorically that the Echelon network was being used to intercept not only military communications, but also private and business ones. In its epigraph to the report, the parliamentary committee quoted Juvenal, "Sed quis custodiet ipsos custodes." ("But who will watch the watchers").[7] James Bamford, in The Guardian in May 2001, warned that if Echelon were to continue unchecked, it could become a "cyber secret police, without courts, juries, or the right to a defence".[66]
Alleged examples of espionage conducted by the members of the "Five Eyes" include:
- On behalf of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, the Communications Security Establishment allegedly spied on two British cabinet ministers in 1983.[67]
- The US National Security Agency spied on and intercepted the phone calls of NSA currently holds 1,056 pages of classified information about Princess Diana, which has been classified as top secret "because their disclosure could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security ... the damage would be caused not by the information about Diana, but because the documents would disclose 'sources and methods' of US intelligence gathering".[68] An official said that "the references to Diana in intercepted conversations were 'incidental'," and she was never a 'target' of the NSA eavesdropping.[68]
- UK agents monitored the conversations of the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan.[69][70]
- US agents gathered "detailed biometric information" on the 8th Secretary-General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-moon.[71][72]
- In the early 1990s, the US National Security Agency intercepted the communications between the
- The United States defense contractor whistleblower, reported that Raytheon's French competitor Thomson-Alcatel had been paying bribes to get the contract.[75]
- In order to boost the United States position in trade negotiations with the then
Workings
The first United States satellite ground station for the ECHELON collection program was built in 1971 at a military firing and training center near Yakima, Washington. The facility, which was codenamed JACKKNIFE, was an investment of ca. 21.3 million dollars and had around 90 people. Satellite traffic was intercepted by a 30-meter single-dish antenna. The station became fully operational on 4 October 1974. It was connected with NSA headquarters at Fort Meade by a 75-baud secure Teletype orderwire channel.[40]
In 1999 the
Examples of industrial espionage
In 1999, Enercon, a
See also
- Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
- ADVISE
- Frenchelon
- List of government surveillance projects
- Mass surveillance
- Onyx (interception system), the Swiss "Echelon"
- Operation Ivy Bells
Bibliography
- Aldrich, Richard J.; GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency, HarperCollins, July 2010. ISBN 978-0-00-727847-3
- Bamford, James; ISBN 0-14-006748-5; 1983
- Bamford, James; The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdropping on America, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-52132-4; 2008
- Hager, Nicky; Secret Power: New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network; Craig Potton Publishing, Nelson, NZ; ISBN 0-908802-35-8; 1996
- Keefe, Patrick Radden Chatter: Dispatches from the Secret World of Global Eavesdropping; Random House Publishing, New York, NY; ISBN 1-4000-6034-6; 2005
- Keefe, Patrick (2006). Chatter : uncovering the echelon surveillance network and the secret world of global eavesdropping. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-6827-9.
- Lawner, Kevin J.; Post-Sept. 11th International Surveillance Activity - A Failure of Intelligence: The Echelon Interception System & the Fundamental Right to Privacy in Europe, 14 Pace Int'l L. Rev. 435 (2002)
Notes and references
- ^ Given the 5 dialects that use the terms, UKUSA can be pronounced from "You-Q-SA" to "Oo-Coo-SA", AUSCANNZUKUS can be pronounced from "Oz-Can-Zuke-Us" to "Orse-Can-Zoo-Cuss".
- From Government Communications Headquarters and the National Security Agency, this agreement is referred to as the UKUSA Agreement. This name is subsequently used by media sources reporting on the story, as written in new references used for the article. The NSA press release provides a pronunciation guide, indicating that "UKUSA" should not be read as two separate entities."(The National Archives)". Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012."
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (National Security Agency) Archived 16 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- From
- ^ "UK 'biggest spy' among the Five Eyes". News Corp Australia. 22 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- Google books – Echelonby John O'Neill
- ^ "AUSCANNZUKUS Information Portal". auscannzukus.net. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
- ^ a b "Q&A: What you need to know about Echelon". BBC. 29 May 2001. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- .
It wasn't until 1971 that the UKUSA allies began ECHELON
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Schmid, Gerhard (11 July 2001). "On the existence of a global system for the interception of private and commercial communications (ECHELON interception system), (2001/2098(INI))". European Parliament: Temporary Committee on the ECHELON Interception System. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
- ^ a b Kaz, Roberto; Casado, José (9 July 2013). "Capitais de 4 países também abrigaram escritório da NSA e CIA". O Globo (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ^ a b Gude, Hubert; Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel (5 August 2013). "German Intelligence Sends Massive Amounts of Data to the NSA". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ^ Poitras, Laura; Rosenbach, Marcel; Schmid, Fidelius; Stark, Holger; Stock, Jonathan (July 2013). "Cover Story: How the NSA Targets Germany and Europe". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ^ a b "US spy centre in India too". Deccan Chronicle. 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dorling, Philip. "Singapore, South Korea revealed as Five Eyes spying partners". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ "Document 12. "Activation of Echelon Units," from History of the Air Intelligence Agency, 1 January - 31 December 1994, Volume I (San Antonio, TX: AIA, 1995)". George Washington University.
The second extract notes that AIA's participation in a classified activity "had been limited to LADYLOVE operations at Misawa AB [Air Base], Japan."
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- ^ "Report: Echelon exists, should be guarded against". USA Today. Associated Press. 5 September 2001. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
- ^ a b The Northwest Passage, Yakima Research Station (YRS) newsletter: Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2011 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine & Volume 3, Issue 7, July 2012 Archived 22 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- Menwith Hill, England... Ekstra Bladet has Margaret Newsham's stationing orders from the US Department of Defense. She possessed the high security classification TOP SECRET CRYPTO."
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A map from the wealth of classified documents obtained by Snowden on the so-called "Fornsat" activities of the technical intelligence cooperation program -- informally known as the Five Eyes -- shows that the system of global satellite surveillance remained in operation.
- ^ Ambinder, Marc (31 July 2013). "What's XKEYSCORE?". The Week. Archived from the original on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
FORNSAT simply means "foreign satellite collection," which refers to NSA tapping into satellites that process data used by other countries.
- ^ Le Monde Diplomatique Archived 11 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine, September 2010
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Both Waihopai and the Tangimoana radio listening post near Palmerston North have been identified as key players in the United States-led Echelon spy programme.
- ^ "GCSB To Remove Dishes And Radomes At Waihopai Station". www.scoop.co.nz. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ISBN 978-1420017014.
- ^ "Teufelsberg mirrors Berlin's dramatic history". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
More than 1,000 people are said to have worked here around the clock, every day of the year. They were part of the global ECHELON surveillance network.
- ^ Beddow, Rachel (19 April 2012). "Teufelsberg, Berlin's Undisputed King of Ghostowns, Set For Redevelopment". NPR. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
The Teufelsberg mission is still shrouded in secrecy, but it's generally agreed that the station was part of the ECHELON network that listened in to the Eastern Bloc.
- ^ According to a statement by Terence Dudlee, the speaker of the US Navy in London, in an interview to the German HR (Hessischer Rundfunk)
"US-Armee lauscht von Darmstadt aus". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2016. (German), hr online, 1 October 2004 - ^ "CFS Leitrim".
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External links
- Campbell, Duncan (3 August 2015). "GCHQ and Me, My Life Unmasking British Eavesdroppers". The Intercept.
- "Paper 1: Echelon and its role in COMINT". Heise. 27 May 2001.