Serene Highness

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Doge Leonardo Loredan, portrait by Giovanni Bellini, 1501, National Gallery, London

His/Her Serene Highness (

viceregal or even republican
contexts.

In a number of older

which?] serene as used in this context means supreme; royal; august; marked by majestic dignity or grandeur; or high or supremely dignified.[citation needed
]

German-speaking lands

The current, legal usage of the style in the German-speaking countries is confined to the

Princely Family of Liechtenstein
, the entirety of which bears the treatment.

The German term is Durchlaucht, a translation of the

mediatised counts of the German Confederation and the German Empire. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
wryly observes that a perfectly logical English version might be "Your Transparency".

In 1375, Emperor

Imperial Princes with the title, it became so common that the Electors like the Archdukes of Austria began to use the superlative address Durchlauchtigst. In the German Empire, the style of Serene Highness was usually held by princes of lower rank than those who were entitled to Highness (exceptions were the Wettin cadets of the Ernestine duchies), Grand Ducal Highness, Royal Highness, and Imperial Highness
. Therefore, if a woman entitled to the treatment of Royal Highness married a man who was addressed only as Serene Highness, the woman usually retained her pre-marital style.

In 1905, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria granted the style of Durchlaucht to members of virtually every family which had held the title of prince in the former Holy Roman Empire, even if the family had never exercised sovereignty.

In the German and Austrian empires of the 19th and 20th centuries, the style Serene Highness was also officially borne by:

By tradition, Durchlaucht is still attributed to the princely dynasties which were sovereign until 1917 or had been mediatised under the

Austro-Hungarian Empire and German Confederation
in 1815, although the usage has been unofficial since 1918.

N.B. The highest form of durchlauchtig (adjective) was allerdurchlauchtigst (absolutely most serene), which was reserved only to the Emperor in his style of address: Allerdurchlauchtigster Großmächtigster Allergnädigster Kaiser und Herr

Persian culture

For Address in Afghanistan, see Highness § Royal_Afghanistan.

The specialized translation of His Serene Highness would be the hereditary title "Hazrat Ishaan" (حضرت ايشان) which is a title exclusively granted to

Sunni Islamic scholar Yaseen Qasvari said that the essence of this particular title is in light of a religious blessing derived from Muhammad.[3]

Shrine of His Serene Highness (Hazrat Ishaan) Prince Sayyid (Amir Sayyid) Moinuddin Hadi Naqshband in Kashmir

Francophone dominions

There is some evidence that in pre-Revolutionary France, unlike Germany, one entitled to be addressed as Serene Highness was considered to outrank someone who was addressed as merely Highness. Those members of the royal family who weren't children or grandchildren of a king, i.e., the

princes étrangers and the princes légitimés. In fact, these formal styles were seldom employed in conversation, since the princes du sang used unique styles (e.g. Mademoiselle, Monsieur le Prince), while the ducal peers, led by the proud Duc de Saint-Simon, avoided conceding the altesse to the princes étrangers and bâtards royaux, prompting nobles of lesser rank to do likewise.[5]

The reigning

heiress presumptive to the throne. A particularly well known holder of this style of address was Grace Kelly, who was titled, HSH The Princess of Monaco.[citation needed] In French
, both male and female versions are Son Altesse Sérénissime (S.A.S.), which translates, literally, as "His/Her Most Serene Highness".

Italy

In the

Duke of Mantua.[4]

Children of the Savoy kings and crown princes of Italy were entitled to the treatment of Royal Highness, but more remote male-line descendants were Serene Highnesses by right (although often the style of Royal Highness was granted to them ad personam, e.g., the Dukes of Aosta or the Dukes of Genoa).[6]

The mediatised House of Thurn and Taxis, entitled to the Serene Highness treatment in the German Empire, has a non-dynastic cadet branch, the Dukes di Castel Duino, which obtained naturalization in Italy in 1923. When incorporated into the Italian nobility, their use of the Serene Highness style was authorised by the Crown.

San Marino

San Marino is styled as the Most Serene Republic.

Poland

In the First Republic of Poland (1569-1795), also called "the Most Serene Republic of Poland" (Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska), His/Her Serene Reigning Majesty (SRM) was a style used by the reigning monarchs.

Russia

After 1886, great-grandchildren of Russian emperors in the male-line were Prince[ss] of Russia, and were to be granted the treatment of Highness, and Prince[ss] of Russia with the style of Serene Highness if being more distantly descended from an emperor, and born from an equal marriage (as opposed to Morganatic marriage). An exception was for each eldest son of senior imperial great-grandsons (in the patrilineal descent of each son of the emperor), who retained the higher style of Highness.[7] During the Russian Empire, noble principalities of Khimshiashvili and Palavandishvili, whose titles was recognized by the Romanov family (whose origins are Georgian, Armenian, Ancient Roman), also used the title "Serene Highness"

The Khimshiashvili family is descended from a lord titled Magister Equitum (Master of the Horse) who settled in Georgia during the Caucasus campaign of the Roman great commander Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in 65 BC

Strictly, the Russian term, Svetlost, was an

Dmitri Vladimirovich Golitsyn). However, when translated into non-Slavic languages and used in reference to a member of the imperial Romanov
family, it was usually rendered as Serene Highness.

United Kingdom

Queen Victoria elevated each of the princes who married her daughters to Royal Highness (except for Crown Prince Friedrich of Prussia, husband of Victoria, Princess Royal, who already possessed the HRH). This included, on 30 January 1884, HSH Prince Henry of Battenberg, husband of Princess Beatrice.[8][9] That couple's children were granted the style of Highness by their British grandmother by letters patent 4 December 1886.[9]

Several morganatic branches of reigning German dynasties took up residence in the

Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, the dukes and princes of Teck and the princes of Battenberg
.

During

British Royal Family who used German princely titles but lived in Britain. George V's queen consort was born "Her Serene Highness Princess Mary of Teck", and Prince Philip's mother had been born "Her Serene Highness Princess Alice of Battenberg". The Tecks (descended from the royal House of Württemberg) and the Battenbergs (descended from the Grand Dukes of Hesse and by Rhine) were compensated with multiple peerages, viz. Marquess of Cambridge and Earl of Athlone for the former, and Marquess of Milford Haven and Marquess of Carisbrooke for the latter.[9]

Belgium

The following titleholders or families are authorised by the Crown to use the style Serene Highness[10] (French: Altesse Sérénissime, Dutch: Doorluchtige Hoogheid)

Hungary

Before 1947, the style His/Her Serene Highness (Őfőméltósága, literally: "His/Her High Dignity") was in use in Hungary. Peers with the title of prince were entitled to it, and between 1920 and 1944 the regent, Miklós Horthy, was styled as His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (Őfőméltósága, a Magyar Királyság kormányzója).

Portugal

As the most powerful noble family in

Dukes of Braganza had the official treatment of Serene Highness until 1640, when they mounted the Portuguese
throne, thereby becoming entitled to the style of Royal Highness, however the infantes not in direct line for the throne of Portugal were titled as "His/Her Highness, the Serene Infante(a)".

Mexico

From 1853 to 1855 the president of

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
, enjoyed the official style of Most Serene Highness, a treatment unique in that country.

Agustin I de Mexico
gave that title to several members of his family.

Spain

In 1807,

Manuel de Godoy, Prince de la Paz, was accorded the style of Most Serene Highness, a treatment unique in that country at the time. Previous to this grant the style was sometimes used by the Catholic Monarch Isabella and Ferdinand as well as by other houses known anciently as illustrious or serene. A majority of these ancient houses lost the style through prescription.[11]

The honorific (Spanish: El Serenísimo Señor) is one of the styles of the infantes.

Thailand

In Thailand, the title of Serene Highness is the westernized style of the Thai title of

life peerage
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 111-113, 115
  2. ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 73, 94, 97, 98, 121, 124, 126
  3. ^ Tazkare Khwanadane Hazrat Eshan(genealogy of the family of Hazrat Eshan)(by author and investigator:Muhammad Yasin Qasvari Naqshbandi company:Edara Talimat Naqshbandiyya Lahore)p. 54
  4. ^ a b Velde, François. "Royal Styles and the uses of "Highness"". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  5. ^ Spanheim, Ézéchiel (1973). Émile Bourgeois (ed.). Relation de la Cour de France. le Temps retrouvé (in French). Paris: Mercure de France. pp. 107–108.
  6. ^ Christoph Franke, ed. (1997). Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser Band XV (in German). Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke. pp. 33–41.
  7. ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), page 104
  8. ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 49
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-220-66222-3
    .
  10. ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 170,190,248,372.
  11. ^ Monitorio áulico By Pascual Maria Massa Martinez (baron del Pujol de Planes.)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serene_Highness&oldid=1219626917"