House of Savoy

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
House of Savoy
Country
Founded1003; 1021 years ago (1003)
FounderUmberto I of Savoy
Current headDisputed:
Final rulerUmberto II of Italy
Titles
  • Count of Savoy

    (1003–1416)
  • Duke of Savoy

    (1416–1861)
  • King of Cyprus

    (1485–1946)
  • King of Jerusalem
    (1485–1946)
  • King of Armenia

    (1485–1946)
  • King of Sicily

    (1713–1720)
  • King of Sardinia

    (1720–1861)
  • King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland
    (Jacobite claim, 1807–1840)
  • King of Italy
    (1861–1946)
  • King of Spain

    (1870–1873)
  • Emperor of Ethiopia
    (1936–1941)
  • King of Albania
    (1939–1943)
  • King of Croatia

    (1941–1943)
Estate(s)
See list
Deposition12 June 1946:
constitutional referendum
Cadet branches
  • Savoy-Carignano
Italian Royalty
House of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
Children
Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy
Umberto I of Italy
Amadeo I of Spain
Oddone, Duke of Montferrat
Maria Pia of Savoy
Grandchildren
Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta
Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin
Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi
Umberto, Count of Salemi
Great Grandchildren
Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta
Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta
Great Great Grandchildren
Margherita, Archduchess of Austria-Este
Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta
Great Great Great Grandchildren
Aimone, 6th Duke of Aosta
Umberto I of Italy
Children
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Children
Princess Yolanda of Savoy
Princess Mafalda of Savoy
Umberto II of Italy
Giovanna of Savoy
Princess Maria Francesca of Savoy
Umberto II of Italy
Children
Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
Grandchildren
Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice
Great-Grandchildren
Princess Vittoria of Savoy
Princess Luisa of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Italian: Casa Savoia) is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small Alpine county north-west of Italy to absolute rule of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1713 to 1720, when they were handed the island of Sardinia, over which they would exercise direct rule from then onward.

Through its junior branch of

Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. Umberto II reigned for only a few weeks as the last king of Italy before being deposed following the institutional referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.[1]

History

The name derives from the historical region of

deposition
the dynasty's realm grew to include nearly all of the Italian Peninsula.

Early history

The house descended from

River Rhone east of Lake Geneva, and Saint Maurice
is still the patron of the House of Savoy.

Humbert's son,

Marquessate of Susa, with the towns of Turin and Pinerolo, into the House of Savoy's possession.[6]

They once had claims on the modern

Protestant Reformation, after which it was conquered by Bern. Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into "Savoy" (Italian
: Savoia).

Hautecombe Abbey, where many of the dukes are buried

Expansion, retreat and prosperity

By the time

Amadeus VIII came to power in the late 14th century, the House of Savoy had gone through a series of gradual territorial expansions and he was elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to the Duke of Savoy in 1416.[7]

A map of Italy in 1494

In 1494,

Italian war of 1521–1526, Emperor Charles V stationed imperial troops in Savoy.[9] In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont, taking Turin by April of that year.[10] Charles III, Duke of Savoy, fled to Vercelli.[10]

When Emmanuel Philibert came to power in 1553 most of his family's territories were in French hands, so he offered to serve France's leading enemy the House of Habsburg, in the hope of recovering his lands. He served Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559.[11] In this capacity, he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory at St. Quentin in 1557.[12] He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin. He moved the capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin.

The 17th century brought about economic development to the Turin area and the House of Savoy took part in and benefitted from that.

Treaty of Utrecht, they rewarded him with large pieces of land in northeastern Italy and a Crown in Sicily. Savoy rule over Sicily
lasted only seven years (1713–20).

The Kingdom of Italy

A map of Italy in 1796

The crown of Sicily, the prestige of being kings at last, and the wealth of

Charles Emmanuel III gained new lands at the expense of the Austrian-controlled Duchy of Milan
.

In 1792, Piedmont-Sardinia joined the

Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate and leave for the island of Sardinia. Eventually, in 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa by the Congress of Vienna
.

In the meantime, nationalist figures such as

Italian unification was achieved and the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy
in 1861.

The Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the

First World War
raged on in the early 20th century.

Massacres

A map of Italy in 1843
Main article: Piedmontese Easter

In April 1655, based on (perhaps false) reports of resistance by the

Protestant religious minority, to a plan to resettle them in remote mountain valleys, Charles Emmanuel II ordered their general massacre. The massacre was so brutal it aroused indignation throughout Europe. Oliver Cromwell, then ruler in England, began petitioning on behalf of the Waldensians, writing letters, raising contributions, calling a general fast in England, and threatening to send military forces to the rescue. The massacre prompted John Milton's famous sonnet, "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont
".

In 1898, the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan involved the use of cannons against unarmed protesters (including women and the elderly) during riots over the rising price of bread. King Umberto I of the House of Savoy congratulated General Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris for the massacre and decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. As a result, Umberto I was assassinated in July 1900 in Monza by Gaetano Bresci, the brother of one of the women massacred in the crowd, who had traveled back to Italy from the United States for the assassination. The king had previously been the target of failed assassination attempts by anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito.

Fascism and end of monarchy

When the

London Pact to Italy. As the economic conditions in Italy worsened after the war, popular resentment and along with it the seeds of Italian fascism began to grow and resulted in the March on Rome by Benito Mussolini
.

General

Blackshirt
army to one side, but Victor Emmanuel decided to tolerate Mussolini and appointed him as prime minister on 28 October 1922. The king remained silent as Mussolini engaged in one abuse of power after another from 1924 onward, and did not intervene in 1925-26 when Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy. By the end of 1928, the king's right to remove Mussolini from office was, at least theoretically, the only check on his power. Later, the King's failure, in the face of mounting evidence, to move against the Mussolini regime's abuses of power led to much criticism and had dire future consequences for Italy and for the monarchy itself.

Italy

Fascist Grand Council on 24 July, Victor Emmanuel dismissed him from office, relinquished the Ethiopian and Albanian crowns, and appointed Pietro Badoglio as prime minister. On 8 September the new government announced it had signed an armistice with the Allies five days earlier. However, Victor Emmanuel made another blunder when he and his government fled south to Brindisi
, leaving his army without orders.

As the Allies and the Resistance gradually chased the Nazis and Fascists off the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel was too tainted by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any postwar role. Accordingly, Victor Emmanuel transferred most of his powers to his son, Crown Prince Umberto, in April 1944. Rome was liberated two months later, and Victor Emmanuel transferred his remaining powers to Umberto and named him

Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 was won by republicans with 54% of the vote. Victor Emmanuel went into exile in Egypt
, dying there a year later.

On 12 June 1946, the Kingdom of Italy formally came to an end as Umberto transferred his powers to Prime Minister

Alcide de Gasperi and called for the Italian people to support the new republic. He then went into exile in Portugal
, never to return; he died in 1983.

Under the

Vittorio Emanuele, the last claimant to the House of Savoy, renounced all claims to the throne.[15] He died in 2024. [16]

House of Savoy today

The

abolished monarchies, still use some of the various titles they acquired over the millennium of their reign prior to the republic's establishment, including Duke of Savoy; "Prince of Naples", previously conferred by Joseph Bonaparte to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren; Prince of Piedmont; and Duke of Aosta
.

Before, the leadership of the House of Savoy was contested by two cousins:

Felipe, Prince of Asturias, Vittorio Emanuele punched Amedeo twice in the face.[17]

Some of the activities of members of the House of Savoy have evoked media coverage disappointing to Italian royalists.

Dirk Hamer, finding him guilty only of unauthorised possession of a firearm during the incident.[19] On 16 June 2006 Vittorio Emanuele was arrested in Varenna and imprisoned in Potenza on charges of corruption and recruitment of prostitutes for clients of the Casinò di Campione of Campione d'Italia.[20][21][22] After several days, Vittorio Emanuele was released and placed under house arrest instead.[23]
He was released from house arrest on 20 July but was required to remain within the territory of the Republic.

When incarcerated in June 2006, Vittorio Emanuele was recorded admitting with regard to the killing of Dirk Hamer that "I was in the wrong, [...] but I must say I fooled them [the French judges]",[24] leading to a call from Hamer's sister Birgit for Vittorio Emanuele to be retried in Italy for the killing.[25] After a long legal fight, Birgit Hamer obtained the full video.[26] The story was broken in the press by aristocratic journalist Beatrice Borromeo,[27] who also wrote the preface for a book on the murder Delitto senza castigo by Birgit Hamer. Vittorio Emanuele sued the newspaper for defamation, claiming the video had been manipulated. In 2015, a court judgement ruled in favor of the newspaper.[28]

In 2007, lawyers representing Vittorio Emanuele and his son

Quirinale palace and Villa Ada should be returned to the Savoy family.[citation needed] The Italian prime minister’s office has released a statement stating that the Savoys are not owed any damages and suggesting that Italy may demand damages from the Savoys for their collusion with Benito Mussolini.[30] The Italian constitution contains a clause stripping the Savoys of their wealth on exile. Emanuele Filiberto acknowledged that his fiancée, whose pregnancy was revealed at the time of the couple's engagement, belonged to a more leftist milieu than his own, a fact which initially displeased his father.[31]

Judicially separated since 1976, civilly divorced in 1982, and their marriage religiously annulled in 1987, Amedeo of Aosta's first wife, Princess Claude d'Orléans, revealed that she was aware that her husband fathered a child by another woman during their marriage.[32] Aosta acknowledged paternity of another child, born out-of-wedlock in 2006 during his second marriage, but agreed to contribute financially to the child's care only after being directed to do so by court order.[33]

The

Princess Olga of Greece
, his second cousin, and they became the parents of sons Umberto and Amedeo born, respectively, in 2009 and 2011.

In 2019, Vittorio Emanuele issued a formal decree that modified the medieval law restricting succession to male heirs to place his granddaughter, Vittoria Cristina Chiara Adelaide Marie, in the line of succession. Prince Aimone declared the change illegitimate, meaning the title will remain in male succession and will transfer to the Savoy-Aosta branch led by Aimone.[34][35]

As of 2022, the House of Savoy has been in the process of trying to reclaim family jewels which have been owned by the Italian government since the abolition of the monarchy.[36]

Vittorio Emanuele died in February 2024[37]

Orders of knighthood

The House of Savoy has held two

fons honorum over the two dynastic orders over which the family has long held sovereignty and grand mastership. Today, following the dispute, both Prince Vittorio Emanuele and Prince Aimone
claim to be hereditary Sovereign and Grand Master of the following orders of the House of Savoy:

In addition to these, Vittorio Emanuele claims sovereignty over two more orders:

In February 2006, all three of Vittorio Emanuele's sisters (Princess Maria Pia, Princess Maria Gabriella, and Princess Maria Beatrice) resigned from the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation and the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, alleging that memberships in the orders had been sold to unworthy candidates, a newfound practice they could not abide.[42]

List of rulers

Main article:
List of rulers of Savoy

Counts of Savoy

Main article: County of Savoy
  • Humbert I
    "Biancamano" ("White hand"), Count 1003–1047/1048 (c. 972/975–1047/48)
    • Amadeus I
      , Count 1048–1051 (d. c. 1052)
    • Otto
      , Count 1051–1060 (c. 1020–1060)
      • Peter I
        , Count 1060–1078 (1048/49–1078)
      • Amadeus II
        , Count 1060–1080 (c. 1046–1080)
        • Humbert II
          , Count 1080–1103 (c. 1072–1103)
          • Amadeus III
            , Count 1103–1148 (c. 1095–1148)
            • Humbert III
              , Count 1148–1189 (1136–1189)
              • Thomas I
                , Count 1189–1233 (1178–1233)
                • Amadeus IV
                  , Count 1233–1253 (1197–1253)
                • Peter II, Count 1263–1268 (1203–1268)
                • Philip I, Count 1268–1285 (1207–1285)
                • Thomas II, regent 1253–1259 (1199-1259)
                  • Amadeus V, Count 1285–1323 (1249–1323)
                    • Edward I, Count 1323–1329 (1284–1329)
                    • Aimone
                      , Count 1329–1343 (1291–1343)
                      • Amadeus VI, Count 1343–1383 (1334–1383)
                        • Amadeus VII, Count 1383–1391 (1360–1391)
                          • Amadeus VIII
                            , Count 1391–1416 (1383–1451)

Dukes of Savoy

Main article: Duchy of Savoy

[43]

  • Amadeus VIII
    , Duke of Savoy 1416–1434, Antipope Felix V 1439–1449 (1383–1451), abdicated (from both)

Kings of Sicily

  • Victor Amadeus II
    , King of Sicily 1713–1720 (1666–1732)

Kings of Sardinia

Main article: Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)

[44][45]

  • Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy 1580–1630 (1562–1630)
    • Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy 1630–1637 (1587–1637)
      • Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy 1638–1675 (1634–1675)
        • Victor Amadeus II
          , King of Sardinia 1720–1730 (1666–1732), abdicated
          • Charles Emmanuel III
            , King of Sardinia 1730–1773 (1701–1773)
            • Victor Amadeus III
              , King of Sardinia 1773–1796 (1726-1796)
              • Charles Emmanuel IV
                , King of Sardinia 1796–1802 (1751–1819), abdicated
              • Victor Emmanuel I
                , King of Sardinia 1802–1821 (1759–1824), abdicated
              • Charles Felix, King of Sardinia 1821–1831 (1765–1831)
    • Thomas Francis, 1st Prince of Carignano 1620–1656 (1596–1656)
      • Emmanuel Philibert, 2nd Prince of Carignano 1656–1709 (1628–1709)
        • Victor Amadeus I, 3rd Prince of Carignano 1709–1741 (1690–1741)
          • Louis Victor, 4th Prince of Carignano 1741–1778 (1721–1778)
            • Victor Amadeus II, 5th Prince of Carignano 1778–1780 (1743–1780)
              • Charles Emmanuel, 6th Prince of Carignano 1780–1800 (1770–1800)
                • Charles Albert, 7th Prince of Carignano 1800–1831, King of Sardinia 1831–1849 (1798–1849), abdicated
                  • Victor Emmanuel II
                    , King of Sardinia 1849–1861 (1820–1878)

Kings of Italy

Main article: Kingdom of Italy

[46]

  • Victor Emmanuel II
    , King of Italy 1861–1878 (1820–1878)
    • Umberto I, King of Italy 1878–1900 (1844–1900)
      • Victor Emmanuel III
        , King of Italy 1900–1946 (1869–1947), abdicated
        • Umberto II, King of Italy 1946 (1904–1983), deposed

Emperors of Ethiopia

Main articles: Ethiopian Empire and Italian East Africa
  • Haile Selassie I
    .

Kings of Albania

Main article:
Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
  • Victor Emmanuel III
    , King of Albania 1939–1943 (1869–1947)

Kings of Spain

Main article: Sexenio Democrático
  • Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

World War II Croatia

In 1941, in the fascist puppet state

Axis Powers
.

Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia

In 1396, the title and privileges of the final king of the

Levon V, were transferred to James I, his cousin and king of Cyprus. The title of King of Armenia was thus united with the titles of King of Cyprus and King of Jerusalem.[47] The title was held to the modern day by the House of Savoy.[citation needed
]

Titles of the Crown of Sardinia

A map of the Kingdom of Sardinia

VITTORIO AMEDEO III, per la grazia di Dio Re di Sardegna, Cipro, Gerusalemme e Armenia; Duca di Savoia, Monferrato, Chablais, Aosta e Genevese; Principe di Piemonte ed Oneglia; Marchese in Italia, di Saluzzo, Susa, Ivrea, Ceva, Maro, Oristano, Sezana; Conte di Moriana, Nizza, Tenda, Asti, Alessandria, Goceano; Barone di Vaud e di Faucigny; Signore di Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarantasia, Lumellino, Val di Sesia; Principe e Vicario perpetuo del Sacro Romano Impero in Italia.

The English translation is:

Goceano, Baron of Vaud and Faucigny, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, Tarentaise, Lumellino, Val di Sesia
, Prince and perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy.

Titles of the Crown of Italy

Pollenzo, Roccabruna, Tricerro, Bairo, Ozegna, delle Apertole, Baron of Vaud e del Faucigni, Lord of Vercelli, Pinerolo, della Lomellina, della Valle Sesia, del marchesato di Ceva, Overlord of Monaco, Roccabruna and 11/12th of Menton, Noble patrician of Venice, patrician of Ferrara
.

These titles were used during the unified Kingdom of Italy which lasted from 1860–1946.[48]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Queen consort.

References

  1. ^ Ginsborg, Paul. A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988, pg 98
  2. ^ Cox, Eugene (1999). McKitterick, Rosamond; Abulafia, David (eds.). The kingdom of Burgundy, the land of the house of Savoy and adjacent territories. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5, C.1198–C.1300. Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–366.
  3. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Savoy" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ Administrative charters of Humbert's family are studied in the thesis Laurent Ripart, « Les fondements idéologiques du pouvoir des comtes de la maison de Savoie (de la fin du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle) », Université de Nice, 1999, 3 volumes, Tome II, p. 496-695.
  5. ISBN 978-2915797350
    .
  6. ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Piedmont" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  7. ^ Introduction:The Sabaudian Lands and Sabaudian Studies, Matthew Vester, Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700), ed. Matthew Vester, (Truman State University Press, 2013), 1.
  8. ^ Sabaudian Studies, Matthew Vester, Sabaudian Studies: Political Culture, Dynasty, and Territory (1400–1700), (Truman State University Press, 2013), 6.
  9. ^ Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, The Italian Wars, 1494-1559, (Pearson Educational Limited, 2012), 154.
  10. ^ a b Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw, The Italian Wars, 1494-1559, 230-231.
  11. ^ Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain, (Yale University Press, 1997), 64.
  12. ^ Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain, 67.
  13. ^ “In order to prevail the thirteenth final provision of the Italian Constitution ( ... ) international law provides for the special instrument of " reserves " duly stamped by the Italian State at the time of its instrument of ratification deposit of the fourth Protocol” ECHR: Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). "Né l'Unione europea, né i diritti dell'uomo possono aprire le frontiere a Casa Savoia". Diritto&Giustizia. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2016-03-19.
  14. ^ Buonomo, Giampiero. "Sull'esilio dei Savoia". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "Right royal punch-up at Spanish prince's wedding". the Guardian. 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  16. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86". Reuters. 2004-05-29.
  17. ^ Hooper, John (28 May 2004). "Right royal punch-up at Spanish prince's wedding". The Guardian.
  18. ^ McIntosh, David (December 2005). "The Sad Demise of the House of Savoy". European Royal History Journal. 8.6 (XLVIII). Eurohistory: 3–6.
  19. ^ Summary of trial proceedings concerned the killing of Dirk Hamer. sim.law.uu.nl
  20. ^ "Arrestato Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia - Corriere della Sera".
  21. ^ "Arrested Italy prince goes from palace to jail". NBC News. 17 June 2006.
  22. ^ "THE PRINCE AND THE PROSTITUTES Independent, The (London) - Find Articles". 24 January 2007. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  23. ^ "century 21 new york nyc at galleonpoint.com". 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  24. ^ (in Italian) Vittorio Emanuele, cimici in cella "Ho fregato i giudici francesi"
  25. ^ Prince's braggadocio spurs call for justice. galleonpoint.com. 12 September 2006
  26. ^ Follain, John Prince admits killing on video, The Sunday Times, 27 February 2011; http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/world_news/Europe/article563655.ece Archived 2016-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ "Il video che incastra Savoia". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 2011-02-24. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  28. ^ "Beatrice Borromeo, el azote de Víctor Manuel de Saboya". HOLA (in Spanish). 2015-03-10. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  29. ^ "Wanted in Rome | Italy's news in English". Wanted in Rome. 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  30. ^ Morali, Danni (20 November 2007). "I Savoia chiedono 260 milioni allo Stato". Corriere Della Sera. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  31. ^ "BBC NEWS - Europe - Italian 'prince' weds actress".
  32. ^ Anales De La Real Academia Matritense De Heráldica y Genealogía VI (2000–2001), Vol. VI, p. 230, footnote 116.
  33. ^ Amedeo padre di Ginevra. Lo dice il Dna. Corriere.it (18 February 2015). Retrieved 2015-08-17.
  34. ^ Horowitz, Jason (May 10, 2021). "Paris Teenager's New Gig: Would-Be Queen of Italy. A Nation Shrugs". The New York Times. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  35. ^ Annuario della nobilità Italiana, parte I, XXXIII edizione, 2015-2020, Teglio, Italy ISSN 0393-6473 ISBN 978-88-942861-0-6
  36. ^ Vanderhoof, Erin (28 January 2022). "The House of Savoy, Italy's Former Royal Family, Wants Their Crown Jewels Back". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  37. ^ "Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, son of Italy's last king, dies aged 86". Reuters. 2004-05-29.
  38. ^ a b "Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunciata". Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  39. ^ "Ordine Militare e Religioso dei SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro". Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia. Archived from the original on 2015-03-09.
  40. ^ "Ordine Civile di Savoia". Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  41. ^ "Ordine della Corona d'Italia". Ordini Dinastici della Real Casa Savoia. Archived from the original on 2015-10-29. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
  42. ^ Hooper, John (23 June 2006). "The fall of the house of Savoy". The Guardian.
  43. ^ "Savoy 3".
  44. ^ "Savoy 4".
  45. ^ "Savoy 5".
  46. ^ "Savoy 6".
  47. ^ Hadjilyra, Alexander-Michael (2009). The Armenians of Cyprus. New York: Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 12.
  48. ^ Velde, Francois R. "Royal Styles".

Further reading

  • Francesco Cognasso: I Savoia nella politica europea. Milano, 1941 (Storia e politica).
  • Robert Katz: The Fall of the House of Savoy. A Study in the Relevance of the Commonplace or the Vulgarity of History, London 1972.
  • Eugene L. Cox: The Eagles of Savoy. The House of Savoy in thirteenth-century Europe. Princeton, N.J., 1974.
  • Denis Mack Smith: Italy and its Monarchy, New Haven, 1992.
  • Toby Osborne: Dynasty and Diplomacy in the Court of Savoy. Political Culture and the Thirty Years' War (Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture), Cambridge 2002.
  • Paolo Cozzo: La geografia celeste dei duchi di Savoia. Religione, devozioni e sacralità in uno Stato di età moderna (secoli XVI-XVII), Bologna, il Mulino, 2006, 370 pp.
  • Enrico Castelnuovo (a cura di): La Reggia di Venaria e i Savoia. Arte, magnificenza e storia di una corte europea. Vol. 1–2. Turin, Umberto Allemandi & C., 2007, 364 + 309 pp.
  • Walter Barberis (a cura di): I Savoia. I secoli d'oro di una dinastia europea. Torino, Giulio Einaudi Editore, 2007, 248 pp.

External links

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