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Eugenio Montale (Italian: [euˈdʒɛnjo monˈtale]; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.^[1] He is widely considered the greatest Italian lyric poet since Giacomo Leopardi.

Life and works

Early years

Montale was born in Genoa. His family were chemical products traders (his father supplied Italo Svevo's firm). The poet's niece, Bianca Montale, in her Cronaca famigliare ("Family Chronicle") of 1986 portrays the family's common characteristics as "nervous fragility, shyness, concision in speaking, a tendency to see the worst in every event, a certain sense of humour".

Montale was the youngest of six sons. He recalled:

We were a large family. My brothers went to the scagno ["office" in Genoese]. My only sister had a university education, but I had no such opportunity. In many families the unspoken arrangement existed that the youngest was released from the task of keeping up the family name.

In 1915 Montale worked as an accountant, but was left free to follow his literary passion, frequenting the city's libraries and attending his sister Marianna's private philosophy lessons. He also studied opera singing with the baritone Ernesto Sivori.

Montale was largely self-taught. Growing up, his imagination was caught by several writers, including Dante Alighieri, and by the study of foreign languages (especially English), as well as the landscapes of the Levante ("Eastern") Liguria, where he spent holidays with his family.^[2]

During World War I, as a member of the Military Academy of Parma, Montale asked to be sent to the front. After brief war experience as an infantry officer in Vallarsa and the Puster Valley, he returned home in 1920.

Poetic works

Montale wrote more than ten anthologies of short lyrics, a journal of poetry translation, plus several books of prose translations, two books of literary criticism, and one of fantasy prose. Alongside his imaginative work he was a constant contributor to Italy's most important newspaper, the Corriere della Sera, for which he wrote a huge number of articles on literature, music, and art. He also wrote a foreword to Dante's "The Divine Comedy", in which he mentions the credibility of Dante, and his insight and unbiased imagination.

Montale's work, especially his first poetry collection Ossi di seppia ("Cuttlefish Bones"), which appeared in 1925, shows him as an antifascist who felt detached from contemporary life and found solace and refuge in the solitude of nature. A famous poem of Ossi di seppia ends with these two verses:

The Mediterranean landscape of Montale's native Liguria was a strong presence in these early poems: they gave him a sort of "personal seclusion" in the face of the depressing events around him. These poems emphasise his personal solitude and empathy with "little" and "insignificant" things, or with the horizon, the sea. According to Montale, nature is "rough, scanty, dazzling". In a world filled with defeat and despair, nature alone seemed to possess dignity - the same as the reader experiences in reading his poems.

Anticonformism of the new poetry

Montale moved to

Though hindered by financial problems and the literary and social conformism imposed by the authorities, in Florence Montale published his finest anthology, Le occasioni ("Occasions", 1939). From 1933 to 1938 he had a love relationship with Irma Brandeis, a Jewish-American scholar of Dante who occasionally visited Italy for short periods. After falling in love with Brandeis, Montale represented her as a mediatrix figure like Dante's Beatrice. Le occasioni contains numerous allusions to Brandeis, here called Clizia (a senhal). Franco Fortini judged Montale's Ossi di seppia and Le occasioni the high-water mark of 20th century Italian poetry.

From 1948 to his death, Montale lived in Milan. As a contributor to the Corriere della Sera he was music editor and also reported from abroad, including Israel, where he went as a reporter to follow Pope Paul VI's visit there. His works as a journalist are collected in Fuori di casa ("Out of Home", 1969).

La bufera e altro ("The Storm and Other Things") was published in 1956 and marks the end of Montale's most acclaimed poetry. Here his figure Clizia is joined by La Volpe ("the Fox"), based on the young poet Maria Luisa Spaziani with whom Montale had an affair during the 1950s. However, this volume also features Clizia, treated in a variety of poems as a kind of bird-goddess who defies Hitler. These are some of his greatest poems.

His later works are

In 1975 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Montale died in Milan in 1981.

In 1996, a work appeared called Posthumous Diary (Diario postumo) that purported to have been 'compiled' by Montale before his death, with the help of the young poet Annalisa Cima; the critic Dante Isella thinks that this work is not authentic.^[6] Joseph Brodsky dedicated his essay "In the Shadow of Dante" to Eugenio Montale's lyric poetry.

List of works

Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" or "[year] in poetry" article:

• 1925: Ossi di seppia ("Cuttlefish Bones"), first edition; second edition, 1928, with six new poems and an introduction by Alfredo Gargiulo; third edition, 1931, Lanciano: Carabba^[3]
• 1932: La casa dei doganieri e altre poesie, a chapbook of five poems published in association with the award of the Premio del Antico Fattore to Montale; Florence: Vallecchi^[3]
• 1939: Le occasioni ("The Occasions"), Turin: Einaudi^[3]
• 1943: Finisterre, a chapbook of poetry, smuggled into Switzerland by Gianfranco Contini; Lugano: the Collana di Lugano (June 24); second edition, 1945, Florence: Barbèra^[3]
• 1948: Quaderno di traduzioni, translations, Milan: Edizioni della Meridiana^[3]
• 1948: La fiera letteraria poetry criticism
• 1956: La bufera e altro ("The Storm and Other Things"), a first edition of 1,000 copies, Venice: Neri Pozza; second, larger edition published in 1957, Milan: Arnaldo Mondadore Editore^[3]
• 1956: Farfalla di Dinard, stories, a private edition^[3]
• 1962: Satura, poetry, published in a private edition, Verona: Oficina Bodoni^[3]
• 1962: Accordi e pastelli ("Agreements and Pastels"), Milan: Scheiwiller (May)^[3]
• 1966: Il colpevole
• 1966: Auto da fé: Cronache in due tempi, cultural criticism, Milan: Il Saggiatore^[3]
• 1966: Xenia, poems in memory of Mosca, first published in a private edition of 50^[3]
• 1969: Fuori di casa, collected travel writing^[3]
• 1971: Satura (1962–1970) (January)^[3]
• 1971: La poesia non esiste, prose; Milan: Scheiwiller (February)^[3]
• 1973: Diario del '71 e del '72, Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (a private edition of 100 copies was published in 1971)^[3]
• 1973: Trentadue variazioni, an edition of 250 copies, Milan: Giorgio Lucini^[3]
• 1977: Quaderno di quattro anni, Milan: Mondadori^[3]
• 1977: Tutte le poesie, Milan: Mondadori^[3]
• 1980: L'opera in versi, the Bettarini-Contini edition; published in 1981 as Altri verse e poesie disperse, publisher: Mondadori^[3]

Translated in Montale's lifetime

• 1966: Ossi di seppia, Le ocassioni, and La bufera e altro, translated by Patrice Angelini into French; Paris: Gallimard^[3]
• 1978: The Storm & Other Poems, translated by Charles Wright into English (Oberlin College Press),
  ISBN 0-932440-01-0

Posthumous

• 1981: Prime alla Scala, music criticism, edited by Gianfranca Lavezzi; Milan: Mondadori[3]
• 1981: Lettere a Quasimodo, edited by Sebastiano Grasso; publisher: Bompiani^[3]
• 1982: The Second Life of Art: Selected Essays, trans.
  ISBN 0-912946-84-9
• 1983: Quaderno genovese, edited by Laura Barile; a journal from 1917, first published this year; Milan: Mondadori[3]
• 1991: Tutte le poesie, edited by Giorgio Zampa. Jonathan Galassi calls this book the "most comprehensive edition of Montale's poems".^[3]
• 1996: Diario postumo: 66 poesie e altre, edited by Annalisa Cima; Milan: Mondadori^[3]
• 1996: Il secondo mestiere: Arte, musica, società and Il secondo mestierre: Prose 1929-1979, a two-volume edition including all of Montale's published writings; edited by Giorgio Zampa; Milan: Mondadori^[3]
• 1999: Collected Poems, trans. Jonathan Galassi (Carcanet) (Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize)
• 2004: Selected Poems, trans. Jonathan Galassi, Charles Wright, & David Young (Oberlin College Press),
  ISBN 0-932440-98-3

Notes

1. ^ "Nobel Prize". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
2. ^ "Villa Montale in Monterosso". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
3. ^
   ISBN 0-374-12554-6
4. ^ Montale 1948, pp. 190-195.
5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. ^ Article of G. Raboni on Corriere della Sera (archiviostorico.corriere.it)

Further reading

• Montale, Eugenio. "Eliot and Ourselves." In T. S. Eliot: A Symposium, edited by
  Editions Poetry
  , 1948.
• Pietro Montorfani, «Il mio sogno di te non è finito»: ipotesi di speranza nell'universo montaliano, in «Sacra doctrina», (55) 2010, pp. 185–196.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eugenio Montale.

• Eugenio Montale e la sua poesia Template:It icon
• Some poems in English
• Montale at the Nobel E-Museum
• Montale and T.S.Eliot Template:It icon