Sirius: Difference between revisions

Sirius A and B

The position of Sirius (circled).
Observation data ICRS
Constellation	Canis Major
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪriəs/[1]
Sirius (/ˈsɪriəs/[1]) system
Right ascension	06h 45m 08.91728s[2]
Declination	−16° 42′ 58.0171″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)	−1.46[3]
Sirius A
Right ascension	06h 45m 08.917s[4]
Declination	−16° 42′ 58.02″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)	−1.47[5]
Sirius B
Right ascension	06h 45m 09.0s[6]
Declination	−16° 43′ 06″[6]
Apparent magnitude (V)	8.44[5]
Characteristics
Sirius A
Evolutionary stage	Main sequence
Spectral type	A0mA1 Va[7]
U−B colour index	−0.05[3]
B−V colour index	+0.00[3]
Sirius B
Evolutionary stage	White dwarf
Spectral type	DA2[5]
U−B colour index	−1.04[8]
B−V colour index	−0.03[8]
Distance		8.60 ± 0.04 ly (2.64 ± 0.01 pc)
Sirius A
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+1.42[10]
Sirius B
Absolute magnitude (MV)	+11.18[8]
Argument of periastron (ω) (secondary)		149.161 ± 0.075°
Details
α CMa A
Myr
Other designations
Dog Star, Aschere, Canicula, Al Shira, Sothis,[18] Alhabor,[19] Mrgavyadha, Lubdhaka, GCTP 1577.00[23]
Database references
SIMBAD	The system
	A
	B

Sirius (

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its proximity to Earth. At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), as determined by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite,^[2][25][26] the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours. Sirius is gradually moving closer to the Solar System, so it will slightly increase in brightness over the next 60,000 years. After that time its distance will begin to increase and it will become fainter, but it will continue to be the brightest star in the Earth's night sky for the next 210,000 years.^[27]

Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun (M_☉) and has an absolute visual magnitude of +1.42. It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun^[12] but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel. The system is between 200 and 300 million years old.^[12] It was originally composed of two bright bluish stars. The more massive of these, Sirius B, consumed its resources and became a red giant before shedding its outer layers and collapsing into its current state as a white dwarf around 120 million years ago.^[12]

Sirius is also known colloquially as the "Dog Star", reflecting its prominence in its

Observational history

Sirius Spdt in hieroglyphs

The brightest star in the night sky, Sirius is recorded in the earliest astronomical records. Its displacement from the

Ptolemy of Alexandria mapped the stars in Books VII and VIII of his Almagest, in which he used Sirius as the location for the globe's central meridian. He depicted it as one of six red-coloured stars (see the Colour controversy section below). The other five are class M and K stars, such as Arcturus and Betelgeuse.^[34]

Bright stars were important to the ancient

The indigenous Boorong people of northwestern Victoria named Sirius as Warepil.^[48]

Kinematics

In 1717,

The visible star is now sometimes known as Sirius A. Since 1894, some apparent orbital irregularities in the Sirius system have been observed, suggesting a third very small companion star, but this has never been confirmed. The best fit to the data indicates a six-year orbit around Sirius A and a mass of 0.06 M_☉. This star would be five to ten magnitudes fainter than the white dwarf Sirius B, which would make it difficult to observe.[62] Observations published in 2008 were unable to detect either a third star or a planet. An apparent "third star" observed in the 1920s is now believed to be a background object.^[63]

In 1915,

In 1985, German astronomers Wolfhard Schlosser and Werner Bergmann published an account of an 8th-century Lombardic manuscript, which contains De cursu stellarum ratio by St. Gregory of Tours. The Latin text taught readers how to determine the times of nighttime prayers from positions of the stars, and Sirius is described within as rubeola — "reddish". The authors proposed this was further evidence Sirius B had been a red giant at the time.^[77] Other scholars replied that it was likely St. Gregory had been referring to Arcturus.^[78][79]

The possibility that

Due to precession (and slight proper motion), Sirius will move further south in the future. Starting around the year 9000, Sirius will no longer be visible from northern and central Europe, and in 14000 its declination will be −67° and thus it will be circumpolar throughout South Africa and in most parts of Australia.

Sirius can be observed in daylight with the naked eye under the right conditions. Ideally, the sky should be very clear, with the observer at a high altitude, the star passing overhead, and the Sun low on the horizon.^[86] These observing conditions are more easily met in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the southerly declination of Sirius.

The orbital motion of the Sirius binary system brings the two stars to a minimum angular separation of 3 

Sirius is a

In 2015, Vigan and colleagues used the VLT Survey Telescope to search for evidence of substellar companions, and were able to rule out the presence of giant planets 11 times more massive than Jupiter at 0.5 au distance from Sirius A, 6–7 times the mass of Jupiter at 1–2 au distance, and down to around 4 times the mass of Jupiter at 10 au distance.^[95]

Sirius A

Sirius A has a mass of 2 M_☉.

Stellar models suggest that the star formed during the collapsing of a molecular cloud, and that after 10 million years, its internal energy generation was derived entirely from nuclear reactions. The core became convective and used the CNO cycle for energy generation.^[97] It is predicted that Sirius A will have completely exhausted the store of hydrogen at its core within a billion (10⁹) years of its formation. At this point it will pass through a red giant stage, then settle down to become a white dwarf.

Sirius A is classed as an

When compared to the Sun, the proportion of iron in the atmosphere of Sirius A relative to hydrogen is given by ${\displaystyle \textstyle \left[{\frac {{\ce {Fe}}}{{\ce {H}}}}\right]=0.5}$,

Sirius B

Sirius B is one of the more massive white dwarfs known. With a mass of 1.02 M_☉ it is almost double the 0.5–0.6 M_☉ average. This mass is packed into a volume roughly equal to the Earth's.^[67] The current surface temperature is 25,200 K.^[12] Because there is no internal heat source, Sirius B will steadily cool as the remaining heat is radiated into space over more than two billion years.^[101]

A white dwarf forms only after the star has evolved from the main sequence and then passed through a red-giant stage. This occurred when Sirius B was less than half its current age, around 120 million years ago. The original star had an estimated 5 M_☉

This star is primarily composed of a carbon–oxygen mixture that was generated by helium fusion in the progenitor star.[12] This is overlaid by an envelope of lighter elements, with the materials segregated by mass because of the high surface gravity.^[104] The outer atmosphere of Sirius B is now almost pure hydrogen—the element with the lowest mass—and no other elements are seen in its spectrum.^[105]

Potential third star

Since 1894, there have been observed irregularities in the orbits of Sirius A and B with an apparent periodicity of 6–6.4 years. A 1995 study found such a companion to likely exist, with a mass of roughly 0.05 solar masses- a small red dwarf or large brown dwarf, with an apparent magnitude of >15, and less than 3 arcseconds from Sirius A.^[62]

More recent (and accurate) astrometric observations by the Hubble Space Telescope ruled out the possibility of such an object entirely. The 1995 study predicted an astrometric movement of roughly 90

In 2017, a massive star cluster was discovered only 10' from Sirius. It was discovered during a statistical analysis of Gaia data. The cluster is over a thousand times further away from us than the star.

Etymology and cultural significance

The most commonly used proper name of this star comes from the Latin Sīrius, from the

Sabarimala.^[120] In Scandinavia, the star has been known as Lokabrenna ("burning done by Loki", or "Loki's torch").^[121] In the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius was a Behenian fixed star,^[122] associated with beryl and juniper. Its astrological symbol was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.^[123]

Many cultures have historically attached special significance to Sirius, particularly in relation to dogs. It is often colloquially called the "Dog Star" as the brightest star of Canis Major, the "Great Dog" constellation.

It was classically depicted as Orion's dog. The Ancient Greeks thought that Sirius's emanations could affect dogs adversely, making them behave abnormally during the "dog days," the hottest days of the summer. The Romans knew these days as dies caniculares, and the star Sirius was called Canicula, "little dog." The excessive panting of dogs in hot weather was thought to place them at risk of desiccation and disease. In extreme cases, a foaming dog might have rabies, which could infect and kill humans they had bitten.^[31] Homer, in the Iliad, describes the approach of Achilles toward Troy in these words:

Sirius rises late in the dark, liquid sky
On summer nights, star of stars,
Orion's Dog they call it, brightest
Of all, but an evil portent, bringing heat
And fevers to suffering humanity.^[124]

In Iranian mythology, especially in

In

Masters of the Seven Rays to the human race.^[135]

Dogon

See also: Nommo

The

Robert Temple's 1976 book The Sirius Mystery, credits them with knowledge of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn

. This has been the subject of controversy and speculation.

Doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlein's work.^[138][139] In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology anthropologist Walter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about sigu tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as sigu tolo. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule."^[140]

Noah Brosch explained in his book Sirius Matters that the cultural transfer of relatively modern astronomical information could have taken place in 1893, when a French expedition arrived in Central West Africa to observe the total eclipse on April 16.

Serer religion

Main articles: Serer religion and Saltigue

In the religion of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, Sirius is called Yoonir from the Serer language (and some of the Cangin language speakers, who are all ethnically Serers). The star Sirius is one of the most important and sacred stars in Serer religious cosmology and symbolism. The Serer high priests and priestesses, (Saltigues, the hereditary "rain priests"^[141]) chart Yoonir in order to forecast rain fall and enable Serer farmers to start planting seeds. In Serer religious cosmology, it is the symbol of the universe.^[136][137]

Modern significance

See also:

Sirius in fiction

Sirius is a frequent

scintillation

:

..the fiery Sirius alters hue
And bickers into red and emerald.^[144]

Other modern references:

• Plans for using solar sail propulsion for interstellar travel have targeted Sirius as the star system fastest to arrive at from Earth.^[145] While Alpha Centauri and others are closer, the brightness of Sirius provides the best braking power to arrive with the least travel time.
• Sirius is featured on the coat of arms of Macquarie University, and is the name of its alumnae journal.^[146]
• The name of the North American satellite radio company, Satellite CD Radio, Inc., was changed to Sirius Satellite Radio in November 1999, being named after "the brightest star in the night sky".^[147]
• Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, who wrote a piece called Sirius, has been claimed to have said on several occasions that he came from a planet in the Sirius system.^[148][149] To Stockhausen, Sirius stood for 'the place where music is the highest of vibrations' and where music had been developed in the most perfect way.^[150]
• Astronomer Noah Brosch has speculated that the name of the character Sirius Black from the Harry Potter stories, who has a unique ability to transform into a black dog, might have been inspired by "Sirius B".^[143]
• Sirius is one of the 27 stars on the flag of Brazil, where it represents the state of Mato Grosso.^[151]
• The Swedish football team IK Sirius from Uppsala, who currently plays in the top tier Allsvenskan, is named after the star system.^[152]

Vehicles:

• Seven ships of Great Britain's Royal Navy have been called HMS Sirius since the 18th century, with the first being the flagship of the First Fleet to Australia in 1788.^[153]
• The Royal Australian Navy subsequently named a vessel HMAS Sirius in honor of the flagship.^[154]
• American vessels include the
  Lockheed Sirius, the first of which was flown by Charles Lindbergh.^[155] The name was also adopted by Mitsubishi Motors for the Mitsubishi Sirius engine in 1980.^[156]

Notes

1. ^ Compare the meaning of the Egyptian name with Sirius's completion of the Winter Triangle asterism, joining the other two brightest stars of the northern winter sky, Betelgeuse and Procyon.
2. syncretized with the goddess Isis, Sah was linked with Osiris, and Sopdu was linked with Horus. The joining of Sopdet with Isis would allow Plutarch to state that "The soul of Isis is called Dog by the Greeks", meaning Sirius worshipped as Isis-Sopdet by Egyptians was named the Dog by the Greeks and Romans. The 70-day period of the absence of Sirius from the sky was understood as the passing of Sopdet-Isis and Sah-Osiris through the Egyptian underworld.^[29]
3. ^ Two full 50.09-year orbits following the periastron epoch of 1894.13 gives a date of 1994.31.
4. ^ Semi-major axis in AU = semimajor axis in seconds / parallax = 7.56″ / 0.37921 = 19.8 AU; as the eccentricity is 0.6, the distance fluctuates between 40% and 160% of that, roughly from 8 AU to 32 AU.

References

Citations

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145. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa813f.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
     )
146. ^ "About Macquarie University—Naming of the University". Macquarie University official website. Macquarie University. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
147. ^ "Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc. – Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Sirius Satellite Radio, Inc". Net Industries, LLC. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
148. ^ McEnery, Paul (2001-01-16). "Karlheinz Stockhausen". Salon.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-16. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
149. ^ Tom Service (13 October 2005). "Beam Me up, Stocky". The Guardian.
150. ^ Michael Kurtz, Stockhausen. Eine Biografie. Kassel, Bärenreiter Verlag, 1988: p. 271
151. ^ Duarte, Paulo Araújo. "Astronomia na Bandeira Brasileira". Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
152. ^ http://www.assyriska.se/index.php?id=27&articleID=1441&page=91&filter_year=0&filter_text=
153. ISBN 0-7322-2447-0
     .
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155. ^ van der Linden, F. R. (2000). "Lockheed 8 Sirius". National Air and Space Museum. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
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Bibliography

• Brosch, Noah (2008). Sirius Matters. Springer.
  ISBN 1-4020-8318-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help
  )
• Holberg, J.B. (2007). Sirius: Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing.
  ISBN 0-387-48941-X. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help
  )
• Makemson, Maud Worcester (1941). The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy. Yale University Press. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Look up dog days in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sirius.

• NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Sirius B in x-ray (6 October 2000)
• Discussion on Dogon issue
• Sirius time
• Barker, Tho.; Stukeley, W. (1760). "Remarks on the Mutations of the Stars". Philosophical Transactions. 51: 498–504.
  JSTOR 105393. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help
  )