Saint Kitts and Nevis
Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis | ||
---|---|---|
Motto: "Country Above Self" | ||
Anthem: " | ||
Religion (2020)[2] |
| |
Legislature | Associated State | 27 February 1967 |
• Independence declared | 19 September 1983 | |
+1 869 | ||
ISO 3166 code | KN | |
Internet TLD | .kn | |
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis (/-ˈkɪts ... ˈniːvɪs/ ⓘ), officially the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis,[7] is an island country consisting of the two islands of Saint Kitts and Nevis, both located in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles. With 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi) of territory, and roughly 50,000 inhabitants, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere, in both area and population, as well as the world's smallest sovereign federation.[1] The country is a Commonwealth realm, with Charles III as King and head of state.[1][8]
The capital city is Basseterre, located on the larger island of Saint Kitts.[1] Basseterre is also the main port for passenger entry (via cruise ships) and cargo. The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) to the southeast of Saint Kitts, across a shallow channel called The Narrows.[1]
The British dependency of
Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonised by Europeans. Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French Caribbean colonies, and thus has also been titled "The Mother Colony of the West Indies".[9] It is also the most recent British territory in the Caribbean to become independent, gaining independence in 1983.
Etymology
The Kalinago, the pre-European inhabitants of Saint Kitts, called the island Liamuiga, roughly translating as "fertile land".[10]
It is thought that Christopher Columbus, the first European to see the islands in 1493, named the larger island San Cristóbal, after Saint Christopher, his patron saint and that of travellers. New studies suggest that Columbus named the island Sant Yago (Saint James), and that the name San Cristóbal was in fact given by Columbus to the island now known as Saba, 32 km (20 mi) northwest. Saint Kitts was well documented as San Cristóbal by the 17th century.[1] The first English colonists kept the English translation of this name, and dubbed it St. Christopher's Island. In the 17th century, a common nickname for Christopher was Kit(t); hence, the island came to be informally referred to as Saint Kitt's Island, later further shortened to Saint Kitts.[1]
Columbus gave Nevis the name San Martín (Saint Martin).[10] The current name Nevis is derived from a Spanish name Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, meaning "Our Lady of the Snows", a reference to the 4th-century Catholic miracle of a summertime snowfall on the Esquiline Hill in Rome.[1] It is not known who chose this name for the island, but it is thought that white clouds which usually wreath the top of Nevis Peak reminded someone of the miracle.[11][1]
Today, the Constitution refers to the state as both Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Christopher and Nevis; the former is the one most commonly used, but the latter is generally used for diplomatic relations. Passports list the nationality of citizens as St. Kitts and Nevis.[12]
History
Pre-colonial period
The name of the first inhabitants,
European arrival and early colonial period
Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight the islands in 1493.[15][8] The first settlers were the English in 1623, led by Thomas Warner, who established a settlement at Old Road Town on the west coast of St Kitts after achieving an agreement with the Carib chief Ouboutou Tegremante.[14]: 15–18 [8] The French later also settled on St Kitts in 1625 under Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc.[8] As a result, both parties agreed to partition the island into French and English sectors. From 1628 onward the English also began settling on Nevis.[8]
The French and English, intent on exploitation of the island's resources,
A Spanish expedition of 1629 sent to enforce Spanish claims
As Spanish power declined, Saint Kitts became a key base for English and French expansion in the Caribbean. From St Kitts the British settled the islands of
British colonial period
The colony had recovered by the turn of the 18th century, and St Kitts had become the richest British Crown Colony per capita in the Caribbean as result of its slave-based sugar industry by the close of the 1700s.[23] The 18th century also saw Nevis, formerly the richer of the two islands, being eclipsed by St Kitts in economic importance.[14]: 75 [22]: 126, 137 Alexander Hamilton, the future U.S. secretary of the Treasury, was born on Nevis in 1755 or 1757.[24]
As Britain became embroiled in
The African slave trade was terminated within the British Empire in 1807, and slavery outlawed completely in 1834. A four-year "apprenticeship" period followed for each slave, in which they worked for their former owners for wages. On Nevis 8,815 slaves were freed, while St Kitts freed 19,780.[22]: 174 [14]: 110, 114–117
Saint Kitts and Nevis, along with Anguilla, were federated in 1882. In the first few decades of the 20th century economic hardship and lack of opportunities led to the growth of a labour movement;
After a brief period as part of the
Post independence era
Kennedy Simmonds went on to win elections in 1984, 1989 and 1993, before being unseated when the SKNLP returned to power in 1995 under Denzil Douglas.[15][8]
In Nevis, growing discontent with their perceived marginalisation within the federation
In late-September 1998, Hurricane Georges caused approximately $458,000,000 in damages and limited GDP growth for the year and beyond. Meanwhile, the sugar industry, in decline for years and propped up only by government subsidies, was closed completely in 2005.[8][33]
The 2015 Saint Kitts and Nevis general election was won by Timothy Harris and his recently formed People's Labour Party, with backing from the PAM and the Nevis-based Concerned Citizens' Movement under the 'Team Unity' banner.[34]
In June 2020, Team Unity coalition of the incumbent government, led by Prime Minister Timothy Harris, won general elections by defeating Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party (SKNLP).[35]
In snap general elections held in August 2022, the SKNLP again won, and Terrance Drew became the fourth prime minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis.[36]
Politics
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a sovereign, democratic, and federal state.
St. Kitts and Nevis has a
Foreign relations
Saint Kitts and Nevis has no major international disputes. Saint Kitts and Nevis is a full and participating member of the
St Kitts & Nevis entered the OAS system on 16 September 1984.[39]
Agreements which impact on financial relationships
Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994
At a CARICOM meeting, representative of St. Kitts and Nevis Kennedy Simmons signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994, on 6 July 1994.[40]
The representatives of seven CARICOM countries signed similar agreements at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados.[40] The countries whose representatives signed the treaties in Barbados were: Antigua & Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago.[40] This treaty covered income, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[citation needed]
FATCA
On 30 June 2014, St. Kitts and Nevis signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[41]
Military
Saint Kitts and Nevis has a defence force of 300 personnel. It is mostly involved in policing and drug trade interception.[citation needed]
Human rights
Male homosexuality has been legal in St. Kitts and Nevis since 29 August 2022.[42] In 2011, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis said it had "no mandate from the people" to abolish the criminalisation of homosexuality among consenting adults.[43]
Administrative divisions
The federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis is divided into fourteen parishes, nine of them on Saint Kitts and five on Nevis.[citation needed]
|
Parishes | Capital | Population 2011 |
Area (km2) |
Population density per km2 |
Island |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christ Church Nichola Town | Nichola Town | 1,922 | 18 | 107 | Saint Kitts |
Saint Anne Sandy Point | Sandy Point Town | 2,626 | 13 | 202 | Saint Kitts |
Saint George Basseterre | Basseterre | 12,635 | 29 | 436 | Saint Kitts |
Saint John Capisterre | Dieppe Bay Town | 2,962 | 25 | 118 | Saint Kitts |
Saint Mary Cayon | Cayon | 3,435 | 15 | 229 | Saint Kitts |
Saint Paul Capisterre | Saint Paul Capisterre | 2,432 | 14 | 174 | Saint Kitts |
Saint Peter Basseterre | Monkey Hill | 4,670 | 21 | 222 | Saint Kitts |
Saint Thomas Middle Island | Middle Island | 2,535 | 25 | 101.4 | Saint Kitts |
Trinity Palmetto Point | Trinity | 1,701 | 16 | 106 | Saint Kitts |
Saint George Gingerland | Market Shop | 2,496 | 18 | 139 | Nevis |
Saint James Windward | Newcastle | 2,038 | 32 | 64 | Nevis |
Saint John Figtree | Figtree | 3,827 | 22 | 174 | Nevis |
Saint Paul Charlestown | Charlestown
|
1,847 | 4 | 462 | Nevis |
Saint Thomas Lowland | Cotton Ground | 2,069 | 18 | 115 | Nevis |
Geography
The country consists of two main islands,
Saint Kitts and Nevis contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Leeward Islands moist forests and Leeward Islands dry forests.[44] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.55/10, ranking it 121st globally out of 172 countries.[45]
Fauna
The national bird is the brown pelican.[46] 176 species of bird have been reported from the country.[47]
Flora
The national flower is Delonix regia. Common plants include palmetto, hibiscus, bougainvillea, and tamarind. Pinus species are common in the dense forests of islands, and are usually covered by various species of ferns.[48]
Climate
By the Köppen climate classification, St Kitts has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) and Nevis has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am).[49] Mean monthly temperatures in Basseterre varies little from 23.9 °C (75.0 °F) to 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Yearly rainfall is approximately 2,400 millimetres (90 in), although it has varied from 1,356 millimetres (53.4 in) to 3,183 millimetres (125.3 in) in the period 1901–2015.[50]
Climate data for Saint Kitts and Nevis (1991–2015) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
25.3 (77.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 150 (5.9) |
102 (4.0) |
99 (3.9) |
153 (6.0) |
219 (8.6) |
181 (7.1) |
214 (8.4) |
232 (9.1) |
222 (8.7) |
289 (11.4) |
286 (11.3) |
225 (8.9) |
2,372 (93.3) |
Source: Climate Change Knowledge Portal[50] |
Demographics
Population
The population of Saint Kitts and Nevis is around 53,000 (July 2019 est.)
Racial and ethnic groups
The population is primarily Afro-Caribbean (92.5%), with significant minorities of European (2.1%) and Indian (1.5%) descent (2001 estimate).[1]
Emigration
As of 2021[update], there were 47,606 inhabitants; their average life expectancy is 76.9 years. Emigration has historically been very high, so high that the total estimated population in 2007 was little changed from that in 1961.[53]
Emigration from St Kitts and Nevis to the United States:[46]
- 1986–1990: 3,513
- 1991–1995: 2,730
- 1996–2000: 2,101
- 2001–2005: 1,756
- 2006–2010: 1,817
Languages
English is the sole official language. Saint Kitts Creole is also widely spoken.[citation needed]
Religion
Most inhabitants (82%) are
Hinduism is the largest non-Christian religion, followed by 1.82% of the population;[54] these are primarily Indo-Kittitians and Indo-Nevisians.[citation needed]
According to the 2011
Culture
Music and festivals
Saint Kitts and Nevis is known for a number of musical celebrations including
Additional festivals on the island of Saint Kitts include Inner City Fest, in February in Molineaux; Green Valley Festival, usually around Whit Monday in village of Cayon; Easterama, around Easter in village of Sandy Point; Fest-Tab, in July or August in the village of Tabernacle; and La festival de Capisterre, around Independence Day in Saint Kitts and Nevis (19 September), in the Capisterre region. These celebrations typically feature parades, street dances and salsa, jazz, soca, calypso and steelpan music.[citation needed]
The 1985 film Missing in Action 2: The Beginning was filmed in Saint Kitts.[58]
Media
Sports
Cricket is common in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Top players can be selected for the West Indies cricket team. The late Runako Morton was from Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis was the smallest country to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches,[59] which were played at the Warner Park Stadium.[60]
Rugby and netball are also common in Saint Kitts and Nevis as well.[citation needed]
The
The national team achieved its greatest success of the modern era when it qualified for the 2023 CONCACAF Gold Cup defeating the Curaçao national football team and the French Guiana national football team in a penalty shootout in the preliminary round. It was drawn into Group A with Jamaica, the United States, and Trinidad & Tobago, but lost all three games.[63]
The St Kitts and Nevis Billiard Federation, SKNBF, is the governing body for cue sports across the two islands. The SKNBF is a member of the Caribbean Billiards Union (CBU) with the SKNBF President Ste Williams holding the post of CBU Vice-president.[citation needed]
American writer and former
St Kitts and Nevis had two athletes ride in the time trial at the 2010 UCI Road World Championships: Reginald Douglas and James Weekes.[66]
Economy
Saint Kitts and Nevis is a twin-island federation whose economy is characterised by its dominant tourism, agriculture, and light manufacturing industries.[1] Sugar was the primary export from the 1940s on, but rising production costs, low world market prices, and the government's efforts to reduce dependence on it have led to a growing diversification of the agricultural sector. In 2005, the government decided to close down the state-owned sugar company, which had experienced losses and was a significant contributor to the fiscal deficit.[8][1]
St Kitts and Nevis is heavily dependent upon tourism to drive its economy, a sector which has expanded significantly since the 1970s.
In July 2015, St Kitts & Nevis and the Republic of Ireland signed a tax agreement to "promote international co-operation in tax matters through exchange of information." The agreement was developed by the OECD Global Forum Working Group on Effective Exchange of Information, which consisted of representatives from OECD member countries and 11 other countries in the Caribbean and other parts of the world.[67]
Transport
Saint Kitts and Nevis has two international airports. The larger one is Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport on the island of Saint Kitts with service outside to the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. The other airport, Vance W. Amory International Airport, is located on the island of Nevis and has flights to other parts of the Caribbean.
The St Kitts Scenic Railway is the last remaining running railroad in the Lesser Antilles.
Economic citizenship by investment
St. Kitts and Nevis allows foreigners to obtain the status of St. Kitts and Nevis citizen by means of a government sponsored investment programme called Citizenship-by-Investment.[68][1] Established in 1984, St. Kitts and Nevis's citizenship programme is the oldest prevailing economic citizenship programme of this kind in the world. However, while the programme is the oldest in the world, it only catapulted in 2006 when Henley & Partners, a global citizenship advisory firm, became involved in the restructuring of the programme to incorporate donations to the country's sugar industry.[69]
Citizenship-by-Investment Programmes have been criticised by some researchers due to the risks of corruption, money laundering and tax evasion.[70] According to the official website of St. Kitts and Nevis's Citizenship-by-Investment Programme, they offer multiple benefits, including citizenship for life that can be passed down for generations, no residency or language requirements, and citizenship in a financially favourable country.[71] Once an applicant is vetted and successfully becomes a citizen, he or she is eligible to apply for a Saint Kitts and Nevis passport.[72]
To qualify for citizenship under the investment programme, each candidate must complete a vetting process which includes several background and due diligence checks, an interview, and other various legal requirements. This is followed by a qualifying investment into the country.[73] The applicant must make at least a minimum investment in either approved real estate; or a donation, known as the Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) into the Federal Consolidated Fund; or a donation to an Approved Public Benefactor.[73][71][74]
The official website of St. Kitts and Nevis's Citizenship-by-Investment Programme lists the following investment options:
- An investment in designated real estate with a minimum value of US$400,000, plus the payment of government fees and other fees and taxes.[73][74][75][76]
- A contribution to the Federal Consolidated Fund, or to an Approved Public Benefactor, of at least US$250,000, inclusive of all government fees but exclusive of due diligence fees which are the same as the real estate option. [73][71]
Education
There are eight publicly administered high and secondary level schools in St. Kitts and Nevis, and several private secondary schools. Education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16.[8]
See also
References
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https://web.archive.org/web/20230728101553/https://ciu.gov.kn/investment-options/sustainable-island-state-contribution-sisc/ - ^ Henley & Partners Holdings Ltd. (2023). St. Kitts and Nevis. Henleyglobal.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929173136/https://www.henleyglobal.com/citizenship-investment/st-kitts-nevis
"The Certificate of Registration confers citizenship status and once it has been issued, the applicant is entitled to apply for a passport" - ^ a b c d St. Kitts And Nevis Government Press Release. (2023, July 27). St Kitts and Nevis announces further monumental changes to its Citizenship by Investment Programme. St. Kitts And Nevis Government. Retrieved July 28, 2023, from https://ciu.gov.kn/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/SKN-Press-Release-SKN-CBI-July_2023_Final.pdf.
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Sources
- Cobley, Alan Gregor; Department, University of the West Indies (Cave Hill, Barbados). History (1994). Crossroads of Empire: The European-Caribbean Connection, 1492–1992. Department of History, University of the West Indies. ISBN 978-976-621-031-1.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
External links
- Government
- Saint Kitts & Nevis official government site
- Saint Kitts & Nevis Citizenship by Investment Program
- Saint Kitts & Nevis official Investment Promotion Agency
- Saint Kitts & Nevis St Kitts Financial Services Regulatory Commission
- Saint Kitts & Nevis Citizenship Program
- General information
- Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Saint Kitts and Nevis from OCB Libraries GovPubs
- [Curlie
- Maps
- GeoHack list of street, satellite, and topographic maps
- Caribbean-On-Line, St Kitts & Nevis Maps
- Wikimedia Atlas of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Tourism
- Nevis Tourism Authority – official site
- Saint Kitts Tourism Authority – official site