State funeral of John F. Kennedy
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35th President of the United States
Tenure
Appointments
Presidential campaign Assassination and legacy
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The state funeral of U.S. President John F. Kennedy took place in Washington, D.C., during the three days that followed his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[1]
Kennedy's body was brought back to Washington after his assassination. Early on November 23, six military pallbearers carried the flag-draped coffin into the East Room of the White House, where he lay in repose for 24 hours.[2][3] Then, his flag-draped coffin was carried on a horse-drawn caisson to the Capitol to lie in state. Throughout the day and night, hundreds of thousands lined up to view the guarded casket,[4][5] with a quarter million passing through the rotunda during the 18 hours of lying in state.[4]
Kennedy's funeral service was held on November 25, at
Preparations for the state funeral
After
They headed to the White House and worked with the president's brother-in-law, Sargent Shriver, also director of the Peace Corps, and Ralph Dungan, an aide to the president.[14][16][17][18] Because President Kennedy had no funeral plan in place, much of the planning rested with the CG MDW.[14] House Speaker John W. McCormack said that the president's body would be brought back to the White House to lie in the East Room the following day and then taken to the Capitol to lie in state in the rotunda all day Sunday.[19]
The day after the assassination, the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, issued Presidential Proclamation 3561, declaring Monday to be a national day of mourning,[20][21] and only essential emergency workers to be at their posts.[22] He read the proclamation over a nationwide radio and television broadcast at 4:45 p.m. from the Fish Room (currently known as the Roosevelt Room) at the White House.[23]
Several elements of the state funeral paid tribute to President Kennedy's service in the Navy during World War II.[24] They included a member of the Navy bearing the presidential flag,[24] the playing of the Navy Hymn, "Eternal Father, Strong to Save," and the Naval Academy Glee Club performing at the White House.[25][26]
White House repose
After the autopsy at
President Kennedy's body was returned to the White House at about 4:30 a.m.
Mrs. Kennedy, still wearing the blood-stained suit she wore in Dallas,[31] had not left the side of her husband's body since he was shot.[37] Only after the casket was placed in the East Room, draped with black crepe,[38] did she retire to her private quarters.[39]
President Kennedy's body lay in repose in the East Room for 24 hours,
Mrs. Kennedy requested two Catholic priests to remain with the body until the official funeral.
In Lafayette Park, across the street from the White House, crowds stood in the rain, keeping the vigil that began the day before and would continue through the funeral.[49][50] It rained all day in Washington, befitting the mood of the nation.[51][52][53]
Lying in state
On Sunday afternoon, about 300,000 people watched a
The widow, holding her two children by the hand, led the public mourning for the country.[4] In the rotunda, Mrs. Kennedy and her daughter Caroline knelt beside the casket, which rested on the Lincoln catafalque.[62][4][63] Three-year-old John Jr. was briefly taken out of the rotunda so as not to disrupt the service.[62][64] Mrs. Kennedy maintained her composure as her husband was taken to the Capitol to lie in state, as well as during the memorial service.[65]
Brief eulogies were delivered inside the rotunda by Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield of Montana, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Speaker McCormack.[66][67]
President Kennedy was the first president in more than 30 years to lie in state in the rotunda, the last being William Howard Taft in 1930,[68] and the first Democrat to lie in state at the Capitol.[69]
Public viewing
In the only public viewing, thousands lined up in near-freezing temperatures to view the casket.[5] Over the span of 18 hours, 250,000 people,[70][71] some waiting for as long as 10 hours in a line up to 10 wide that stretched 40 blocks,[72] personally paid their respects as President Kennedy's body lay in state. United States Capitol Police officers politely reminded mourners to keep moving along in two lines that passed on either side of the casket and exited the building on the west side facing the National Mall.[73]
The original plan was for the rotunda to close at 9:00 p.m. and reopen for an hour at 9:00 the next morning.[74] Because of long lines police and military authorities decided to keep the doors open.[72] At 9:00 p.m., when the rotunda was supposed to close, both Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy returned to the rotunda again.[74] More than half the mourners came to the rotunda after 2:45 a.m., by which time 115,000 had already visited.[75] Military officials doubled the lines, first to two abreast, then to four abreast.[72]
While anchoring the
Funeral
As people were viewing the casket, military authorities held meetings at the White House, at MDW headquarters, and at Arlington National Cemetery to plan Monday's events.[78] First, they decided that the public viewing should end at 9:00 a.m. EST[79] and that the ceremonies would begin at 10:30 a.m. EST.[80]
Unlike Sunday's procession, which was led by only the muffled drum corps,
Approximately one million people lined the route of the funeral procession, from the Capitol back to the White House, then to St. Matthew's Cathedral, and finally to Arlington National Cemetery.[4]
The day's events began at 8:25 a.m., when the MPDC cut off the line of mourners waiting to get into the rotunda.[91][92] They did so because a large group tried to break into the line and the MPDC were not able to sort out those who had already been in line, many of whom had waited for five hours.[93][92] Thirty-five minutes, later, the doors closed, ending the lying in state;[71] the last visitors passed through at 9:05 a.m.[91] When the doors closed, 50,000 more were waiting outside.[94]
At 10:00 a.m., both houses of Congress met to pass resolutions expressing sorrow.[70][95] In the Senate, Maine Republican Senator Margaret Chase Smith laid a single rose on the desk that Kennedy had occupied when in the Senate.[96]
Procession to cathedral
After Jacqueline Kennedy and her brothers-in-law, Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Massachusetts Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy, visited the rotunda, the coffin was carried out onto the caisson.[80] At 10:50, the caisson left the Capitol.[97] Ten minutes later, the procession began,[91] making its way back to the White House. As the procession reached the White House, all the military units except for the Marine company turned right off Pennsylvania Avenue and onto 17th Street.[98] A platoon of the Marine company turned in the northeast gate and led the cortege into the North Portico.[98]
At the White House, the procession resumed on foot for roughly 0.9 miles (1.4 km) to St. Matthew's Cathedral, led by Jacqueline Kennedy and the late president's brothers, Robert and Edward (Ted) Kennedy.[99][94] They walked the same route that John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy often used when going to Mass at the cathedral.[45][99] This also marked the first time that a first lady walked in her husband's funeral procession.[100] The two Kennedy children rode in a limousine behind their mother and uncles.[101] The rest of the Kennedy family, apart from the president's father, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., who was ill,[102] waited at the cathedral.[103] The elder Kennedy mourned alone in Hyannis Port.[104]
The newly sworn in U.S. President
As the dignitaries marched, there was a heavy security presence because of concerns for the potential assassination of so many world leaders,
The widow, wearing a black veil, led the way up the steps of the cathedral holding the hands of her two children,[6] with John Jr., whose third birthday fell on the day of his father's funeral,[115] on her left, and Caroline on her right.[116] Because of the funeral and the day of mourning, the widow postponed John Jr.'s birthday party until December 5, the last day the family was in the White House.[117]
Funeral Mass at the cathedral
About 1,200 invited guests attended the funeral Mass in the cathedral.[8] The Archbishop of Boston, Richard Cardinal Cushing, celebrated the funeral Mass at the cathedral where Kennedy, a practicing Catholic, often worshipped.[6][45] Cardinal Cushing was a close friend of the family who had witnessed and blessed the marriage of Senator Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953.[118] He had also baptized two of their children, given the invocation at President Kennedy's inauguration, and officiated at the recent funeral of their infant son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy.[118]
At the request of Mrs. Kennedy, the Requiem Mass was a
There was no formal eulogy at the funeral Mass (as this was prohibited by the Catholic Church at the time
Jacqueline Kennedy requested that Luigi Vena sing Franz Schubert's Ave Maria as he did during the marriage.[118] For a few moments, she lost her composure and sobbed as this music filled the cathedral.[124]
Burial
The casket was borne again by caisson on the final leg to Arlington National Cemetery for burial.[125] Moments after the casket was carried down the front steps of the cathedral, Jacqueline Kennedy whispered to her son, after which he saluted his father's coffin;[122][101] the image, taken by photographer Stan Stearns,[126] became an iconic representation of the 1960s.
The children were deemed to be too young to attend the final burial service, so this was the point where the children said goodbye to their father.[127]
Virtually everyone else followed the caisson in a long line of black limousines passing by the Lincoln Memorial and crossing the Potomac River. Many of the military units did not participate in the burial service and left just after crossing the Potomac.[128] Because the line of cars taking the foreign dignitaries was long, the last cars carrying the dignitaries left St. Matthew's as the procession entered the cemetery.[125][129] The burial services had already begun when the last car arrived.[91] Security guards walked beside the cars carrying the dignitaries,[130] with the one carrying the French president having the most—10.[112]
A detachment of 30 cadets from the Irish Defense Forces, performed, at the request of Jackie Kennedy, a silent solemn graveside drill known as the Queen Anne Drill.[87][88]
The burial services ended at 3:15 p.m. EST, when the widow lit an eternal flame to burn continuously over his grave.[131] At 3:34 p.m. EST,[125] the casket containing his remains was lowered into the earth, as "Kennedy slipped out of mortal sight—out of sight but not out of heart and mind."[125] Kennedy thus became only the second president to be buried at Arlington, after Taft,[132] which meant that, at that time, the two most recent presidents to lie in state in the Capitol rotunda were buried at Arlington.[68] Kennedy was buried at Arlington exactly two weeks to the day after he last visited there, when he came for Veterans Day observances.[133][134]
Gallery
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The remains of John F. KennedyEast Room of the White Houseon November 23, 1963.
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Pall bearers carrying the casket of President Kennedy up the center steps of theJacqueline Kennedy and her children, Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr., on November 24, 1963.
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The remains of President KennedyUnited States Capitol Rotundaon November 24, 1963.
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Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy about to enter a limousine on November 24, 1963.
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PresidentCathedral of St. Matthew the Apostleon November 25, 1963.
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Jacqueline Kennedy, accompanied by her brothers-in-law, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and SenatorEdward Kennedy, walking from the White House as part of the funeral procession accompanying President Kennedy's casket to Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C. on November 25, 1963.
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AnJacqueline Kennedyon November 25, 1963.
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Jacqueline Kennedy and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy walk away from President Kennedy's casket during interment at Arlington National Cemetery on November 25, 1963.
Dignitaries
As President Kennedy lay in state, foreign dignitaries—including heads of state and government and members of royal families—started to arrive in Washington to attend the state funeral on Monday.
With so many foreign dignitaires attending the funeral, some law enforcement officials, including MPDC Chief Robert V. Murray, later said that it was the biggest security nightmare they ever faced.[136][137][94]
Not since the
Among the dignitaries that attended the funeral were
Post-funeral receptions
After the funeral, the foreign dignitaries attended a White House reception to pay their respects to Mrs. Kennedy,[144] followed a reception at the State Department hosted by Secretary of State Rusk.[145][146][147] Johnson would meet with several world leaders the following day when he moved into the Oval Office of the White House, including Ludwig Erhard and Haile Selassie.[148][142][149]
Television coverage
The state funeral was the first in the television age, and was covered live from start to finish, nonstop for 70 hours.[150][151]
NBC broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the people passing through the Capitol rotunda during the overnight hours.[152][151][72] Reuven Frank recounted that NBC News vice-president Bill McAndrew ordered pictures of the crowds passing through the rotunda all night, which provided a calming effect.[153]
Millions followed the funeral on television.[154] Those who watched the funeral on television were the only ones who saw the ceremony in its entirety.[105] The three networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC used at least 50 cameras for the joint coverage in order to allow viewers to follow the proceedings in their entirety from the Capitol to Arlington.[155] The pool coverage was handled by CBS.[156][155] In addition, the networks' Washington bureau chiefs (Bob Fleming at ABC, Bill Monroe at NBC, and Bill Small at CBS) moved correspondents and cameras to keep them ahead of the cortège.[155][157] Small had correspondents along the cortège, while Fleming had Howard K. Smith and Edward P. Morgan anchor from the ABC Washington studio and Monroe had The Huntley–Brinkley Report team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley anchor from Washington.[156]
NBC transmitted coverage of the procession from the White House to the cathedral by satellite to twenty-three countries, including Japan and the Soviet Union,
Father Leonard Hurley, a Catholic priest, provided the commentary for the funeral Mass for the networks.[162][163]
In popular culture
- The 2016 film, Jackie portrays Jacqueline Kennedy, played by Natalie Portman, as she plans and designs the state funeral.
See also
- Keith Clark, U.S. Army bugler who played "Taps" at Kennedy's funeral
- Foreign military units at the state funeral of John Kennedy
- State funerals in the United States
References
Inline citations
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, pp. 3–5
- ^ a b Associated Press 1963, pp. 36–37, 56–57, 68
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 197–201
- ^ a b c d e White 1965, p. 16
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, pp. 106–107, 110, 114–115, 119–123, 133–134
- ^ a b c d White 1965, p. 17
- ^ a b Associated Press 1963, p. 93
- ^ a b c d NBC News 1966, p. 126
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 29–30
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 30–31
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 29–30, 34, 38
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 22, 26
- ^ White 1965, p. 9
- ^ a b c Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 188
- ^ Chapman, William (November 27, 1963). "Tense Hours of Planning Assured Kennedy Rites' Flawless Precision". The Washington Post. p. A5.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 497–498
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 31, 33
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 29, 30
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 28, 34, 38
- ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 40
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, pp. 52–53
- ^ "Government Offices Closed by President". The Washington Post. November 24, 1963. p. A15.
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 72–73
- ^ Lowens, Irving (December 1, 1963). "Accurate Listing of Funeral music". The Washington Star. jfklibrary.org. Retrieved August 22, 2011.
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 202, 206
- ^ a b c Associated Press 1963, p. 31
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 190
- ^ Kinney, Doris G.; Smith, Marcia; Moser, Penny Ward (November 1983). "4 days that stopped America; the Kennedy assassination, 20 years later". Life. Vol. 6, no. 24. p. 48.
- ^ "JFK's Coffin Dumped At Sea". CBS News. June 1, 1999.
- ^ a b c d Associated Press 1963, p. 36
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 41
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 189
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 58–59, 83
- ^ "Closed Coffin Explained by White House". The Washington Post. Associated Press. November 28, 1963. p. B8.
- ^ United Press International (November 27, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy's Opposition To Open Coffin Explained". The New York Times. p. 18.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 198
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 45
- ^ Hamblin, Dora Jane (December 6, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy's Decisions Shaped all the Solemn Pageantry". Life. Vol. 55, no. 23. pp. 48–49.
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- ^ Associated Press 1963, p. 68
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 59
- ^ a b c White 1965, p. 14
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- ^ Folliard, Edward T. (November 24, 1963). "Nation's Great File Past Kennedy Bier; Body Lies in State at Capitol Today". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 57
- ^ a b Mudd 2008, p. 132
- ^ White 1965, pp. 12, 14
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 62, 64, 68
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 40, 56–57
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 359–360, 363
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, pp. 72–73
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- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 360, 363
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- ^ Nash 1984, pp. 11–12, 153
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 194–195
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 365
- ^ a b Associated Press 1963, p. 81
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 104–105
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 129, 136
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 84
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, pp. 81, 130
- ^ Associated Press 1963, pp. 79, 81
- ^ a b United Press International (November 26, 1963). "Kennedy is 6th President to Lie in Capitol Rotunda". The New York Times. p. 7.
- ^ Johnson, Haynes; Witcover, Jules (January 26, 1973). "LBJ Buried in Beloved Texas Hills". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 133
- ^ a b Nash 1984, pp. 153–154
- ^ a b c d The New York Times 2003, p. 521
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 359, 522
- ^ a b c Associated Press 1963, p. 91
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 359, 377
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 131
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 123
- ^ a b c Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 198
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 377
- ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 205
- ^ Pakenham, Michael (November 25, 1963). "President's Body Lies in the Capitol". The Chicago Tribune. p. 1.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 489–491
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- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 139
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 136
- ^ Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 201, 206–207
- ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, pp. 201–202, 205, 210–211, 215
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, pp. 83, 139, 149
- ^ a b The New York Times 2003, pp. 491–492
- ^ "Irish cadets recall drill at Kennedy funeral 50 years on". RTÉ. November 20, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
- ^ a b c d The New York Times 2003, p. 469
- ^ a b Carper, Elsie (November 26, 1963). "Throngs Pay Homage at Bier All Night". The Washington Post. p. A2.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 522
- ^ a b c d Nash 1984, p. 154
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 131
- ^ Albright, Robert C. (November 26, 1963). "Senators Salute Former Colleague". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 100
- ^ a b Mossman & Stark 1971, p. 206
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 139
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 126, 139
- ^ a b United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 114
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 73, 86, 108
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 139–140
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 488–489
- ^ a b c White 1965, pp. 16–17
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- ^ Miller 1980, pp. 335–336
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- ^ Lewis, Alfred E. (November 26, 1963). "Net of Security Blankets Washington". The Washington Post. p. A12.
- ^ a b "Security for de Gaulle Is Tightest in Big Four". The Washington Post. November 26, 1963. p. C13.
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- ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 140
- ^ United Press International (December 6, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy Gives Son A Delayed Birthday Party". The New York Times. p. 18.
- ^ a b c Associated Press 1963, p. 94
- ^ CNA. "Are eulogies allowed at funeral masses?". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
- ^ a b Associated Press 1963, pp. 94, 96
- ^ Spivak, Alvin (November 26, 1963). "Eternal flame burns at Kennedy gravesite". United Press International.
At the mass, the Most Reverend Philip Hannan, auxiliary bishop of Washington, read from the fallen president's inaugural address and from his favorite biblical passages. This was the closest approach to a eulogy in the funeral service.
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, p. 142
- ^ a b United Press International & American Heritage 1964, p. 142
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 466–467
- ^ a b c d Associated Press 1963, p. 96
- ^ Flegenheimer, Matt (March 5, 2012). "Stan Stearns, 76; Captured a Famous Salute". The New York Times. p. B10.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 482–483
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- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 496
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 506
- ^ White 1965, p. 18
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 86, 149
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 149
- ^ Nash 1984, p. 155
- ^ a b NBC News 1966, pp. 107, 109–110, 114–115, 120
- ^ a b Duscha, Julius (November 25, 1963). "Kings, Presidents and Premiers Here". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 414–415
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 140, 157
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 463, 537
- ^ NBC News 1966, p. 87
- ^ United Press International & American Heritage 1964, pp. 140–141
- ^ a b "Head of State Visits". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
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- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 485
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 156, 158
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 534–537
- ^ White 1965, pp. 30, 45
- ^ Marder, Murrey (November 27, 1963). "Many Talks Held With Dignitaries". The Washington Post. p. A1.
- ^ Schwartz, Matthew S. "Why is There Such a Large Ethiopian Population in the Washington Region?". Wamu 88.5 American University Radio. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 3
- ^ a b Adams, Val (November 26, 1963). "Back to Normal for Radio and TV". The New York Times. p. 75.
- ^ NBC News 1966, pp. 122–123
- ISBN 0-671-67758-6.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 460
- ^ a b c d Shepard, Richard F. (November 26, 1963). "Television Pools Camera Coverage". The New York Times. p. 11.
- ^ a b c d Gardella, Kay (November 26, 1963). "Millions of Viewers Join Kennedy Family in Grief". New York Daily News. p. 88.
- ^ Mudd 2008, p. 130
- ^ White 1965, p. 13
- ^ a b "Telstar Carries Rites". The Chicago Tribune. Reuters. November 26, 1963. p. 10.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, p. 541
- ^ a b c Gander, L. Marsland (November 26, 1963). "Funeral Seen in Europe". The Daily Telegraph. p. 19.
- ^ "Requiem Mass Was Explained By Local Priest". The Washington Post. November 27, 1963. p. A26.
- ^ The New York Times 2003, pp. 477–481
Bibliography
- The Torch is Passed. New York. 1963.
{{cite book}}
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mossman, B.C.; Stark, M.W. (1971). The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
- Beschloss, Michael R. (1998). Taking Charge: the Johnson White House Tapes, 1963-1964. New York: Simon Schuster.
- Miller, Merle (1980). Lyndon: An Oral Biography. New York: Putnam.
- Mudd, Roger (2008). The Place to Be: Washington, CBS, and the Glory Days of Television News. New York: PublicAffairs.
- Nash, Knowlton (1984). History on the Run: the Trenchcoat Memoirs of a Foreign Correspondent. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
- NBC News (1966). There Was a President. New York: Random House.
- The New York Times (2003). Semple, Robert B. Jr. (ed.). Four days in November. New York: St. Martin's Press.
- United Press International; American Heritage (1964). Four Days. New York: American Heritage Pub. Co.
- White, Theodore Harold (1965). The Making of the President, 1964. New York: Atheneum.
External links
- Media related to State funeral of John F. Kennedy at Wikimedia Commons