Syunik (historical province)
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Syunik Սիւնիք | |
---|---|
Province of Antiquity, Middle Ages | |
• Established | 189 BC |
• Province of Armenia | 189 BC – 428 AD |
• Disestablished | 428 AD |
Today part of | Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan, Iran |
Syunik (
Name
The name Syunik is ancient and appears in the earliest Armenian written sources.[5] Sisakan, a later name for the province of Iranian origin, first appears in the 6th-century Syriac chronicle of Pseudo-Zacharias; it is first mentioned in Armenian sources in the history of Movses Khorenatsi, who explains this name as deriving from Sisak, the name of one of the descendants of the legendary Armenian progenitor Hayk.[6] Strabo mentions a region of Armenia called Phaunitis, which some scholars read as *Saunitis and connect with Syunik.[5][6] If Phaunitis is not to be identified with Syunik, then the earliest mention of the name in Greek sources is by Eusebius in the 4th century, who refers to it as Saunia.[6] Later, in the 6th century, the Byzantine historian Procopius refers to the inhabitants of the province as Sounitai.[6] In the Ravenna Cosmography (c. 700), Syunik is referred to in Latin as Siania Caucasorum.[6] In Georgian sources, Syunik is typically called Sivnieti,[7] while Arabic sources knew it as Sisajan, borrowed from Persian.[5][6]
The ultimate etymology of the name Syunik is unknown. At first glance, it appears to be the plural of Siwni, the name of the ancient princely dynasty of Syunik (the noble house, like the province, is also alternatively called Sisakan).[5] Historian Armen Petrosyan has suggested that Syunik is related to the name of the Urartian sun god Shivini/Siwini (itself a borrowing from the Hittites), noting the similarity between the names and the high number of sun-related placenames in the region.[8] Robert H. Hewsen writes that Syunik is probably identical with the place name Ṣuluqū mentioned in Urartian cuneiform inscriptions.[6]
Geography
Syunik was a big region in the east of historical Armenia.[9][10][1] In the west and north-west, it bordered on the Ayrarat Province;[11] in the east, the natural border between Syunik and Artsakh passed through the Hakari river (left inflow of the Aras).[11] In the north-west, Syunik shared a border with lands situated in the direct neighborhood of Ganja, and in the south-west, it bordered on Nakhichevan[11] (Vaspurakan Province). The north of Syunik comprised Gegharkunik[12][13] and Sotk which lied on the coast of Lake Sevan.[12] In the south, the territory of Syunik extended to the Aras River.[9][11]
According to Ashkharhatsuyts in the 7th century, Syunik was divided into 12 administrative-territorial regions (gavars):[14]
9. To the east from Ayrarat - between Yeraskh (Araks) and Artsakh - Syrunik has 12 regions: 1. Alijna , 2. Chaguk, 3. Vayots Dzor, 4. Gelakuni with the sea, 5. Sotk, 6. Agaghechk, 7. Tsgak, 8. Gaband, 9. Bagk or Balk, 10. Dzork, 11. Arevvik, 12. Kusakan. The province is known for such endemic plant species as myrtus, gereri (?) and grenade. It also has many mountainous areas.
— Anania Shirakatsi, Ashkharhatsuyts[15]
Ptolemy refers[15] to the Sotk region as Sodukena (from the ancient Greek Σοδουκην) in the following record: "The regions of Armenia at the junction of the rivers Euphrates, Kir ad Aras; here's the essence: Kotarzen – near the Moschian Mountains, above the so-called "heavenly creatures" (?), Tosarensk (?) and Otene – along the river Kir, Koltensk (?) – along the river Aras, and Sodukensk – below it; Sirekan and Sakasensk at the foot of Mounts Sirekan and Sakasensk".[16]
Cantons
- Gegharkunik
- Sotk
- Vayots Dzor
- Chahuk
- Tsghuk
- Yernjak
- Dzork
- Aghahechk
- Haband
- Baghk
- Kovsakan
- Arevik
History
Ancient Period: Kingdom of Armenia
From 189 B.C. onwards, Syunik was part of the Kingdom of
Starting in at least the 3rd century B.C., Syunik was ruled by representatives of the ancient Armenian Siunia dynasty identifying themselves as descendants of Hayk,[20] the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. The story was recounted by Movses Khorenatsi in his 5th-century History of Armenia.
To the east, along the borders of the Armenian language (he appointed) two governors - ten-thousanders - from the noble families of Sisakan and Kadmean (?) ...
— Movses Khorenatsi, History of Armenia
The first known
Syunik was one of the most powerful houses of nakharars in ancient Armenia.[21][22] Ancient records which have survived to the present bear vivid evidence. Thus, according to Zoranamak, a state register regulating the quantity and order of military troops in the ancient states, the province of Syunik displayed its cavalry designed for 9,400 chevaliers[23] in wartime. According to Gahnamak, a register of noble families in the ancient Armenian state, the prince of Syunik ranked the first among the Armenian aristocrats in the royal palace.[24]
In the early 4th century, Syunik was Christianized along with the rest of Armenia.[25][26] The princes of Syunik, together with other Armenian magnates, accompanied Gregory the Illuminator to Caesarea for holy orders.[25][26]
After the
Afterwards, he left for Syunakan, a region bordering on (Goghtn). There he received the God-loving and docile acceptance of Vaghinak, the prince of Syunik. While travelling across the province, he (Mashtots) benefited from his great assistance in the realization of the task set before him.
— Koryun, The Life of Mashtots
There are also available records left by
After the dissolution of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428 A.D, Syunik was integrated into
6th–9th centuries
The princes descending from the Siunia dynasty were among the more influential Armenian kingdoms.[33][34] Movses Khorenatsi localizes the royal family's possessions "at the eastern end, along the borders of the Armenian language".[35] Stephen Syunetsi, a local scholar and a theologian, left records about the Syunik dialect of the Armenian language at the close of the 7th century.
It is also important to know all the regional dialects of one's own language ... of both Ispir and Syunik and Artsakh in addition to classical Armenian (middle and central) ...
— Stephen Syunetsi, Interpretation of Grammar[36]
After the Byzantine-Sasanian peace pact in 591, Syunik, along with several other regions of Armenia, was recognized as part of the Sasanian Dynasty.[37]
With the onset of the Arab invasion in the early 8th century, the Armenian Syunik, along with Eastern Georgia and the territory of the former Sasanian Albania, was integrated into one of the regions of Armaniya, a vicegerency also known as Ostikanate of Arminiya.[38][39]
From 821 onwards, a larger part of Syunik belonged to Vasak Siwni, who ruled the province in the status of a protector. Later the same year, Syunik was invaded by the Arab forces; however, Prince Vasak managed to clear the region of Arabs[40] by seeking aid from Babak Khorramdin, the Khurramites' leader. The subsequent war with the Khurramites (826–827) left the gavars of Balk (south of Syunik) and Gegharkunik (vicinity of Lake Sevan) devastated. After Vasak Siwni's demise, his sons, Philip and Sahak,[41][42] ruled the province. The former became the ruler of Eastern Syunik and Vayots Dzor and the latter the ruler of Western Syunik and the founder of the family of Haykazuns (who reigned over Gegharkunik).[12]
Between 831–832 Syunik was involved in the rebellions against the Arab vicegerent, Hall. In 853 the province was invaded by Bugha al-Kabir,[43] an Arab commander; Princes Vasak Ishkhanik and Ashot were taken captive and sent to Samarra. Before Vasak Ishkanik's return, the sovereign of Gegharkunik was Vasak Gabur. "At that time, Ishkhanats Ishkhan (Prince of Princes) Ashot appointed Vasak Haykazn (also known as Gabur) the Prince of Syunik, giving him a royal honor ...".[44]
In the run-up to the rebellion by the centralized Armenian state, Syunik was one of the three major political units of Armenia (along with the
Bagratid Armenia: Kingdom of Syunik
The Siunia dynasty supported Ashot I upon ascension to the throne, recognizing his reign over Syunik.[30] In 875 B.C.,[clarification needed] Grigor Supan II and Vasak Ishkhanik took part in the assembly of the Armenian intellectuals convened upon the initiative of George II of Armenia (who proposed the Khalif to bring Ashot II to the Armenian throne).[46] Vasak Ishkhanik acknowledged the Vassal dependence[47] on Ashot Bagratuni, the Prince of Princes. In an early X century record, Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi wrote:
However, Vasak, the great prince of Syunik diminutively referred to as Ishkhanik (little prince), obeyed the Prince of Princes, Ashot with an irrevocable discretion, tacit modesty and totally of his own will. He closely heeded his advice in just the same way as he respected the law, keeping it all in his heart.
— Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi, History of Armenia[47]
In 885, Syunik formed part of
In the early 10th century, the sovereigns of Syunik attempted to take possession of Nakichivan, the neighboring gavar. In 904, King
After the death of sovereign Ashot, (ca. 909), Syunik was divided into two princedoms between his sons.
From 970 until 980 the political center of the province extended to the south of the gavar of Balk, with the rights of the sovereign being bestowed upon Prince Smbat (the grandson of Ashot Siwni). The latter, taking advantage of the undermined Armenian statehood, in 978
Sembat's brother, Gagik, was enthroned in the city of Ani the very day he [the king] died in the winter of 989 A.D.
— Stephen Taronetsi, General History[62]
The Kingdom of Syunik reached its peak in the first half of the 11th century under Kings Vasak and
A thick fog broke over the Armenian nation. All the churches of Armenia and Christianity plunged into mourning, Yet, Baghaberd, Geghi, Kakaverd, Shlorut, Karchavavan, Meghri and Krkham remained untouched thanks to the grandsons of Ashot, King Grigor, and Smbat.
— Stephen Orbelian, History of Sisakan Region[72]
In 1126, Kapan and the region of Arevik were devastated by the troops of Amir Kharon. In 1152, the Seljuks invaded the Fortress of Shlorut, and in 1157 the Fortress of Meghri. Between 1166 and 1169,
The Seljuk raids had a crucial impact on the Armenian ethnicity.[70] Before the Seljuk invasion, Syunik had an estimated 1,000 settlements, whereas in the late 13th century, the number was reduced by a third.[75]
Syunik Principality: Armenia in the 13th–15th centuries
From the 12th century onwards, the Armenian intellectual elite, uniting its efforts with the Georgian Kingdom and relying on the Armenian population's support, embarked on the expulsion of the Sekjuks form
... they stood out with a great valor during the battles. They conquered and seized most of the Armenian regions under Persian and Muslim control - gavars located around the Gagarkuni sea, Tashir, Ayrarat, the city of Bjni, Dvin, Anberd, the city of Ani, Kars and Vayots Dzor, the region of Syunik and the fortresses nearby, as well as towns and gavars.
— Kirakos Gandzaketsi, History of Armenia[81]
Two princedoms – the
Smbat's successor, Tarsaich Orbelian (1273–1290) concentrated in his hands the entire province, including Vayots Dzor and Gegharkunik.[95] Under Elikum Orbelian (1290–1300), relative peace dominated Syunik as opposed to the other regions of Armenia.[96] His heir, Prince Burtel (ca. 1300–1344), reigned over the region for more than four decades, bringing his contribution to its cultural development.[96]
In 1403, the Princes Smbat and Burtel were captured and exiled to Samarkand. However, they were liberated soon and re-appointed as the rules of the lands under their control.
In 1410, Qara Yusuf, the Qara Qoyunlu leader, appropriated Smbat Orbelian's possessions,[71] forcing the latter to flee to Georgia with his sons Ivane, Beshken and Shah. In 1417, Ivane and Pashken were re-appointed as rulers of the lands under their control. According to Tovmen Motspatsi, a contemporary historian who served as the main Armenian source of that particular period, the early years of the Qara Qoyunlu rule were relatively peaceful. That quiet period, however, was disrupted by the arrival of Iskander Khan who turned Armenia into a "desert", "devastating and looting" the country.[This quote needs a citation] Nevertheless, Isander Khan also made attempts of reconciliation with the feudals and the clergy. Thus he adopted the title of Shah-i-Armen (King of Armenians), as well as appointed an ethnic Armenian advisor, Rustam, who was Prince Beshken Orbelian's son. Between 1425 and 1430, Rustam was the governor of Ayrarat, with Yerevan being the center of the province. His authority extended to Syunik which was ruled by his father (still holding the title of "prince of princes").[103]
However, in 1435, as Shah Rukh launched his third raid against the Qara Qoyunlu; Syunik was devastated, and Beshken, with 6,000 liegemen, had to flee to Georgia, having received the Armenian region of Lori from Alexander, his father-in-law.[104][101]
... The king, hypocritically offering him honor, handed over the Lori Fortress to him. Pious and theopathetic, he established orders with love and similarly treated the poor with love, offering his appeals and gathering them all. He showed reverence and supplied bread, food and clothing to all [the representatives] of the Armenian nation who turned to him for help. The bloodthirsty and ruthless beast, [King Alexan], out of fear - stemming from vain and false suspicions lest all the Armenians head towards his palace in a crowded march eventually leading up to the devastation of all the regions of Iberia (heard especially from the mouths of evil Ishkhans /princes/), gave him poison through an Armenian's husband...
— Thomas of Metsoph, The History of Lenk Temur And His Successors[105]
Under the next Qara Qoyunlu leader,
16th—18th centuries։ National liberation movements
Due to the Ottoman expansion spanning from the 16th century until the first half of the 18th century, Armenia and the adjacent regions repeatedly became an arena of war between the Ottoman Empire and Iran. The 1555 Peace
Between the 16th and 17th centuries, the Armenian feudal possessions, i.e. the Melikdoms, were preserved in Syunik and the neighboring Nagorno-Karabakh (with their own armed squadrons) despite the Muslim tribes which had settled on the territory of Eastern Armenia.[42][108] The most outstanding among them included those owned by Melik-Shahnazar in Gegharkunik, Melik Haykaz in Kashatagh,[109] and Melik-Safraz in Angeghakot.
In the early 17th century, Persian King Abbas the Great (
... he turned Armenia into an uninhabited [desert]. For upon resettlement, he exiled to Persia [residents] of not just a few but a vast number of Gavars, starting from the borders of Nakhivivan and reaching the Geghama coasts, the gavars of Lori, Hamzachiman and Aparan through Yeghegnadzor ...
— Arakel of Tabriz, Book of Histories[111]
In the period between the 17th and 18th centuries, the south of Syunik –
In 1722, the Armenians of Syunik rebelled against the Persian yoke.
From the 17th to the 18th centuries, the territory of historical Syunik fell within the boundaries of different territorial-administrative units: the coast of Lake Sevan formed part of Chokhur-e Sa'd. In the second half of the 18th century, Vayots-Dzor, Chakhuk, Shahaponk and Alinja were annexed to the Tabriz Khanate to later become part of the Khanate of Nakhichivan. Arevik, Tghuk, Aghaechk and Aband were incorporated into the wilayah of Karabakh, with Dzork, Bal and Arevik forming part of Tabriz. From the mid-18th century onwards, the coast of Sevan was within the boundaries of the Erivan Khanate and southern Syunik within the boundaries of the Karabakh Khanate.
19th and early 20th centuries
Under the 1805
After the October Revolution
In September 1919, Garegin Nzhdeh and Poghos Ter-Davtyan were appointed respectively as the defense chiefs of southern and northern Zangezur (Kapan and Sisian). In November, the Armenian troops managed to halt the Azerbaijanis' attack and launched a subsequent counterattack. On August 10, 1920, an agreement proposing the Red Army's control over the disputed regions (including Zangezur) was concluded between the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and the Republic of Armenia. Nzhdeh and Ter-Davtyan did not recognize the accord and organized a partisan battle against the Red Army and the Turkish defense units allying with the latter (Ter-Davtyan died shortly afterwards, with Nzhdeh alone concentrating in his hands the military command in Zangezur). In early October, a mass rebellion broke out in Zangezur, leading to the region's full liberation by late November. A congress held in the Tatev Monastery on December 25, 1920, proclaimed the "Autonomous Republic of Syunik", with Nzhdeh being its de facto leader and accepting the ancient title of sparapet (military leader). As a result, Nzhdeh extended his authority also to a part of Nagorno-Karabakh, uniting with the rebels there. On April 27, 1921, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia was proclaimed, with Nzdeh holding different government posts, including that of the prime minister, defense minister and minister of foreign affairs. On July 1, Mountainous Armenia was renamed the Republic of Armenia as the successor of the First Republic. Simon Vratsian, formerly the prime minister of the short-lived independent state, was declared its prime minister.
The Red Army troops soon went on the offensive, and on July 9, Nzhdeh, obtaining the guarantees of Soviet Armenia's leadership (regarding the maintenance of Syunik as part of Armenia), headed to Iran with the remaining rebels.[122]
Soviet and post-Soviet eras
After the fall of the rebellious state of Zagezur, Syunik was incorporated into the
After the re-establishment of Armenia's independence in 1991, the marzes (provinces) were formed in the Armenian part of the historical province: Syunik, Vayots-Dzor and Gegharkunik. In the period of the Nagorno-Karabakh war, Syunik was in the zone of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict. The region presently stands out especially with its developing tourism; particularly, in 2010, Wings of Tatev, the world's longest cableway so far, was launched in Syunik. Also Jermuk, a popular mountain spa town, is situated here. The Iran-Armenia gas pipeline, a strategic underground communication channel, runs across the province.
Cultural life
Syunik was one of the cultural centers of Medieval Armenia.
the boundaries of the parishional regions subject to him were as follows: Syunik, Baghk, Arevik, Ordvat, Argulik, Vanand, Alinja, Nakhichivan, Jugha (up to the boundaries of the river Yeraskh, Chakhuk, Vayots-Dzor, Gegharkunik ... the entire territory of Porakn which provoked many disagreements yet received the Armenian catholicoses' acceptance, albeit highly indignant. Also the borders with Aluank are determined: Rambadzor, Zar and Agaech (?) through which the Hakari river runs, stretching to Karavazin ....
— Stephen Orbelian, History of Sisakan region[127]
In 895 a higher education institution under the
Numerous Armenian manuscripts, including "The Testament of Gladzor", are known as prominent samples of national script art originated in Syunik.[131] The school of fine arts (Syunik school)[133] representing monuments of architecture and stone ornamentations, developed in the Vayots Dzor between the 13th and 14th centuries, also becoming famed for its illuminated manuscripts.[134] Syunik was a major center of creative art in early 14th-century Armenia.[135] One of the most ancient illuminated manuscripts, the Gospel Book dating from 989, was written in the Monastery of Noravank.[136]
Among the best known architectural monuments are Tatev (895–906), Noravank (13th–14th centuries), Vahanavank (911), Makenis (10th century), Bgheno-Noravank (11th century), Sisavan (7th century), Vorotnavank (9th–11th centuries), and Zorats (14th century). In the late 13th century, Stephen Orbelian compiled a long list of the monasteries in that part of Armenia.[130]
Gallery
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Tsitsernavank Monastery, 4th–6th centuries
-
Vorotnavank, 9th–11th centuries
-
Areni Church, 1321
-
Tanahat Monastery, 1273–1279
-
Sevanavank, 874
-
Gndevank, 930
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Bgheno-Noravank, 1062
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Spitakavor Monastery, 1320–1330
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Vahanavank, 10th–11th centuries
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13th-century Armenian manuscript
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Khachkar of master Momik, 1306
-
Tatevi Anapat, 17th–18th centuries
See also
References
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- ^ Степаненко, В. (1978). "Из истории армяно-византийских отношений второй половины X—XI в. (к атрибуции монет Кюрикэ куропалата)" (PDF). Античная древность и средние века (15): 45.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Новосельцев, А. (1972). Пути развития феодализма. М.: Наука. p. 47.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bournoutian, G. "Armenia and Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 269.
- ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1966). Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge. p. 624.
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- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 8.
- ^ a b Chahin, M. (2001). The kingdom of Armenia: a history. p. 236.
- ^ Орбелян, Степанос (1986). История области Сисакан. Ер. p. 316.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Гандзакеци, Киракос (1976). История Армении. М.: Наука. p. 118.
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- ^ Гандзакеци, Киракос (1976). История Армении. М.: Наука. p. 139.
- ^ Гандзакеци, Киракос (1976). История Армении. М.: Наука. pp. 139–140.
- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 9.
- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 8, 15.
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- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 12.
- ^ a b c Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 13.
- ^ a b Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 267.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 270.
- ^ Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI - начале XIX вв. Л. p. 118.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Мецопский, Фома (1957). История Тимур-Ланка и его преемников. Б.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI - начале XIX вв. Л. p. 35.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ История Востока. М.: "Восточная литература" РАН. 1997.
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- ^ Мецопский, Фома (1957). История Тимур-Ланка и его преемников. Б.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6.
- ^ Папазян, А. (1968). Персидские документы Матенадарана. Купчие. Ер.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 86.
- ^ Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI - начале XIX вв. Л. p. 59.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Шнирельман, В. (2003). Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье. М.: Академкнига. p. 199.
- ^ a b Даврижеци, Аракел (1973). Книга историй. М. p. 71.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Зангезур // Большой энциклопедический словарь. 2012. p. 467.
- ^ Cowe, Peter. "Ejmiatsin". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ Ори Исраэл // Большая советская энциклопедия.
- ^ The Cambridge history of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge University Press. 1991. p. 314.
- ^ a b c d e Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI - начале XIX вв. Л. p. 170.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 88.
- ^ a b Walker, Christopher (2005). Visions of Ararat: writings on Armenia. I.B.Tauris. p. 24.
- ^ Петрушевский, И. П. (1949). Очерки по истории феодальных отношений в Азербайджане и Армении в XVI - начале XIX вв. Л. p. 28.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 89.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard (1997). The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 96.
- ^ "Нжде (Тер-Арутюнян Гарегин) (1888-1955гг.)".
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Шнирельман, В. (2003). Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье. М.: Академкнига. p. 242.
- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 19.
- ^ Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge. 2000. p. 108.
- ^ Джагацпанян, Е. (2003). Вардапет // Православная энциклопедия. М. p. 572.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Орбелян, Степанос (1986). История области Сисакан. Ер. p. 263.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Armenian literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ^ Mathews, Thomas (1991). Armenian gospel iconography: the tradition of the Glajor Gospel. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 14.
- ^ ISBN 9781136787164.
- ^ ISBN 9780470766392.
- ^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1966). Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge. p. 616.
- ^ Измайлова, Т. (1978). "Сюникская школа армянской миниатюры второй половины XIII—начала XIV вв". Историко-филологический журнал (2): 182–190.
- ^ Казарян, А. (2003). Вайоц-Дзор // Православная энциклопедия. М. pp. 498–499.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Mathews, Thomas (1994). Treasures in Heaven: Armenian Illuminated Manuscripts. Pierpont Morgan Library. p. 91.
- ^ Лазарев, В. (1986). Искусство Армении // История византийской живописи. М.: Искусство. p. 83.