Transition metal arene complex

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Structure of Cr(η6-C6H6)2

Metal arene complexes are

heterocycles (e.g. thiophene) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (e.g. naphthalene).[1]

Synthesis

Structure of (C6H6)Ti(Cl2AlCl2)2, illustrative intermediate in Fischer-Hafner syntheses[2]

Fischer–Hafner synthesis

Also known as reductive Friedel–Crafts reaction, the Fischer–Hafner synthesis entails treatment of metal chlorides with arenes in the presence of

E. O. Fischer.[3] The method has been extended to other metals, e.g. [Ru(C6Me6)2]2+. In this reaction, the AlCl3 serves to remove chloride from the metal precursor, and the Al metal functions as the reductant.[1]
The Fischer-Hafner synthesis is limited to arenes lacking sensitive functional groups.

Structure of Mo(η6-C6H3Me3)(CO)3.

Direct synthesis

By metal vapor synthesis, metal atoms co-condensed with arenes react to give complexes of the type M(arene)2. Cr(C6H6)2 can be produced by this method.[1]

Cr(CO)6 reacts directly with benzene and other arenes to give the

piano stool complexes Cr(C6R6)(CO)3.[4] The carbonyls of Mo and W behave comparably. The method works particularly well with electron-rich arenes (e.g., anisole, mesitylene
). The reaction has been extended to the synthesis of [Mn(C6R6)(CO)3]+:

BrMn(CO)5 + Ag+ + C6R6 → [Mn(C6R6)(CO)3]+ + AgBr + 2 CO

From hexadienes

Few Ru(II) and Os(II) complexes react directly with arenes. Instead, arene complexes of these metals are typically prepared by treatment of M(III) precursors with

ruthenium trichloride gives (benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer
. The conversion entails dehydrogenation of an intermediate diene complex.

Alkyne trimerization

Metal complexes are known to catalyze

alkyne trimerization to give arenes. These reactions have been used to prepare arene complexes. Illustrative is the reaction of [Co(mesitylene)2]+ with 2-butyne to give [Co(C6Me6)2]+.[1]

Structure

In most of its complexes, arenes bind in an η6 mode, with six nearly equidistant M-C bonds. The C-C-C angles are unperturbed vs the parent arene, but the C-C bonds are elongated by 0.2 Å. In the fullerene complex Ru3(CO)9(C60), the fullerene binds to the triangular face of the cluster.[5]

Hapticity change for bis(hexamethylbenzene)ruthenium

η4- and η2-Arene complexes

In some complexes, the arene binds through only two or four carbons, η2 and η4 bonding, respectively. In these cases, the arene is no longer planar. Because the arene is dearomatized, the uncoordinated carbon centers display enhanced reactivity. A well studied example is [Ru(η6-C6Me6)(η4-C6Me6)]0, formed by the reduction of [Ru(η6-C6Me6)2]2+. An example of an [Os(η2-C6H6)(NH3)5)]2+.[6]

Reactivity

When bound in the η6 manner, arenes often function as unreactive

homogeneous catalysts used for transfer hydrogenation
, such as (η6-C6R6)Ru(TsDPEN). In cationic arene complexes or those supported by several CO ligands, the arene is susceptible to attack by nucleophiles to give cyclohexadienyl derivatives.

Particularly from the perspective of organic synthesis, the decomplexation of arenes is of interest. Decomplexation can often be induced by treatment with excess of ligand (MeCN, CO, etc).[4]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.05.014
    .
  2. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)87093-X
    .
  3. doi:10.1021/om020362a
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-3-540-01604-5
    .
  5. doi:10.1021/ja962077m
    .
  6. PMID 29064228
    .
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