Tulu Nadu

Coordinates: 13°00′N 75°24′E / 13.00°N 75.40°E / 13.00; 75.40
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tulu Nadu
Region
Districts
Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Kasaragod
Largest CityMangalore
No. of districts & Talukas3 District and 18 Taluks
Area
[1][2]
 • Total10,432 km2 (4,028 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Total4,574,385
 • Density356.1/km2 (922/sq mi)
Demonyms
Languages
 • Lingua Franca
UTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code0824, 0825
ISO 3166 codeISO 3166-2:IN
Vehicle registrationKA19, KA20, KA21, KA62, KA70, KL14.

Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a region and a

Dravidian language, are the preponderant ethnic group of this region.[6] South Canara, an erstwhile district and a historical area, encompassing the undivided territory of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka State and Kasaragod district of Kerala state forms the cultural area of the Tuluver.[7]

Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavalli River (Uttara Kannada district) in the north and the Chandragiri River (Kasaragod district) in the south.[8] Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka state and Kasaragod district of Kerala state.[9] This region is not an official administrative entity.[10][11]

Mangalore, the fourth largest (in terms of area and population)[12] and a major city of Karnataka is the largest city of Tulu Nadu.[13] Udupi and Kasaragod are the other major cities of this region.[14]

Moreover, the term "Tulunad" is cited as "Tuḷu Nāṭṭu" in the "Akananuru", which is a classical Tamil poetic work and part of the "Eight Anthologies" (Ettuthokai), a collection of Sangam literature composed around more than 2000 years ago.[15] [16]

Etymology

According to Keralolpathi, the name Tuluva comes from that of one of the Cheraman Perumal kings of Kerala, who fixed his residence in the northern portion of his dominions just before its separation from Kerala, and who was called Tulubhan Perumal.[17]

Mythology

According to mythology, the district was reclaimed by

Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.[20]

History

Royal emblem of the Alupas, the ruling dynasty of the region from the 2nd century to the 15th century CE
Extent of the Alupa kingdom
A regional map of Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. Tulu Nadu also includes Kasaragod district of Kerala state.

Ancient period

According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE),[21][22][23] Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam.[24] Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil was spoken.[17] It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom.[17] No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from Sangam literature, have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.[17]

Alupa dynasty

Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.[27][28]

During the rule of

Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty), near Payyanur, in Kerala State.[29]

Notable among them were

Chowtas of Ullal and Moodabidri (c. 1160 – c. 1801 CE), Ajilas of Venur (c. 1418–1800), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of Mulki (c. 1411–1700), the Bhairarasa Odeyas of Karkala (c. 1240–1650), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c. 1139–1800), the Bangas of Bangadi (c. 1410–1800), the Rajas of Kumbla (c. 12th century – 1800) and the Rajas of Vitla
(c. 1436–1800).

The region became extremely prosperous during the Vijayanagara period with

Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa.[citation needed
]

Under

North Canara and South Canara respectively.[citation needed
]

As per Hindu mythology, Parashurama commanded Lord Varuna to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.[31][32]

When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of

official language status for Tulu and a separate state named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organisations like the Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand.[33][34]

Demographics

South Canara in 1909
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 918,362—    
1881 959,514+4.5%
1891 1,056,081+10.1%
1901 1,134,713+7.4%
1941 1,522,016+34.1%
1951 1,748,991+14.9%
Sources: Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 14,[35] and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara[36]

Religion in South Canara (1951)[36]

  Hinduism (76.58%)
  Islam (14.31%)
  Christianity (8.85%)
  Other (0.26%)

Language in South Canara (1951)[36]

  Tulu (39.94%)
  Malayalam (24.19%)
  Kannada (17.20%)
  Konkani (13.59%)
  Other (5.08%)
Temple stambha, South Canara

South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.[36] The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent each of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks Konkani as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).[citation needed]

The 1908

Brahmins are most numerous.[35]

The majority of the people were Billavas and Bunts. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with Tanjore and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.[35]

The original

Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (Koragas).[37]

Language

Main article: Tulu language
Tulu script has been used for Tulu since at least the 10th century.[38]

The most widely spoken Language is

Beary.[41]

The

Tulu script, originating from the Grantha script, and bears high similarity to the Malayalam script. It was used by Tuluvas for centuries before it was eventually replaced by the Kannada script. Most Sanskrit works and Tulu classics are present in this script, with a few in other scripts. This script was used by Brahmins.[42][unreliable source?
]

Geography and climate

A Yakshagana artist portraying a rakshasa (demon)
A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using Mangalore tiles

Tulu Nadu lies along the

Chandragiri river forming a historical southern border. Tulu Nadu spans an area of 8,441 km2 (3,259 sq mi), roughly 4.4 per cent of the total geographical area of present-day Karnataka and Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala.[citation needed
]

Tulu Nadu also experiences heavy rainfalls during Monsoon season. The coastal area of Tulu Nadu is very rich concerning rainforests and backwaters. The region has a tropical climate; with hot and humid summers, hot winter days, and heavy monsoon. Summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24–33 °C (75–91 °F).[citation needed] with monsoon having cooler weather.[citation needed]

Monsoon starts in the beginning of June, heaviest rainfall during

marnemi festivals in October–November. Winter lasts from December to early February. Summer from mid-February till May. With occasional tropical rain during April and may.[citation needed
]

Culture

Cultural flag of Tulunadu region in India
Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala
Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri
Dvaita or Dualism[44]

The

Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in Kerala.[49][50] Korikatta (cockfight) is another favourite sport for the people. Nagaradhane (Snake worship) is practised in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha to go underground and guard the species on the top.[citation needed
]

Udupi cuisine is popular across South India, mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Apart from Southern India, there are famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi too.[citation needed]

Economy

Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice,

Mangalore tile industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking".[51] Five major banks of India (Syndicate Bank, Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank and Karnataka Bank
) have their origins here.

Bank Founded Place Founded by Ref.
Canara Bank 1906; 118 years ago (1906) Mangalore Ammembal Subba Rao Pai [52][non-primary source needed]
Karnataka Bank 1924; 100 years ago (1924) Mangalore - [53][non-primary source needed]
Vijaya Bank 1931; 93 years ago (1931) Mangalore A. B. Shetty [54][non-primary source needed]
Syndicate Bank 1925; 99 years ago (1925) Manipal T. M. A. Pai, Upendra Pai and Vaman Kudva [55][non-primary source needed]
Corporation Bank 1906; 118 years ago (1906) Udupi Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur [56][non-primary source needed]

In the early part of the 21st century the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the

MRPL) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. This region contributes the second highest revenue to Karnataka state after the city of Bangalore. This region has an international airport at Mangalore which is well connected to the rest of India and middle eastern countries. New Mangalore Port (NMPT) is one of the major port of India located at Panambur, Mangalore.[57]

Education

Tulu Nadu is one of the most prominent educational hub on the western coast of India.[

countries abroad study in these institutions.[citation needed] Mangalore and Manipal are the major cities that accommodate these students. National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK, Surathkal, owned by Central Government) is ranked as one of the best engineering college in Karnataka and is one among the top ten engineering colleges of India. Kasturba Medical College was ranked 9th[58] and 21st among the medical colleges of India in the NIRF 2020 Rankings.[59]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tourism in DK District". National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  2. ^ "Tour to Udupi". Tourism of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  3. ^ "Census GIS India". Census of India. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  4. ^ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  5. ^ Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology) (1980). Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25. Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum. p. 41.
  6. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7
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  7. ISBN 9788170995869
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  8. ^ Bhatt, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press. p. 2.
  9. ^ "Tuluvere Paksha seeks separate statehood for Tulu Nadu, language". Deccan Herald. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  10. ^ Unnithan, Rajmohan (7 January 2020). "A case for including Tulu in the Eighth Schedule". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  11. ^ B, Sreekantswamy (21 July 2017). "With separate 'flag,' Tulu activists up demand for statehood". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  12. ^ "About Mangalore" (PDF). Mangaluru Online. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  13. ^ Sheth, Anisha (6 November 2014). "This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular". The News Minute. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  14. ^ Malli, Karthik (28 February 2019). "Mapping Tulu: A rich oral tradition with deep roots in Karnataka". The News Minute. Retrieved 15 January 2020. Tulu is a southern Dravidian language that's spoken by 1.85 million people in Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kerala's Kasargod district.
  15. ^ Kesikan, Puliyur (2010). அகநானூறு மூலமும் உரையும் I (in Tswana) (1st ed.). Gowra Book Fair. pp. 43–44.
  16. ^ "Reference Of Tulunadu". Tulupedia. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
  18. ^ S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (2006) "Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 14.", p. 18
  19. ^ Aiya VN (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press. pp. 210–12. Retrieved 12 November 2007.
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  27. ^ "Alupa dynasty". Shastriya kannada.
  28. ^ "Alupa dynasty Inscription". Civilsdaily. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  29. ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
  30. ISBN 8170228484
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  31. ^ "Tulu Nadu: The Land and its People by Dr. Neria H. Hebbar". Boloji. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  32. ^ "Brahmins of Tulu Nadu – Madhwa Samajam Kollam". Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  33. ^ "News headlines". DHNS. 21 October 2006. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  34. ^ "Tulu organisations to meet soon". The Hindu. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  35. ^
    Clarendon Press
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  36. ^ a b c d Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. p. 147.
  37. JSTOR 1177555
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  51. ^ "BANKING IN KARNATAKA STATE" (PDF).
  52. ^ "Canara Bank :: About Us :: Profile". canarabank.com. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
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Further reading

External links

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