Tupi–Guarani languages

Proto-Tupi–Guarani
Proto-Tupi–Guarani
Reconstruction of	Tupi–Guarani languages
Reconstructed; ancestors	Proto-Tupian Proto-Maweti-Guarani ;

Tupi–Guarani
Tupi–Guarani
Geographic; distribution	Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Linguistic classification	Tupian Tupi–Guarani;
Subdivisions	Guarani; Guarayu; Tupi; Teneteharan; Kawahib; Kamayurá; Xingu; Northern;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	tupi1276
	Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range c. 1500 (pink-grey)

Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];pronunciation

Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay

.

The words

ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.^{[citation needed}

]

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

Tupí–Guaraní
Guaraní
(Group I)

Pauserna**, Sirionó
(dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)

Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin
**

Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára

Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In

Kamayurá (Group VII)

Ararandewara

Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.
**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)
Karipuna language (Amapá)
may be spurious.
Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):^[1]

Group PTG final consonants PTG *tʃ PTG *pw PTG *pj PTG *j

1 lost *tʃ > tʃ, ts, s; *ts > h, zero *pw > kw, k *pj > tʃ, ʃ

2 lost *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw > kw, k *pj preserved

3 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as ts, s *pw preserved *pj preserved

4 preserved (with some modifications) *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw *pj > tʃ, ts *j > tʃ, ts, s, z

5 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > ɸ *pj > s *j > dʒ

6 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h *pw > kw (Parintintín, Apiaká);
*pw > ɣw, ɣ (Tupí-Kawahíb) *pj preserved *j preserved

7 preserved *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > hw, h *pj > ts *j preserved

8 partially lost *tʃ, *ts merged as h, zero *pw > kw *pj > s *j preserved

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.

Tupí-Guaraní
Kamaiurá (600 speakers)

Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
Northern
Guajá (280 speakers)

Ka'ápor
(800 speakers)

Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)

Central

Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)

Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)

Parakanã
(700-1,500 speakers)

Tapirapé (560 speakers)

Peripheral
Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)

Kayabí, Parintintin
(Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)

Diasporic
Tembé
(13,000 speakers)

Tupi
Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)

Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)

Southern
Yuki
(500 speakers)

Pauserna
† (Guarayu 5,900 speakers)

Guaranian
Aché (910 speakers)

Mbyá

Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers)

Xetá †, Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)

Chiriguano
(Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)

O'Hagan et al. (2014,^[2]^[3] 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Jolkesky (2016)

See also: Tupian languages § Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):^[4]
(† = extinct)

Tupí-Guaraní
Kamayura: Kamayura

Kaapor-Ava
Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro

Urubu-Kaapor

Akwawa-Arawete
Akwawa-Tapirape
Akwawa:
Parakanã; Surui
(Tupi-Guarani)

Tapirape: Tapirape

Arawete-Asurini
Arawete: Arawete

Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu

Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
Turiwara
†
Kawahib-Kayabi

Apiaka: Apiaka

Juma: Juma

Kayabi: Kayabi

Kawahib: Wirafed

Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
Pauserna

Siriono:
Jora †; Yuki

Guarani
Ache: Ache

Guarani: Chiripa

Central: Guarani Paraguaio

Western: Tapiete

Eastern: Sheta

Tupinamba-Kokama
Kokama-Omagua:
Kokamilla; Omagua

Tupi: Tupi Austral
†

Tupinamba: Tupinamba
†

Wayampi: Zo'e

Ferraz and Reichert (2021)

The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).[5]^[6]

Tupí-Guaraní
Guajá–Tenetehara
Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara

Guaraní
Warazu

Xetá

Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano

Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá

Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki

Tupi
Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)

Northern
Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté

Avá–Wayampí?
Avá-Canoeiro

Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí

Central
Asurini Xingu

Akwawa–Tapirapé
Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini

Kawahib
Kayabi

Parintintin, Tenharim

Amondava, Urueuwauwau

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.^[7]

Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)

Tupi (Abañeénga) dialects

Tamoyo – once spoken from the Cabo de São Tomé to Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)

Ararape – once spoken on the
Paraíba do Sul River
in the state of Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)

Temimino – once spoken on the coast of the state of Espirito Santo. (Unattested.)

Tupiniquin / Margaya – once spoken on the coast from Espirito Santo as far as Camamu, state of Bahia.

Tupinamba – formerly spoken on the coast from Camamu as far as the mouth of the São Francisco River, later on the coast in the state of Maranhão.

Tupina – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia. (Unattested.)

Caeté / Caité – once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the São Francisco River to the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte River. (Unattested.)

Amoipira / Anaupira – once spoken in the interior of the state of Bahia, from Cabrobó to the mouth of the Grande River. (Unattested.)

Abaete – once spoken in Bahia on the Abaeté River. (Unattested.)

Maromomi – dialect spoken at the old mission of São Barnabé, Rio de Janeiro. (Unattested.)

Potiguara / Petigare – dialect once spoken on the coast from the mouth of the
Parnaiba River, now spoken by a few families in the Baía da Traição
, state of Paraíba.

Viatan – once spoken in the interior of the states of Pernambuco, but the exact location not recorded. (Unattested.)

Tobajara / Miarigois – once spoken in the interior of the state of Ceará on the Camocim River. (Unattested.)

Cahicahi / Caicaze / Caicai – once spoken on the lower course of the
Itapecurú River
, state of Maranhão. (Unattested.)

Jaguaribára – once spoken at the mouth of the Jaguaribare River, state of Ceará. (Unattested.)

Tupinambarana – once spoken on the island of the same name on the Amazon River. (Unattested.)

Nhengahiba / Ingahiva – once spoken in the southern part of
Marajó Island
, Pará. (Unattested.)

Nheéngatu / Niangatú / Lingua Geral – a language spoken by the mixed population on both banks of the Amazon River and in the past century used in intertribal and commercial relations.

Guarani (Karani, Abañéem) dialects

Chandri / Yarri – once spoken on the Martín García Island and in the Martín Chico region, Argentina, and on the coast near San Lázaro, Paraguay. (Unattested.)

Topare – once spoken near San Gabriel, Uruguay. (Unattested.)

Cariú / Carijó – once spoken in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from
Antonina, state of Paraná and in the Serra do Mar
.

Arachane / Arechane – once spoken around the Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul. (Unattested.)

Itatin – originally spoken south of the Apa River, Paraguay, now by a few families on the Brilhante River, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. (Unattested.)

Bituruna – once spoken on the
Peixe River, and Chopim River
in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (Unattested.)

Tape – extinct dialect from the Serra Geral, state of Rio Grande do Sul (Unattested.)

Apapocúva – originally spoken on the Dourados River and Amambaí River, state of Mato Grosso, later on the Itaparé River, state of São Paulo, now extinct.

Tañyguá – originally spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso, later on the Aguapeí River, state of São Paulo, now extinct. (Unattested.)

Oguaíva – originally spoken in Mato Grosso, later on the Paranapanema River, state of São Paulo. (Unattested.)

Kainguá / Painguá / Montese – language affined to Guaraní, spoken on the Jejuy River, Paraguay, and on the Aracaí River and Igatimí River, state of Paraná. Dialects are:
Baticola – once spoken in the Serra Amambaí, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Paiguasú – spoken on the Curupaiña River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Avahuguai – spoken on the Dourados River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Yvytyiguá – spoken in the Serra do Diabo, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Apiteré – spoken between the São Joaquim River and Amambaí River, Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Tembecua – spoken by the neighbors of the Ivitiigúa (Yvytyigua) tribe.

Chiripá – spoken on the Acaray River, Paraguay; and at the mouth of the Iguasú River, Argentina.

Mbyhá / Jeguaká Tenondé / Bwihá / Caiua / Cahygua – spoken on the Monday River, Paraguay.

Canoiero / Aba / Tiäbezä – spoken on both banks of the
Peixe River
, state of Goiás.

Guaranized languages

Shetá / Aré / Yvaparé – once spoken in the interior of the state of Paraná on the Ivaí River, now extinct.

Serra dos Dourados (tribe with unknown name) – in the Serra dos Dourados, state of Paraná.

Guayaquí / Acé – spoken by a tribe in the Cordillera de
Villa Rica, Paraguay
.

Notobotocudo / Pihtadyouai – language of an extinct tribe that lived at the sources of the
Uruguai River and Iguasú River
, state of Santa Catarina.

Kamayurá group

Kamayurá / Camayura – spoken by a small tribe on the Ferro River in the Xingú basin, state of Mato Grosso.

Awití / Auetö / Aweti – spoken in the same region on the Culiseú River, Mato Grosso.

Arawiné – little known language from the
7 de setembro River
, state of Mato Grosso.

Tapirapé group

Tapirapé – spoken on the Tapirapé River and Naja River, Mato Grosso.

Ampaneá – extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Tapirapé River, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Northern group

Tenetehara – language with two dialects:
Guajajára – originally spoken at the sources of the
Itapecurú River and Mearim River, now on the Grajaú River and Pindaré River
, state of Maranhão.

Tembé – originally spoken on the upper course of the Pindaré River, now on the Capiro River and Acará Pequeno River, state of Maranhão.

Guajá / Guaxara / Wazaizara / Ayaya – spoken between the Capim River and the lower course of the Gurupí River, Maranhão.

Manajé / Ararandeuára – spoken at the sources of the
Ararandéua River
, state of Maranhão.

Manoxo / Amanaye – extinct language once spoken on the lower course of the Mearim River near São Bento, Maranhão. (Unattested.)

Turiwára / Turiguara – spoken originally on the Turi River, now on the Acará Grande River.

Kaapor / Urubú / Gavião – spoken by the tribe of beautiful feather workers who lived on the
Guama River, and Turiassú River
, Maranhão.

Pocheti – once spoken on the Araguaia River and Mojú River. (Unattested.)

Pará group

Camboca – extinct language once spoken between the mouths of the Tocantins River and Jacundá River. (Unattested.)

Apehou – once spoken at the mouth of the
Xingú River
. (Unattested.)

Aratú – once spoken at the mouth of the
Curuá River
. (Unattested.)

Mapua – once spoken on
Marajó Island on the Mapuá River
. (Unattested.)

Anajá – once spoken on
Marajó Island on the Anajás River
. (Unattested.)

Camarapim – once spoken at the mouth of the Pacajá River. (Unattested.)

Uanapú – once spoken on the
Anapú River
. (Unattested.)

Coaní – once spoken at the mouth of the
Xingú River
. (Unattested.)

Mamayaná – once spoken to the south of the mouth of the
Anapú River
. (Unattested.)

Pacajá – once spoken between the
Anapú River
.

Jacunda – once spoken on the Jacundá River. (Villa Real 1848, p. 432, only two words.)

Parakanã – spoken between the Tocantins River and Pacajá River by an almost unknown tribe.

Anambé – once spoken on the left bank of the Tocantins River near Rebojo de Guariba, now extinct.

Caranbú – spoken by the unknown neighbors of the Anambé tribe. (Unattested.)

Tapirauha / Cupelobo / Kupẽ-rob / Jandiaí – spoken by only a few individuals on the Igarapé do Bacurí and west of the Cachoeira de Itaboca.

Anta – once spoken by the neighbors of the Tapirauha tribe. (Unattested.)

Tacayuna – once spoken on the Tacaiuna River. (Unattested.)

Asurini – spoken by the totally unknown tribe that lived between the upper course of the
Xingú River, and the Freso River and Pacajá River
. (Unattested.)

Mudzyetíre – a Cayapó name for an unknown Tupi tribe that lived on the Igarapé Sororosinho. (Unattested.)

Tacuñapé / Eidum / Péua – extinct language once spoken on the Iriri River and Novo River. (only a few words.)

Tacumandícai / Caras Pretas – language of a very little known tribe that lived on the lower course of the
Xingú River
.

Jauari – extinct language once spoken on the
Vermelho River and Araguaia River
. (Unattested.)

Zapucaya – once spoken between the Amazon and Paraná do Urariá Rivers. (Unattested.)

Tapajó – once spoken at the mouth of the
Tapajós River
(cf. Amazonas group). (Unattested.)

Auacachi – once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)

Papateruana – once spoken in a part of
Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River
. (Unattested.)

Guiana group

Oyampi / Wayapí / Guayapi – originally spoken on the lower course of the
Maroni River
.

Tamacom – extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the
Jarí River and at the sources of the Maracá River
, Pará. (Unattested.)

Cusari / Coussani – once spoken on the upper course of the Araguarí River, territory of Amapá. (Unattested.)

Paikipiranga / Parixi – spoken at the sources of the Maracá River, Pará.

Calayua – once spoken at the sources of the Inipucú River, Pará. (Unattested.)

Apama – spoken by a few individuals on the Maecurú River, Pará. (Unattested.)

Emerillon / Teko / Emereñon / Marêyo – spoken by only a few families on the
Inini River, Coureni River, and Araoua River
, French Guiana.

Caripuna / Calipurn – language spoken on the Curipi River, Pará, by the mixed population of diverse origin. (Unattested.)

Southern group

Apiacá – originally spoken between the
Tapajós River
, Mato Grosso.

Tapañuna – language of a very little known tribe that lived between the
Peixe River
, state of Mato Grosso. (Unattested.)

Timaóna – language of an unknown tribe from the
Peixe River
. (Unattested.)

Raipé-Sisi / Aipé-Chichi – once spoken between the Arinos River and São Manoel River. (Unattested.)

Makirí – spoken at the mouth of the São Manoel River.

Pariuaia – spoken at the sources of the Barati River. (Unattested.)

Kayabí / Parua – spoken on the lower course of the
Verde River and on the Paranatina River
.

Kawahyb / Cabahyba / Kawahíwa – originally spoken in the tropical forests west of the upper course of the
Marmelos River
, Pará.

Dialects:

Parintintin / Nakazetí / Itoehebe – spoken between the Madeira River and Maiçí River, Pará.

Wiraféd / Tupi do rio Machado – spoken on the
Machado River
.

Pauaté – once spoken at the sources of the Zinho River. (Unattested.)

Paranawát – spoken at the mouth of the
Muqui River
. (Unattested.)

Mialat – spoken on the middle course of the
Machado River
. (Unattested.)

Takwatíp / Tacuatepe – spoken at the confluence of the Ji-Paraná River and Pimenta Bueno River.

Tukumaféd – spoken on the middle course of the
Machado River
. (Unattested.)

Ipoteuate – spoken on the Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.)

Apairandé – spoken between the Ji-Paraná River and Maiçí River. (Unattested.)

Jabotiféd – spoken on a tributary of the
Machado River
, east of the Ipoteuate tribe. (Unattested.)

Dawahib / Bocas Pretas – spoken on the Anarí River, Rondônia.

Jaguarúb – spoken south of the Paranawát tribe. (Unattested.)

Hamno – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb. (Unattested.)

Sanenäre – spoken in the same region as Jaguarúb, but exact location uncertain. (Unattested.)

Majubim – spoken at the confluence of the Pimenta Bueno River and Ji-Paraná River. (Unattested.)

Catuquinarú – language of a Tupinized Katukina tribe, spoken on the Embira River, Amazonas.

Amazonas group

Omagua / Campeua / Carari – originally spoken along the Amazon River between the mouth of the Juruá River and the mouth of the Napo River, now in only a few villages.

Yurimagua / Yoriman – once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Jutaí River to the mouth, of the Purus River, now spoken by only a few of the mixed population in the city of Yurimaguas, Peru. (Unattested.)

Aizuare – once spoken from the mouth of the
Japura River
. (Unattested.)

Ibanoma / Bonama – spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River from the mouth of the Purus River to the mouth of the Juruá River; now totally extinct. (Unattested.)

Tapajó – once spoken at the mouth of the
Tapajós River
(cf. Pará group). (Unattested.)

Awakachi – once spoken at the mouth of the Auacachi River. (Unattested.)

Papateruana – once spoken in a part of the
Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River
. (Unattested.)

Paguana – once spoken along the Amazon River from the mouth of the Cafua River to the mouth of the Tefé River. (Unattested.)

Cocama – language spoken on a great lagoon on the left bank of the Ucayali River and near the city of Nauta, Peru.

Cocamilla – spoken on the lower course of the Huallaga River, Peru. (Tessmann 1930, p. 82.)

Yeté – once spoken on the Tiputini River, Loreto province, Peru. (Unattested.)

Jibitaona – once spoken near the city of Santiago de las Montañas, Peru. (Unattested.)

Chiriguano group

Chiriguano / Camba – spoken in the Bolivian Andes in the Serranía de Aguarugue and in the western part of the Bolivian Chaco, in Sara Province and on the upper course of the Bermejo River. Now only in the Carandaiti Valley and around Tarabuco.

Guarayo – spoken at the sources of the Blanco River and on the San Miguel River, now in the missions of Yotaú, San Pablo, and Yaguarú, province of Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Pauserna / Moperecoa / Warádu-nëe – originally spoken on the
Verde River, a tributary of the Guaporé River
, Mato Grosso.

Tapieté / Kurukwá / Yanaygua / Parapiti – spoken on the upper course of the Pilcomayo River and on the Parapití River, Paraguayan Chaco

Izozo / Chané – spoken on the Itiyuro River in the Campo y Durán and on the Parepetí River, Chaco.

Siriono / Chori – language of a very primitive tribe in central Bolivia, especially in the tropical forests on the
Piray River and Itonama River, and between the Beni River and Mamoré River
.

Dialects:

Tirinié – spoken on the Mamoré River.

Ñeozé – spoken on the Grande River and Mamoré River.

Yandé – spoken on the Mamoré River. (Unattested.)

Jora – once spoken around the Laguna Jorá near the city of Baures.

Mawé group

Mawé / Mauhé / Mague – originally spoken on the Tapajós Mataura River, Maué-assú River, Arapiuns River, Arichi River, and Tracuá River, in the state of Pará, now on the Uaicurapá River.

Arapiyú / Aripuana – once spoken at the mouth of the Arapiuns River. (Unattested.)

Andirá – once spoken south of
Tupinambarana Island on the Amazon River
. (Unattested.)

Igapuitariara – once spoken at the sources of the Curauaí River. (Unattested.)

Curiato – once spoken at the mouth of the Maricauá River. (Unattested.)

Sapupé / Sacopé – once spoken on the Bararatí River. (Unattested.)

Maraguá – extinct language once spoken on the right bank of the Amazon River, south of the Condurí tribe. (Unattested.)

Proto-language

Proto-Tupi–Guarani
Reconstruction of Tupi–Guarani languages
Reconstructed
ancestors
Proto-Tupian

Proto-Maweti-Guarani

See also:
Proto-Tupian

Schleicher (1998)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):^[8]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Schleicher (1998)

no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani notes

1 fruit *ʔá; *ɨʔβa

2 hair *ʔáβ

3 lie down *ʔáβ/*ʔáw

4 to stand *ʔám

5 to sit *ʔapɨk

6 tie up *ʔapɨtĩ

7 fall (human) *ʔár

8 say *ʔé

9 other, companion *ʔirũ

10 tree *ʔɨ́β

11 canoe *ʔɨčár

12 swim *ʔɨtáβ

13 they *ʔŋã

14 dig *ʔók

15 eat (trans.) *ʔú

16 3rd person *aʔé

17 seed *aʔɨ̃y

18 person *aβá

19 corn *aβatí

20 bad *aíβ

21 sharp *aimbé

22 man *akʷaimbaʔé < *kuyãʔĩ-mbaʔé ?

23 head *akáŋ

24 humid, wet *akɨ́m

25 hot *-akúβ

26 rain *amán

27 other *amõ

28 far *amõ-ité

29 old man, grandfather *amõy

30 no *anĩ

31 this *áŋ

32 back *apé

33 road *apé ~ *peé

34 burn *apɨ́

35 nose *apũy

36 root *apó

37 short *apoʔá/*apuʔá

38 round *apuʔá

39 day *ár

40 walk *atá

41 fire *(t)atá

42 smoke *(t)atá-tíŋ

43 mountain *atɨ́r

44 horn *atĩ

45 tooth *-ãy

46 push *(mbo)ayán

47 parrot *ayurú

48 fly *βeβé

49 float *βeβúy

50 crack, split *βók

51 swell *βúr

52 float *βúr

53 cord *čám

54 play, amuse *-čaráy

55 worm *čeβoʔí

56 wash *čéy

57 mother *čɨ́

58 clean *čɨ́β

59 rub *čɨ́β

60 smooth *čɨ́m

61 run (water) *čɨrɨ́

62 pull off *čók

63 to bite *čuʔú

64 black *čún

65 not *eʔɨ́m

66 scratch *eʔɨ̃y

67 belly *eβék

68 eye *ečá

69 to pull *ekɨ́y

70 to live *ekó

71 wife *embi-rekó

72 you *endé

73 saliva *endɨ

74 hear *endúβ

75 knee *enɨpɨʔã

76 call *enõy

77 see *epʸák

78 name *-ér

79 much *-etá

80 leg *etɨmã

81 smell *-etún

82 stone *itá

83 I *iye, *iče

84 water *ɨ́

85 lake *ɨ-upá

86 sand *ɨʔɨtíŋ

87 drink *ɨʔú

88 earth *ɨβɨ́

89 sky *ɨβák

90 cloud *ɨβák-tíŋ

91 tree *ɨβɨrá

92 wind *ɨβɨtú

93 belly *ié

94 domestic animal *(e)ɨmbá

95 bark *ɨpé

96 night *ɨpɨtún

97 bow *ɨrapár/*ɨβɨrapár

98 dust, powder *-ɨtiʔmbór

99 know *kʷaáβ

100 sun *kʷár

101 scrubland, forest *kaʔá

102 grass, weeds *kaʔapiʔí

103 monkey *kaʔí

104 suck *kaʔmbú

105 fat *káβ

106 breast *kám

107 bone *káŋ

108 scrape *karãy

109 eat (intrans.) *karú

110 good *katú

111 get burned *káy

112 sleep *kér

113 dirty *kɨʔá

114 louse *kɨβ

115 knife *kɨčé

116 fear *čɨkɨyé

117 green *(a)kɨr

118 fat *(pi)kɨr

119 clean *kɨtíŋ-ʔók

120 to cut *kɨtĩ/*kɨti

121 tongue *kũ

122 this *ko

123 ashes *kočúβ

124 sand *kuʔí

125 back *kupé

126 boy *kurumĩ

127 bore, perforate *kutúk

128 fall (object) *kúy

129 woman *kuyã

130 manioc plant *mandí

131 die *manõ

132 why *mbaʔé

133 sing *mbaraká

134 sew *mboβúk/*mboβɨk

135 few *mbočapɨr

136 throw *(mbo)mbór

137 snake *mbóy

138 dust *-mbukú

139 give *meʔéŋ

140 child *membɨr

141 husband *mén

142 animal *miyár

143 two *mokõy

144 recount *mombeʔú

145 ear *nambí

146 beat *nupã

147 flesh *oʔó

148 green *oβɨ́

149 leaf *óβ

150 house *ók

151 we (exclusive) *ore

152 all *páβ

153 (re)count *papár

154 river *paranã

155 one *pé

156 you all *pẽẽ

157 wing *pepó

158 tobacco *petɨ́m

159 blow *peyú

160 rub *pín

161 skin *pír

162 fish *pirá

163 bark *pirér

164 child *ptáŋ/*mitáŋ

165 foot *pɨ́

166 liver *pɨʔá

167 new *pɨčačú

168 catch *pɨčɨ́k

169 wide *pɨpír

170 suck *pɨtér

171 breath *pɨtú

172 hand *pó/*mbó

173 thin *poʔí

174 fingernail *po-apẽ

175 twist *poán < *poayán ?

176 heavy *počɨ́y

177 sing, dance *poračéy

178 chest *potiʔá

179 flower *potɨ́r

180 clean *potuká < *po-kutuk ?

181 laugh *puká

182 long *pukú

183 tie (up) *pʷár

184 cure *pʷeráβ

185 cold *roʔɨ́

186 swell *rurúk

187 ashes *tanimbúk < *tatá imbúk ?

188 tapir *tapiʔír

189 white *tíŋ

190 nose *tĩ

191 pull *-tɨ́k

192 father *túβ

193 big *tuβiyáβ

194 old *tuyá

195 arrow *uʔɨ́β

196 leg *úβ

197 egg *upiʔá

198 come *úr

199 blood *uwɨ́

200 tail *uwáy

201 old (woman) *waiwĩ

202 red *-wáŋ

203 vomit *weʔén

204 bird *wɨrá

205 ax *yɨ́

206 jaguar *yaʔwár

207 moon *yačɨ́

208 star *yačɨ-tatá

209 crocodile *yakaré

210 run *yán

211 we (inclusive) *yande

212 tighten *(mbo)yár

213 to play *-yarú

214 laugh *yáy

215 speak *yeʔéŋ

216 return, come back *ye-βɨ́r

217 grass, weeds *yuʔũ

218 yellow *yúβ

219 rotten *yúk

220 kill *yuká

221 yellow *yukɨrɨ́

222 salt *yukɨ́r

223 neck *yúr

224 mouth *yurú

Lemle (1971)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):^[9]

Proto-Tupi–Guarani reconstructions by Lemle (1971)

no. gloss Proto-Tupi-Guarani

1 to, in *pɨpe

2 accident *memwã

3 sharp *aemee

4 water *ɨ

5 some *amõ

6 align, braid *pẽ

7 yellow *yub

8 tie *apɨtĩ

9 tie *pwar

10 walk *ata

11 tapir *tapiʔir

12 tightten *momyk

13 squeeze *pɨcɨk

14 that *pe

15 bow *ɨbɨrapar

16 tree *ʔɨb

17 wing *pepo

18 grandfather *amõy

19 fat *kab

20 lard *yanɨ

21 stomach, liver *pɨʔa

22 stomach *ɨe

23 stomach *ebek

24 hit *nupã

25 drink *ɨʔu

26 animal *eɨmab

27 mouth *yuru

28 float *bebɨy

29 good *katu

30 white *tiŋ

31 play *yemocaray

32 hole *kwar

33 head *akaŋ

34 hair *ʔab

35 fall *ʔar

36 path *pe, *ape

37 field *yũ

38 canoe *ɨar

39 grass *kapiʔi

40 meat *oʔo

41 house *ok

42 bark *pe

43 corn drink *kawĩ

44 dig *ɨbɨkoy

45 dig *yoʔok

46 basket *karamemwã

47 sky *ɨbak

48 call *enõy

49 full *por

50 smell *etun

51 horn *atĩ

52 horn *ʔak

53 suck *pɨter

54 rain *aman

55 ashes *tanimuk

56 coati *kwati

57 snake *moy

58 scratch *eʔɨ̃y

59 eat *ʔu

60 companion, brother *ʔirũ

61 long *puku

62 string *cam

63 flow *cɨrɨk

64 cut *kɨtĩ

65 back *ape

66 back *kupe

67 sew *mobɨk, *mobɨbɨk

68 grow *akakuwab

69 give *meʔeŋ

70 finger *pwã

71 lie *ʔab

72 tooth *ãy

73 draw *kwatiar

74 day *ar

75 two *mokõy

76 sleep *ker

77 he *aʔe

78 push *moayan

79 rub *pin

80 rub *kɨtɨk

81 wife *emireko

82 stand *puʔam

83 star *yacɨtata

84 I *(i)ce

85 knife *kɨce

86 speak *yeʔeŋ

87 full *ʔɨtarõ

88 thin *poʔi

89 arrow *uʔɨb

90 flower *potɨr, *ɨbotɨr

91 fire *tata

92 leaf *ob

93 cold *roʔɨ, *roʔɨca

94 fruit *ʔa

95 smoke *tatatiŋ, *catatiŋ

96 tobacco *petɨm

97 pierce *kutuk

98 claw *pɨcãpẽ

99 like *ʔarõ

100 large *tubicab

101 man *aba

102 island *ɨpaʔũ

103 swell *bubur

104 swell *ruru

105 space *paʔũ

106 go *co

107 alligator *yakare

108 knee *enɨpɨʔã

109 throw *momor

110 lake *ɨpab, *ɨupab

111 wash *yocey, *ey, *c-ey, *yac-ay

112 tongue *ape-kũ, *kũ

113 smooth *cɨm

114 far *-mɨrɨb

115 moon *yacɨ

116 monkey *kaʔi

117 ax *yɨ

118 mother *cɨ

119 command *pway

120 manioc *maniʔok

121 hand *po

122 left hand *acu

123 husband *men

124 kill *yuka

125 woods *kaʔa

126 bad *aib, *aɨb

127 boy *kunumĩ

128 corn *abati

129 wet *akɨm

130 bite *cuʔu

131 die *manõ

132 hill *ɨbɨtɨr, *ɨbɨʔam (+ -usu)

133 move *mɨ̃y

134 many *eta, *c-eta

135 woman *kuyã

136 variety of bird *mɨtũ

137 swim *ɨtab

138 nose, beak *tĩ

139 night *pɨtun

140 night *pɨca

141 name *er

142 we (excl.) *ore

143 we (incl.) *yane

144 new *pɨcacu

145 cloud *ɨbatiŋ

146 hollow *ɨbɨ̃y

147 eye *eca

148 jaguar *yawar

149 ear *nami

150 bone *kaŋ, *kaŋ-wer

151 hear *enub

152 egg *upiʔa

153 father *ub

154 pan *yaʔẽ

155 pan *yaẽpopo

156 parrot *ayuru

157 pass *pwan

158 bird *wɨra

159 stick *ɨbɨra

160 foot *pɨ

161 rock *ita

162 chest *potiʔa

163 breast *kam

164 fish *pira

165 skin *pir, *piruer

166 feather *ab, *c-ab, *c-a-wer

167 leg *etɨmã

168 heavy *pocɨy

169 neck *ayur

170 person *akwa

171 louse *kɨb

172 variety of gnat *piʔũ

173 past tense *pwer

174 black *un, *c-un

175 black, dark *picun

176 burn *kay

177 burn *apɨ

178 hot *akub

179 tail *uway

180 split *mobok, *bok

181 root *apo

182 scrape *karãy

183 round *apuʔa

184 breathe *pɨtu

185 river *paranã

186 laugh *puka

187 know *kuwaab

188 sat *yukɨr

189 saliva *enɨ

190 blood *uwɨ

191 heal *pwerab

192 dry *kaŋ

193 seed *aʔɨ̃y

194 sit *apɨk

195 sun *kwaracɨ

196 blow *peyu

197 dirty *kɨʔa

198 dirty *ipib

199 bamboo *takwar

200 fear *cɨkɨye

201 land *ɨbɨ

202 all *pab

203 three *mocapɨr

204 intestines *ɨʔe

205 one *oyepeteĩ

206 fingernail *pwã-pẽ

207 wind *ɨbɨtu

208 see *epyak

209 green *obɨ

210 worm *ceboʔi

211 red *waŋ

212 red *piraŋ

213 red *pɨtaŋ

214 pour *(ʔ)ẽ

215 come *ur

216 live *eko, *ekobe

217 ffly *bebe

218 you (sing.) *ne, *ene

219 you (pl.) *pe- -ẽ

220 vomit *weʔen

221 mad *irõ

See also

Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language

References

^ Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.

^ O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.

ISSN 2177-7160
.

^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

S2CID 228872841
.

doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642

^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

^ Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.

^ Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Bibliography

Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193–221.

O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019.
doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791
.

Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12).
S2CID 210985305
.

Further reading

Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]

External links

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Tupi-Guarani reconstructions

Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

Publications by Lev Michael

v
t
e
Tupian languages
Arikem

Arikem

Kabixiana

Karitiâna

Tupari

Akuntsu

Kepkiriwát

Makurap

Mekens

Tupari

Wayoró

Mondé

Aruáshi

Cinta Larga

Gavião of Jiparaná

Guariba Arára

Mondé

Suruí

Zoro

Puruborá–
Ramarama

Karo

Puruborá

Urumi

Yuruna

Juruna

Maritsauá

Xipaya

Munduruku

Kuruaya

Munduruku

Maweti–Guarani

Mawé

Aweti–Guarani

Awetï

Tupi–Guarani
Guarani (I)

Aché

Guarani
Chiripá

Jopara

East Bolivian

Mbyá

Paraguayan

West Bolivian

Kaiwá–Pai Tavytera

Xeta

Guarayu (II)

Guarayu

Pauserna

Sirionó

Tupi (III)

Old Tupi

Paulista General Language

Cocama–Omagua

Nheengatu

Potiguara

Tupiniquim

Tenetehara (IV)

Akwáwa

Avá-Canoeiro

Tapirapé

Tenetehara
Guajajara

Turiwára

Xingu (V)

Amanayé

Anambé

Ararandewara

Araweté

Aurá

Xingu Asurini

Kawahíb (VI)

Apiaká

Karipuna
(Jau-Navo)

Kagwahiva

Kayabi

Uru-Pa-In

Kamayurá (VII)

Kamayurá

Northern (VIII)

Emerillon

Guajá

Takunyapé

Urubu–Kaapor

Wayampi

Wayampipukú

Zo'é

Proto-languages

Proto-Tupian

Italics indicate extinct languages

Campbell 2012
classification
Language families
and isolates

Arawakan

Je–Tupi–Carib

Cariban

Tupian

Macro-Jê

Jê

Jabutian

Kamakã

Karajá

Krenakan

Maxakalian

Jaikó

Ofayé

Rikbaktsá

Chiquitano

? Guató

Eastern Brazil

Karirian

Purían

Taruma

Gamela

Baenan

Katembri

Natú

Pankararú

Tarairiú

Tuxá

Wamoé

Xokó

Xukurú

Yaté

Otí

Orinoco (Venezuela)

Yanomaman

? Arutani–Sape
Arutani

Sapé

Máku

Warao

Guamo

Otomacoan

Yaruro

? Duho

Sáliban

Betoi

Hodï

Ticuna–Yuri

Andes (Colombia and Venezuela)

Cofán

Camsá

Andaquí

Paezan

Tiniguan

Timotean

Jirajaran

Amazon (Colombia, Japurá–Vaupés area)

Tucanoan

? Bora–Witoto
Boran

Witotoan

Andoque–Urequena

Guajiboan

Nadahup

Puinave

Pacific coast (Colombia and Ecuador)

Chibchan

Chocoan

Barbacoan

Yurumanguí

Esmeralda

Pacific coast (Peru)

Sechura–Catacao

? Chimuan
Cañari–Puruhá

Mochica

Amazon (Peru)

Pano–Tacanan

Hibito–Cholon

Cahuapanan

Jivaroan

Candoshi

Omurano

Munichi

Waorani

Taushiro

Urarina

Tequiraca

? Saparo–Yawan
Peba–Yagua

Zaparoan

Amazon (west-central Brazil)

? Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
Arawan

Harákmbut

Katukinan

? Mura–Matanawí
Muran

Matanawí

Trumai

Mamoré–Guaporé

Chapacuran

Mure

Nambikwaran

Bororoan

Cayubaba

Itonama

Movima

Canichana

Mosetenan

Yuracaré

Leco

Aikanã

Kanoê

Kwazá

Irantxe

Arara

Andes (Peru, Bolivia, and Chile)

Culle

? Quechumaran
Quechuan

Aymaran

Puquina

Uru–Chipaya

Kunza

Mapudungun

Chaco–Pampas

? Mataco–Guaicuru
Matacoan

Guaicuruan

Guachí

Payaguá

Mascoyan

Zamucoan

Charruan

Sanavirón

Huarpean
Allentiac

Millcayac

Comechingón ?

Lule–Vilelan

Chonan

Far South (Chile)

Qawasqaran

Yaghan

Chono

Proposed groupings

Duho

Macro-Andean

Macro-Arawakan

Macro-Chibchan

Macro-Jibaro

Macro-Otomákoan

Macro-Paesan

Macro-Panoan

Macro-Puinavean

Macro-Warpean

Arutani–Sape

Bora–Witoto

Esmeralda–Yaruroan

Hibito–Cholon

Je–Tupi–Carib

Katembri–Taruma

Mataco–Guaicuru

Maya–Yunga–Chipayan

Moseten–Chonan

Quechumaran

Saparo–Yawan

Tequiraca–Canichana

Wamo–Chapakura

Amerind

Linguistic areas

Chaco

Mamoré–Guaporé

Amazonian

Countries

Argentina

Bolivia

Brazil

Colombia

Chile

Ecuador

Paraguay

Peru

Venezuela

Guyana

Suriname

French Guiana

Lists

Languages

Extinct languages
Marañón River basin

Unclassified languages

Classification

Linguistic areas

Authority control databases: National
United States
France
BnF data
Israel

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tupi–Guarani_languages&oldid=1263322867"

[Rodrigues-2002-1] Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.

[2] O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.

[OHagan-Chousou-Polydouri-2019-3] ISSN 2177-7160
.

[Jolkesky-2016-4] Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

[Ferraz-2021-5] S2CID 228872841
.

[6] doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642

[Loukotka-7] Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

[8] Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.

[9] Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

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