Ulmus minor 'Atinia'

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Ulmus minor 'Atinia'
English Elm, Brighton, 1992
SpeciesUlmus minor
Cultivar'Atinia'
OriginItaly

The

R. H. Richens noted that elm populations exist in north-west Spain and northern Portugal, and on the Mediterranean coast of France that "closely resemble the English elm" and appear to be "trees of long standing" in those regions rather than recent introductions.[4][5] Augustine Henry had earlier noted that the supposed English elms planted extensively in the Royal Park at Aranjuez from the late 16th century onwards, specimens said to have been introduced from England by Philip II[6] and "differing in no respects from the English elm in England", behaved as native trees in Spain. He suggested that the tree "may be a true native of Spain, indigenous in the alluvial plains of the great rivers, now almost completely deforested".[7]

Richens believed that English elm was a particular clone of the variable species

Cadiz,[12] although the clone is no longer found in Atina and has not yet been identified further east.[13]

Max Coleman of the

Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh writes: "The advent of DNA fingerprinting has shed considerable light on the question. A number of studies have now shown that the distinctive forms that Melville elevated to species and Richens lumped together as field elm are single clones, all genetically identical, that have been propagated by vegetative means such as cuttings or root suckers, as the flowers are completely sterile. This means that enigmatic British elms such as ... English elm have turned out to be single clones of field elm."[14]
Most flora and field guides, however, do not list English elm as a form of U. minor, but rather as U. procera.

Synonyms (chronological)

  • Ulmus sativa Mill.[15]
  • Ulmus campestris L. var. vulgaris Aiton[16]
  • Ulmus procera Salisb.[17]
  • Ulmus atinia J. Walker[18]
  • Ulmus surculosa Stokes[19]
  • [Ulmus suberosa Smith, Loudon, Lindley - disputed]
  • Ulmus minor Mill. var. vulgaris (Aiton) Richens[20]
  • Ulmus minor Mill. subsp. procera (Salisb.) Franco.[21]
  • Ulmus procera 'Atinia'[22]


Description

The tree often exceeded 40 m (about 130 ft) in height with a trunk less than 2 m (6.5 ft) in

acuminate tip at the apex typical of the genus.[26] They flush a lighter green in April, about a month earlier than most field elms. Since the tree does not produce long shoots in the canopy, it does not develop the markedly pendulous habit of some field elms. The bark of old trees was described by Richens as "scaly rather than longitudinally grooved".[27] The bark of English elm suckers, like that of Dutch elm
suckers and of some field elm, can be corky, but Dutch elm suckers may be distinguished from English by their straighter, stouter twigs, bolder 'herringbone' pattern, and later flushing.

The tree is both female- and male-sterile, natural regeneration being entirely by root suckers.

wych elm rootstock to eliminate suckering; Henry noted that this method of propagation seldom produced good specimens.[7]

  • English Elm at Powderham, before 1913
    English Elm at Powderham, before 1913
  • English Elm, 1904
    English Elm, 1904
  • Bark of English elm
    Bark of English elm
  • Leaves from a specimen tree in Sussex, England (2009)
    Leaves from a specimen tree in Sussex, England (2009)
  • Dried short-shoot leaves of mature trees in Edinburgh (August)
    Dried short-shoot leaves of mature trees in Edinburgh (August)
  • Juvenile leaves in hedgerow
    Juvenile leaves in hedgerow

Pests and diseases

Owing to its homogeneity, the tree has proven particularly susceptible to

University of Abertay Dundee.[30]
It was an ideal subject for such an experiment, as its sterility meant no danger exists for its introgression into the countryside.

In the United States, English elm was found to be one of the most preferred elms for feeding by the Japanese beetle

Popillia japonica.[31]

The leaves of the English elm in the UK are mined by Stigmella ulmivora.

Uses

English elms in hedgerow, Alfriston, East Sussex (1996)

... He liked to be alone, feeling his soul heavy with its own fate. He would sit for hours watching the elm trees standing in rows like giants, like warriors across the country. The Earl had told him that the Romans had brought these elms to Britain. And he seemed to see the spirit of the Romans in them still. Sitting there alone in the spring sunshine, in the solitude of the roof, he saw the glamour of this England of hedgerows and elm trees, and the labourers with slow horses slowly drilling the sod, crossing the brown furrow, and the chequer of fields away to the distance.

– From D. H. Lawrence, The Ladybird (1923).[32]

The English elm was once valued for many purposes, notably as water pipes from hollowed trunks, owing to its resistance to rot in saturated conditions. It is also very resilient to crushing damage, and these two properties led to its widespread use in the construction of jetties, timber piers, lock gates, etc. It was used to a degree in furniture manufacture, but not to the same extent as oak, because of its greater tendency to shrink, swell, and split, which also rendered it unsuitable as the major timber component in shipbuilding and building construction. The wood has a density around 560 kg/m3.[33]

However, English elm is chiefly remembered today for its aesthetic contribution to the English countryside. In 1913, Henry Elwes wrote, "Its true value as a landscape tree may be best estimated by looking down from an eminence in almost any part of the valley of the Thames, or of the Severn below Worcester, during the latter half of November, when the bright golden colour of the lines of elms in the hedgerows is one of the most striking scenes that England can produce".[7]

Cultivation

The introduction of the Atinian elm to Spain from Italy is recorded by the Roman agronomist

Retiro Park, Madrid, from the late 16th century onwards.[8][41]

More than a thousand years after the departure of the Romans from Britain, English elms found far greater popularity, as the preferred tree for planting in the new

hawthorn hedgerows appearing as a consequence of the Enclosure movement, which lasted from 1550 to 1850. In parts of the Severn Valley, the tree occurred at densities over 1000 per km2, so prolific as to have been known as the 'Worcester weed'.[42] In the eastern counties of England, however, hedgerows were usually planted with local field elm, or with suckering hybrids.[43] When elm became the tree of fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries, avenues and groves of English elm were often planted, among them the elm groves in The Backs, Cambridge.[44] Perhaps the most famous English Elm avenue was the double row in the Long Walk, Windsor Great Park, Berkshire,[45] planted in the 1680s[46] on the advice of John Evelyn, and described by Elwes as "one of the finest and most imposing avenues in the world".[47] The elms were felled in 1943.[48]

English elm was introduced into Ireland,

St Helena, California,[57] and it has been planted in South Africa.[58]

  • St Peter's Church, Preston Village, Brighton, English elms regrowing after lopping (1951)
    St Peter's Church, Preston Village, Brighton
    , English elms regrowing after lopping (1951)
  • Hourglass-shaped English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (1992)
    Hourglass-shaped English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (1992)
  • English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (2004)
    English elm, Preston Park, Brighton (2004)
  • Winter silhouette of English elm, Brighton (2009)
    Winter silhouette of English elm, Brighton (2009)
  • English elms on Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne (2012)
    English elms on Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne (2012)
  • English elms in Cootamundra, New South Wales, one trimmed for power line (2015)
    English elms in
    Cootamundra, New South Wales
    , one trimmed for power line (2015)

Notable trees

Mature English elms are now only very rarely found in the UK beyond Brighton and Edinburgh. One large tree survives in

Inverleith Park (east avenue), while a majestic open-grown specimen (3 m) in Claremont Park, Leith Links, retains the dense, fan-vaulted crown iconic in this cultivar. An isolated mature English elm is in the cemetery at Dervaig
, Isle of Mull, Scotland.

Some of the most significant remaining stands are to be found overseas, notably in Australia, where they line the streets of

Victoria;[61] a double avenue of 400 English Elms, planted in 1897 and 1910–15, lines Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne.[62][63][64] Large free-standing English Elms in Tumut, New South Wales,[65] and Traralgon, Victoria,[66] show the 'un-English' growth-form of the tree in tropical latitudes.[67] However, many of the Australian trees, now over 100 years old, are succumbing to old age, and are being replaced with new trees raised by material from the older trees budded onto Wych Elm Ulmus glabra rootstock.[68] In New Zealand a "massive individual" stands at 36 Mt Albert Road, Auckland.[50] In the United States, several fine trees survive at Boston Common, Boston, and in New York City,[69] notably the Hangman's Elm in Washington Square Park.[70] A large old specimen, the Goshen Elm (bole-girth 236 in.) stands (2021) in Gaithersburg, Maryland.[71][72] In Canada four 130-year English Elms, inoculated against disease, survive on the Back Campus field of the University of Toronto.[73] An English Elm planted c.1872 (girth 5.1 m) stands in Kungsparken, Malmö, Sweden.[74]

  • One of three English elms (lower branches removed) around which the Crystal Palace was built for the Great Exhibition, 1851[75]
    One of three English elms (lower branches removed) around which the Crystal Palace was built for
    the Great Exhibition, 1851[75]
  • A coloured lithograph of the same tree (1851)
    A coloured lithograph of the same tree (1851)
  • English elm avenue in Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne (2006)
    English elm avenue in
    Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne
    (2006)
  • Hangman's Elm, Washington Square Park, New York (2007)
    Hangman's Elm, Washington Square Park, New York (2007)
  • One of two large English elms near Trophy Point at West Point, NY (2009)
    One of two large English elms near Trophy Point at West Point, NY (2009)
  • One of the last old English elms in Edinburgh (2016)
    One of the last old English elms in Edinburgh (2016)

Brighton and the cordon sanitaire

Although the English elm population in Britain was almost entirely destroyed by Dutch elm disease, mature trees can still be found along the south coast Dutch Elm Disease Management Area in East Sussex. This cordon sanitaire, aided by the prevailing southwesterly onshore winds and the topographical niche formed by the South Downs, has saved many mature elms. Amongst these were possibly the world's oldest surviving English elms, known as the 'Preston Twins' in Preston Park, both with trunks exceeding 600 cm in circumference (2.0 m dbh), though the larger tree lost two limbs in August 2017 following high winds,[76] and was felled in December 2019 after succumbing to DED.[77][78]

  • Sign on A27 road, Brighton, England
    Sign on A27 road, Brighton, England
  • The oldest known English elms in the UK, the 'Preston Twins', Brighton, 2008
    The oldest known English elms in the UK, the 'Preston Twins', Brighton, 2008
  • The larger of the twins, 2006
    The larger of the twins, 2006

Cultivars

A small number of putative cultivars have been raised since the 18th and early 19th centuries,[79] three of which are now almost certainly lost to cultivation: 'Acutifolia', 'Atinia Pyramidalis', 'Atinia Variegata', 'Folia Aurea', 'Picturata'. Though usually listed as an English Elm cultivar, Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte' "cannot with any certainty be referred to as Ulmus procera [ = 'Atinia'] " (W. J. Bean).[23] In Sweden, U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens', though not a form of English Elm, is known as Ulmus procera 'Purpurea'.[80]

Hybrids, hybrid cultivars, and mutations

Crossability experiments conducted at the

protogynous species. However, the same experiments also shewed English elm to be self-compatible, which in the light of its proven female-sterility, must cast doubt on the identity of the specimens used.[81] A similar doubt must hang over Henry's observation that the 'English elms' at Aranjuez (see Cultivation above) "produced every year fertile seed in great abundance",[82] seed said to have been taken "all over Europe", presumably in the hope that it would grow into trees like the royal elms of Spain.[83] Given that English elm is female-sterile, the Aranjuez elms either were not after all English elm, or by the time Henry collected seed from them, English elms there had been replaced by intermediates or by other kinds. At higher altitudes in Spain, Henry noted, such as in Madrid and Toledo, the 'English elm' did not set fertile seed.[84]

The 2004 study, which examined "eight individuals classified as English elm" collected in Lazio, Spain, and Britain, noted "slight differences among the Amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting profiles of these eight samples, attributable to somatic mutations".[9] Since 'Atinia', though female infertile, is an efficient producer of pollen and should be capable of acting as a pollen parent; it is compatible with the 2004 findings that in addition to a core population of genetically virtually identical trees deriving from a single clone, intermediate forms of U. minor exist, of which that clone was the pollen parent. These might be popularly or even botanically regarded as 'English elm', though they would be genetically distinct from it, and in these, the female infertility could have gone. The "smooth-leaved form" of English elm mentioned by Richens (1983),[8] and the "northern and Irish form" seen by Oliver Rackham in Edinburgh and Dublin and said by him (1986) to have been introduced to New England,[85] are possible examples of 'Atinia' mutations or intermediates.

Ulmus procera × Ulmus minor hybrids present in Victoria.[87] "Chance hybridisation," wrote Spencer, "has resulted in a mix of elms rather different from that in England".[88] Similarly, an old tree labelled U. procera in Dunedin Botanic Garden, New Zealand (2023), may be an elm from England, but it is not the English elm clone.[89]

In art and photography

The elms in the

U. minor.[91] Constable's Study of an elm tree (circa 1821) is, however, thought to depict the bole of an English elm with its bark "cracked into parched-earth patterns".[92] Among artists who depicted English Elms were Edward Seago[93] and James Duffield Harding. English elm features in oil paintings by contemporary artist David Shepherd, either as the main subject (Majestic elms [13]) or more often as the background to nostalgic evocations of farming scenes.[94]

Among classic photographs of English elm are those by Edward Step and Henry Irving in Wayside and Woodland Trees, A pocket guide to the British sylva (1904).[95]

  • Constable, Study of an elm tree (around 1821)
    Constable, Study of an elm tree (around 1821)
  • Figure-of-eight-shaped English elms, Hyde Park: James Duffield Harding's The Great Exhibition of 1851
    Figure-of-eight-shaped English elms, Hyde Park: James Duffield Harding's The Great Exhibition of 1851
  • The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge (unknown artist): a grove of mainly English elms on The Backs[96]
    The Cam near Trinity College, Cambridge (unknown artist): a grove of mainly English elms on The Backs[96]

Accessions

North America

Europe

Australasia

See also

References

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External links

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