Transitional epithelium
Transitional epithelium | |
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Details | |
System | Urinary system |
Identifiers | |
TH | H2.00.02.0.02033 |
Anatomical terms of microanatomy |
This article is part of a series on |
Epithelia |
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Squamous epithelial cell |
Columnar epithelial cell |
Cuboidal epithelial cell |
Specialised epithelia |
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Other |
Transitional epithelium is a type of
Structure
The appearance of transitional epithelium differs according to its cell layer. Cells of the basal layer are
Cell layers
Transitional epithelium is made up of three types of cell layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial.
The epithelium contains many intimate and delicate connections to neural and connective tissue. These connections allow for communication to tell the cells to expand or contract. The superficial layer of transitional epithelium is connected to the basal layer via cellular projections, such as intermediate filaments protruding from the cellular membrane. These structural elements cause the epithelium to allow distension; however, these also cause the tissue to be relatively fragile and, therefore, difficult to study. All cells touch the basement membrane.[citation needed]
Cell membrane
The urothelium is the most impermeable membrane in the mammalian body.
Function
The transitional epithelium cells stretch readily in order to accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ (the distal part of the urethra becomes non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in females; the part that lines the bottom of the tissue is called the basement membrane). Transitional epithelium also functions as a barrier between the lumen, or inside hollow space of the tract that it lines and the bloodstream. To help achieve this, the cells of transitional epithelium are connected by tight junctions, or virtually impenetrable junctions that seal together to the cellular membranes of neighboring cells. This barrier prevents re-absorption of toxic wastes and pathogens by the bloodstream.
Clinical significance
Urothelium is susceptible to carcinoma. Because the bladder is in contact with urine for extended periods, chemicals that become concentrated in the urine can cause
Carcinoma
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that occurs in epithelial cells. Transitional cell carcinoma is the leading type of bladder cancer, occurring in 9 out of 10 cases.[11] It is also the leading cause of cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus, and the second leading cause of cancer of the kidney. Transitional cell carcinoma can develop in two different ways. Should the transitional cell carcinoma grow toward the inner surface of the bladder via finger-like projections, it is known as papillary carcinoma. Otherwise, it is known as flat carcinoma.[11] Either form can transition from non-invasive to invasive by spreading into the muscle layers of the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly multifocal, more than one tumor occurring at the time of diagnosis.
Transitional cell carcinoma can metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body via the surrounding tissues, the lymph system, and the bloodstream. It can spread to the tissues and fat surrounding the kidney, the fat surrounding the ureter, or, more progressively, lymph nodes and other organs, including bone. Common risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma include long-term misuse of pain medication, smoking, and exposure to chemicals used in the making of leather, plastic, textiles, and rubber.[12]
Transitional cell carcinoma patients have a variety of treatment options. These include nephroureterectomy, or the removal of kidney, ureter, and bladder cuff, and segmental resection of the ureter. This is an option only when the cancer is superficial and infects only the bottom third of the ureter. The procedure entails removing the segment of cancerous ureter and reattaching the end.[12] Patients with advanced bladder cancer or disease, also often look to bladder reconstruction as a treatment. Current methods of bladder reconstruction include the use of gastrointestinal tissue. However, while this method is effective in improving the function of the bladder, it can actually increases the risk of cancer, and can cause other complications, such as infections, urinary stones, and electrolyte imbalance. Therefore, other methods loom in the future. For example, current research paves the way for use of pluripotent stem cells to derive urothelium, as they are highly and indefinitely proliferative in vitro (i.e. outside of the body).[4]
Interstitial cystitis
Interstitial cystitis (IC) a type of painful bladder syndrome is a chronic disease of the bladder that causes feelings of pressure and pain in the bladder among other symptoms which can range from mild to severe. Urinary frequency and urgency are the most common symptoms associated with the disease.[13] The exact causes of IC/BPS are unknown, but there is evidence of an association between increased permeability of the urothelium and IC. Since the purpose of the urothelium is to act as a highly resistant barrier, the loss of this function has serious clinical implications. Many patients with IC have exhibited a loss of umbrella cells.[14]
Urothelial lesions
- Papillary urothelial lesions
- Flat urothelial lesions
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma
- Invasive urothelial carcinoma (NOS)
- Urothelial carcinoma with inverted growth pattern
- Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma with villoglandular differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma, micropapillary variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, clear cell (glycogen-rich) variant
- Urothelial carcinoma, lipoid cell variant
- Urothelial carcinoma with syncitiotrophoblastic giant cells
- Urothelial carcinoma with rhabdoid differentiation
- Urothelial carcinoma similar to giant cell tumor of bone
Gallery
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Types of epithelium
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Schematic view of transitional epithelium
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Vertical section of bladder wall.
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Transverse section of ureter.
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
- ^ a b Sapkota, Anupama (2020-09-28). "Transitional epithelium- definition, structure, functions, examples". Microbe Notes. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ Marieb, E., & Hoehn, K. (2013). Human anatomy & physiology (9th ed., pp. 122-124). Boston: Pearson.
- ^ a b Monis, B., & Zambrano, D. (1968). Ultrastructure of transitional epithelium of man. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Microscopical Anatomie, 87(1), 101-117.
- ^ a b c d Osborn, S. L., & Kurzrock, E. A. (2015). Production of Urothelium from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regenerative Applications. Current Urology Reports, 16(1), 1+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA390522720&v=2.1&u=clemsonu_main&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=bf6961c15c9b9523113dee93fd8df89c
- ^ a b c Hicks, R. (1965). The Fine Structure Of The Transitional Epithelium Of Rat Ureter. The Journal of Cell Biology, 26(1), 25-48. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://jcb.rupress.org/content/26/1/25.abstract
- PMID 4155089.
- ^ Hicks, R. (1966). THE FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI COMPLEX IN TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM: Synthesis of the Thick Cell Membrane. The Journal of Cell Biology, 30(3), 623-643. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://jcb.rupress.org/content/30/3/623.abstract
- ^ a b c Firth, J. A., & Hicks, R. M. (1973). Interspecies variation in the fine structure and enzyme cytochemistry of mammalian transitional epithelium. Journal of Anatomy, 116(Pt 1), 31–43.
- PMID 26015808.)
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link - ^ "Bladder cancer risk factors". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
- ^ a b American Cancer Society. (2014). Bladder cancer. Retrieved November 25, 2014, from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/detailedguide/bladder-cancer-what-is-bladder-cancer Archived 2016-12-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Transitional Cell Cancer. (2012, April 13). Retrieved December 14, 2014, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Transitional_Cell_Cancer_of_Renal_Pelvis_and_Ureter
- ^ "What is Interstitial Cystitis(IC)/Bladder Pain Syndrome? - Urology Care Foundation". www.urologyhealth.org. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
- PMID 26751576.
Bibliography
- Andersson, Karl-Erik (2011). Urinary Tract. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-16498-9.
External links
- Histology at utmb.edu
- Histology image: 36_02 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "ureter"
- Histology image: 37_02 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "urinary bladder"
- Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 02.24 - "Transitional Epithelium", Ureter
- Histology at KUMC urinary-renal16 "ureter"
- www.urothelium.com is an online resource for information about Human Urothelium and the "Biomimetic Urothelium" Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Urothelium at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Histology at qmul.ac.uk Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
- Diagram at umich.edu Archived 2006-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Histology at wisc.edu Archived 2008-06-10 at the Wayback Machine