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Turhan Pasha Përmeti
Preceded byreorganized
Succeeded byreorganized
Personal details
Bornc. 1863 (1863)
Ottoman Army
Branch/serviceGendarmerie (1893‒1908)
Years of service1893‒1908
1912‒1913
RankMirliva
Battles/warsGreco-Turkish War (1897)
Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)

Essad Pasha Toptani or Esad Pasha Toptani (Albanian: Esad Pashë Toptani; 1863 – 13 June 1920), Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis knostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Name

He himself wrote his name in the form Essad Toptani, but in modern Albanian spelling, generally, it is used the form Esat Toptani or Esad Toptani, adding the Ottoman honorary title of Pasha or Pashë before the family name, thus creating Esat Pashë Toptani used as full name, or in some cases Esad Pashë Toptani. The name in contemporary English language journals is typically used as Essad Pasha, a form that is still used in modern literature.

Early life and family

Further information: Toptani family

Essad Toptani was born in c. 1863 in the so-called

city center of Tirana.[1] The town at that time was a Kaza of the Sanjak of Durrës, which in itself was a subdivision of the Vilayet of Shkodra.[2] Essad would become one of the most prominent members of the Toptani family, which was undoubtedly the most powerful and wealthiest landowning family in central Albania at the time. The Toptanis originated from Krujë, wherewith the dissolution of the timariot system moved to Tirana.[3] Around 1900, the Toptanis became one of the families with the most civil and military servants at the highest levels in Constantinople. While within Durrës sanjak it was estimated that they owned about three-quarters of the usable area.[4]

Essad was born to Ali

Syrja were very close associates and had family connections to the Toptanis. While many other authors seem to be based on misconceptions circulating since the late 19th century and continue to this day.[b] Essad had three sisters: Nejre, Sabushe and Merushe; each enjoyed the Ottoman title "hanëm" given to female members of the families with a certain status within the empire.[6] His older and only brother Gani Bey Toptani served as adjutant to Sultan Abdülhamid II in the imperial capital of Constantinople.[6] Apparently, both brothers had not completed a single day of school, except for a few lessons provided by private tutors paid for and incited by their father.[7] Being illiterate would not prevent them from obtaining official positions or military ranks in the Ottoman Empire.[8] To Essad, this fact would be often mentioned to him during his career, also he himself would not deny it, as Eqrem Vlora quotes in his Lebenserinnerungen, published posthumously.[9]

Essad Pasha was married at a young age to Sejrie hanëm, with whom he also had two daughters, Mahmude and Petrefe.

Young Turk periods, Essad Pasha nevertheless had to intervene constantly on his own behalf in order to secure that privilege.[15]

Brother's assassination and revenge

Ibrahim Cavid Bey
Cavid Bey, alleged to be behind the murder of Gani Bey.
Gani Toptani
Gani Bey Toptani, Esat's older brother.

On the evening of 21 December 1898, in a Pudding Shop in the Pera district of Constantinople after a verbal conflict, apparently on the spot, Gani bey Toptani was shot dead.[16] Gani Toptani was the older brother of Essad Pasha. The 39-year-old at the time was an adjutant to the Sultan and one of his most trusted men.[17] The murder, due to the names of the people involved, was also covered in some western media besides the Ottoman ones. Although the killer remained undisclosed by the authorities, rumors started circulating in the capital that the shooter was Hafiz Pasha, then intendant of Ibrahim Cavid Bey.[18] The latter was a member of the Imperial Council and also the son of Grand vizier Halil Rifat Pasha.[19] Cavid Bey was considered as ruthless and unscrupulous person as Gani Bey himself in the capital.[20] Some contemporary newspapers began to cite "crime of passion" as the reason for the murder, where a quarrel broke out because of a woman. While others driven by rumors, go further by saying that the assassination had a political background given the persons involved, to the extent that it was rumored that the Sultan himself was involved and he was behind the order to eliminate Gani Bey.[21] Apparently Hafiz Pasha had no personal reason to kill Gani Bay, with whom he had been friends for months, so it was thought to be a tool in the hands of quite high circles in Constantinople.[18]

Gani Bey Toptani (center) with his friends. Xhiu i Fajes on his left.

The murder of Gani Bey, despite the great commotion made at the beginning, soon began to be neglected and not talked about anymore, as if it were a normal thing that happened from time to time.

Gjakmarrja (lit. 'blood-taking').[25] He had asked support by helping and guiding him on how to act in Constantinople. Essad had initially refused seeing it as too risky but later agreed to cover the costs and everything needed to organize the assassination.[26]

The legal process became extremely difficult as Albanians filled the hall creating noises and ovations, often interfering also to the sultan, who tended to make concessions only to maintain order in the peripheries of the empire. On the day of the final court decision on 10 February 1900, no Albanian was allowed to enter the courtroom.[26] Haxhi Mustafa was sentenced to death for the crime committed, but the sultan spared his life and the sentence was converted into life imprisonment. He would be released about 8 years later during the Young Turk Revolution. In Albania, he was welcomed as a hero, to whom folk songs were composed and which are still sung to this day.[27]

Military and early political career

In 1893, before he was in his 30s, Essad Pasha was appointed Regiment Commander of the Gendarmerie in Vilayet of Janina, the first time he had taken an official duty. According to some sources, Essad had no military experience before, but would soon be tested in the Greco-Turkish War.[28] In 1897, Ottoman troops commanded by Ahmed Hifzi Pasha were defeated in the Battle of Pente Pigadia.[29] Among the Turkish formations, there were also 4 battalions of Albanian volunteers, mainly Ghegs teenagers, where after the defeat they began to have distrust and dissatisfaction with the command, which later resulted in a revolt and a disorderly retreat towards Ioannina. There Essad Pasha helped restore military discipline and Turkish forces launched a counterattack that pushed the Greek armies back across the Arta River to the south. The Sublime Porte awarded Essad the Second Class Order of Osmanieh, and shortly afterward he was promoted to Mirliva.[30]

Photograph of Essad during his time as Commander of the Gendarmerie of Vilayet of Shkodër (1902-1908) in the Mirliva's uniform, photographed by Pietro Marubi.
Essad Pasha Toptani during the years he served as Commander of the Gendarmerie in the Vilayet of Shkodra

In Tirana, meanwhile, the situation had long since escalated as local authorities imposed extra taxes. The situation escalated on 9 September 1901 when influential people of Tirana, including well-known members of the Toptani family, rose in protest and occupied the Post-Telegraph office, demanding the dismissal of Mutasarrif. Although the Sublime Porte initially complied with some of their demands, the Vali of Shkodër would soon intervene and pursue the same policy, this time sending gendarmerie forces to restore order, arrest the initiators of the protest and collect arrears.[31] The conflict situation would last throughout 1902.[32] In Janina, things did not go well for Essad either, where he had started an open conflict with the Vali of Janina.[33] The conflict between them was said to have lasted for a long time, the Porte sent a commission from Constantinople to resolve the conflict. The conflict had escalated into a physical conflict, where Essad used his gendarmes to surround the house of a Greek woman in the city where the Vali spent time in the company of his friend. The gendarmes, in the presence of Essad, broke down the door and dragged the governor to the city streets, insulting him.[33] In these circumstances, the Porte considered the return of Essad Pasha to Tirana as a solution, appointing him to the post of Commander of the Gendarmerie of Shkodër, similar to the one he held in Janina.[32] Of course, after his transfer, the Sublime Porte had taken into account the fact that members of his family, such as Abdi Bey Toptani, Fuat Bey Toptani and Masar Bey Toptani, had joined the movement rejecting local reforms and increasing tax.[32] On 15 September 1902, Essad Pasha left for Tirana to take up the post of gendarmerie commander with the mission to suppress the revolts, establish order and reorganize the gendarmerie.[34] Essad's arrival in Tirana was relatively successful as the Toptanis obeyed, having interests in their çifligs near Tirana and Krujë.[32] The situation in the urban areas was calmed down, but on the contrary in the Highlands of Tirana it continued to be serious. Add to this the complicated situation on the outskirts of Shkodër where the gendarmerie forces have long been in constant confrontation with the Albanian Catholic tribes of the north, mainly those of the Malësia (lit. 'Highlands'), who also opposed Constantinople's attempts to collect taxes and recruit among the Ghegs.[33] The Malësoris had previously enjoyed privileges under the empire by being exempt from taxes, having the right to bear arms, and benefiting from a semi-autonomy long accepted by the empire itself in exchange for a call to arms.[33] The new imperial reforms had brought them into conflict with the northern tribes, and Essad Pasha was the best solution to bring order without going into an open conflict with the Albanians.[34] Although with offices in Shkodër, Essad spent most of the time near his çiflig in Tirana or its environs. Essad would stay gendarmerie commander until the summer of 1908 when he would be elected deputy of the Sanjak of Durrës in the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire.[34]

Ottoman politics

In early 1908 Essad Pasha had sensed that the Hamidian regime was coming to an end and had left the country for some time fearing for himself because in the past he was considered a supporter of

antifeudalism as a policy to gain the support of the poor, it did not hesitate to include in its ranks the so-called Pashas, large landowners and wealthy people. Such was the case of Essad Pasha Toptani.[40]

On 17 December 1908, Essad Pasha Toptani would join the newly elected parliament as a deputy of the Sanjak of Durrës, in the general elections held between November and early December.[41] Albanian candidates won 26 to 29 seats out of the forty-one contested in Albania, among them: Essad Toptani, Ismail Qemali, Shahin Kolonja, Aziz Vrioni, Hasan Prishtina, Mufid Libohova, Nexhip Draga, and others divided into several political camps, but also independent MPs.[42] Despite the constitution of a parliament in which the winners were the Young Turks, Abdülhamid's final days as sultan did not come with the constitution’s restoration but on the contrary 9 months would pass before the day his dethronement would be announced.[43]

Essad Pasha Toptani (center) sent to depose Abdul Hamid II
.

The end of the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II would come by the end of April 1909. The events that had led to this point had begun on 17 December 1908, when with a sudden decision, the sultan announced to temporarily suspend the legislature and had considered abolishing the constitution for the second time.

şeyhülislam (the chief Islamic jurist) had made a decision in accordance with the nation's will to depose him from the throne. He was quoted saying: —"In accordance to the fatwa, the nation has deposed you. The National Assembly takes over the safety of you and your family. For this be sure!"— while the sultan somewhat saddened, responds —"I am not guilty of anything, but so was destiny"—.[55] The whole discussion lasted about 18 minutes. After receiving further assurances about his safety, that of his family and Essad's oath that nothing would happen to him, the delegation left. The event was described by Karasu himself the next day for the Daily Telegraph but was also described in a very similar way by Essad himself and published in Francis McCullagh's book The Fall of Abd-ul-Hamid in 1910 in London.[56] The next day, Abdülhamid, along with his entourage and part of the harem, was taken by train to Selânik, where a long internment awaited him in Villa Allatini.[57]

After some time Abdülhamid II, feeling betrayed by Essad Pasha, referred to him as the "wicked man".[58] As for Essad, the whole event at Yildiz Palace, which for many would be a motive to be proud of, would be narrated as —"Every time I remember that, a sour, lemon-like taste slanders me"—.[17][59]

Separation from CUP

Further information:
Albanian revolt of 1911
A propagandistic illustration in 1910 depicting Shevket Turgut Pasha drinking water humbly offered by a group of Albanians while he himself is riding.

While the Young Turk movement was in the early stages of organizing the revolution, many Albanians joined the organization. As a matter of the fact one of its founding fathers,

state of siege, threatened to imprison anyone who did not surrender their weapons, and launched a population census to recruit those who had reached the age of majority. The operation ended with the imprisonment of members of Albanian patriotic clubs formed in the city and the immediate closure of Albanian-language schools.[71] Apparently, Essad did not like this at all, and when he returned to Constantinople, he joined other Albanian MPs critical of the regime in which the ruling party was accused of excessive use of force, imposing exclusive taxes only to Albanians, collecting weapons without warning, and publicly defaming local influential figures.[72] Essad feared losing the local support he had spent time and money securing.[73]

It is during this time that Essad began to assert himself again at the local level, often playing the role of mediator between the locals and Constantinople and taking advantage of the insurgent situations in the Vilayet of Kosovo.[74] He was very active in defending the interests of the Albanians of these provinces, denouncing the military policies, massacres, and violent repression that the central government itself carried out at Albanians expense.[75] In an interview given on 20 January 1911 to Corriere d'Italia, at the journalist's question whether the rumors about his separation from the CUP were true, Essad answers —"It is completely true. I left Union and Progress because I saw that I had no freedom of action. I found myself at such a position that I felt indifferent and what was worse, I became an accomplice to all the vicious persecutions of which my compatriots were suffering from a military government"—.[76]

Taksim Plot and the General Revolt

Main article: Taksim meeting
Further information: Albanian revolt of 1912 and 1912 Ottoman coup d'état
Hasan Prishtina
Ismail Qemali

The revolts of 1910-1911 had severely deteriorated relations between the Albanians and the Committee of Union and Progress government. In fact, the insurrection in the Spring of 1911 and the government's inability to introduce certain promised reforms had made the Albanians the Unionists' most bitter opponents.[77] At the end of 1911, the numerous departures from the ranks of the CUP had led the latter to think seriously about the dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies and the holding of new elections.[78] Eventually, the parliament was officially dissolved at the instigation of CUP on 18 January 1912, paving the way for new elections to be held between March–April period.[79] From mid-January, at the initiative of Hasan Bey Prishtina and Ismail Bey Qemali, it was decided to hold a secret meeting which would be known later as the "Taksim Plot", with the aim of organizing a general uprising in all provinces of Albania.[80] As one of the few participants in the meeting, Essad Pasha assured it would deal with the organization of the uprising in the area of ​​Central Albania and Mirditë.[81]

Essad Pasha without delay returned to Tirana to deal with the election campaign, where this time he ran as an independent against the CUPs' candidate

Syrja Vlora who had taken the place of his cousin Ismail Qemali. Syrja Bey was considered no less problematic by CUP.[91]

Some deserting Ottoman officers who join the uprising in the mountains of Albania illustrated by the Wiener Bilder in July 1912.

In April 1912, Essad was summoned by telegram to Constantinople to take up the post of general, which was agreed upon, but which he himself had had second thoughts about and initially refused. After an ultimatum from the minister that if refused, he would be declared a traitor and arrested, he accepted.

Savior Officers", gave their public support to the Albanian Cause, although the ultimate goal of the two rebel movements did not seem to be in cohesion with each other.[96] Nevertheless, the two, gave the final blow to the government by pushing the Minister of War, Mahmud Shevket Pasha to resign, and 8 days later the government itself was overthrown. On 22 July 1912, a non-partisan government that in fact was dominated by Savior Officers and the Liberal Entente, led by the elderly field marshal Ghazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, was formed to resolve the situation in Rumelia and negotiate with the rebel forces.[97]

In early August the sultan began to seriously consider the dissolution of parliament for the second time in several months. After some legal maneuvers between the Senate and him, the imperial decree was signed on August 5 and read in the Chamber of Deputies by Ahmed Muhtar Pasha at 1:00 p.m. in the presence of only a few Albanian MPs who were in favor of dissolution, among them Essad Pasha.[98] Later, after a scene in the speaker's room, Essad Pasha Toptani behaved so violently that Halil Menteşe was forced to call the police, the Chamber of Deputies was closed by order of Damad Ferid Pasha and the cabinet convened to discuss the situation.[98]

Siege of Scutari

Main article: Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)

During the summer of 1912, in addition to the Albanian Question, in the high circles of Constantinople fears about an imminent declaration of war coordinated by the

Hasan Riza Pasha, at the time the governor of Shkodra, considering insufficient troops and weapons available for the city's defense, sends a telegram to the Ministry of War specifically requesting the general staff to send Essad Pasha with reinforcements as soon as possible. This request was argued by the fact that the Muslim community of Shkodra had asked that the Pasha comes to their aid, but also by the fact that Riza Pasha considered Essad as an influential man and a good connoisseur of the fragile situation between the religious communities, having served for years as Commander of the Gendarmerie in the city. As a result of these fears, in August of that year, Essad Pasha would be instructed to return to the Sanjak of Durrës and mobilize the redifs (reservist) troops and local volunteers as soon as possible and head for Shkodër as soon as possible to join the city's garrison
.

The Ottoman suspicions were confirmed when on 8 October 1912, Montenegro submitted to the Sublime Porte an ultimatum to be expired 13th of the same month. The demands were deliberately unfulfillable and consequently the official declaration of war came on the day set. Four days after, on 17 October one after another, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia followed by declaring the same by officially starting the First Balkan War. Weeks prior, the aligned kingdoms had formed an alliance known as the Balkan League. Hasan Riza Pasha was in charge of 13,600 thousand Ottoman imperial soldiers who were deployed to defend the city. As for the involvement or circumstances in which Essad Pasha joined the defense, the sources are divided. Some sources report that at the beginning of October he was near Elbasan at the head of a corps of about 10,000 militants and only on October 25 he would join the defense of the city. However, in light of archival documents and recently discovered diplomatic letters, it is suggested that all happened weeks earlier and the militants were much less than 10,000. Essad Pasha started organizing and summoning of the redifs in mid-September and within a few weeks under his command were placed around 5500 Albanian reservists and volunteers from Durrës, Tirana, Kavaja, Kruja and Shijaku. On 27 September, he headed for Shkodra but in the Breg Matja area, his troops would encounter armed opposition from Ded Çoku and his followers, mostly Catholic tribes of the area. The suspicions were that as an Ottoman officer, Essad Pasha had been sent to launch another retaliation against the northern tribes who a few months earlier had revolted against the empire. In these circumstances, Essad Pasha ordered the artillery and a part of the logistics to be sent through the port of Durrës by ships, while he himself set out to face the troops of Ded Çoku. After several short skirmishes, the rebel troops withdrew and Essad Pasha managed to break the blockade and decided to leave two battalions in Zadrima to ensure the further passage of reinforcements and materials. The reservist army led by Essad Pasha, would arrive in Shkodra on 3 October 1912. Considering his military rank but also the substantial number of reinforcements he had managed to gather around himself, Essad Pasha was appointed second in command by Hasan Riza Pasha.

Political career

Peasant Revolt

Main article:
Peasant Revolt in Albania

He reluctantly stepped down when forced to do so by the

Peasant Revolt in Albania against Prince Wilhem. He was the only person in Albania to have a self-contained army of his own, and strove to grab as much of the country as he could. On 9 January, his men tried to take Elbasan, but they were repulsed by the governor of the town, Aqif Pasha Elbasani.[99]

On 19 May 1914, when Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer Johan Sluys surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with Prince zu Wied, he was not court-martialled but sent to Bari in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.[100]

Exile and the Treaty of Niš

From exile in Rome, he maintained close links with the Serbian and Montenegrin governments. After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to

arms.[102]

His power base in central Albania was weakened in November 1914 by an uprising of Muslim rebels who turned against him, but he managed, with Italian support, to hold on to the town of Durrës. When Serbian forces invaded Albania in mid-June 1915 [

Paris Peace Conference
.

For the next two years, Essad Pasha remained in

pact of London, which planned the division of Albania. During this time Tirana and much of central Albania was controlled by his Field Commander, Osman Bali and his most trusted adviser Ramazan Biba, member of a prominent Tirana family.[citation needed
]

Death

On 13 June 1920, Avni Rustemi assassinated Essad Pasha in Paris when he left the Hotel Continental. Essad Pasha was buried in the Serbian Military Cemetery in Paris, after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.

Legacy

Perception

Toptani is remembered among Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason. Essad Pasha had a reputation as an unscrupulous opportunist, Edith Durham viewed Essad Pasha as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay – men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honour was, to put it mildly, deficient."

In 2014, the Serbian Minister of Labor, Aleksandar Vulin paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to Serbia.

Misconceptions

WIP

Two shots in Paris (sq:Dy krisma në Paris) is a drama by Sheri Mita, Pëllumb Kulla with the subject of Essad Pasha Toptani murder in Paris and trial of Avni Rustemi.

  • Date of Birth

There is some uncertainty in the sources around the date of his birth. Historical work and general literature put its birth year in 1863, without mentioning the exact day or month. In 2017, Roland Qafoku, who had been researching the biographies of the prime ministers of Albanian history for ten years, marked the exact date on 13 June 1863 but may be confused with the date of death which is similar both in the day and on the month. Ilir Ikonomi, in his monograph about Esat Toptani published in 2016, sets the birth year in 1864.

  • WIP

During the period of the Albanian uprisings of 1910‒1912, Essad Pasha seems to have spent time between Constantinople and Tirana. Although critical in parliament against the CUP, it appears that from this conflictual situation he was one of the biggest beneficiaries.[74] The Italians identified him as the biggest arm smuggler in Central Albania.[74]

Awards and honours

He received awards and decorations before, during, and after World War I.

Ottoman Empire

  •  Ottoman Empire:
1st Class Order of the Medjidie
2nd Class Order of Osmanieh (1897)

Foreign honours

  •  Kingdom of Italy:
Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy (28 February 1914)
Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (February 1916)
  •  Austria-Hungary:
Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph (28 February 1914)
  •  France:
Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (12 April 1916)
Croix de Guerre (1917)
  •  United Kingdom:
Grand Officer of the Order of St Michael and St George (April 1916)
  •  Kingdom of Greece:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (January 1918)
  •  Kingdom of Serbia:
Granc Cross of the Order of the White Eagle.[104]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

  1. Albanian Republic
  2. first cousin of the two brothers Essad and Gani Toptani. While Essad's sister Nejre was married to his uncle Xhaferr Bey Vlora with whom she had three children. The best known of them was Xhemil Bey Vlora, Essad's nephew who was present on the day of his assassination near the Continental Hotel in 1920 in Paris. (Further reading
    )

Citations

  1. ^ Elsie 2010, pp. 447–448; Ikonomi 2016, p. 11.
  2. ^ Gostentschnigg 2017, p. 526; Frashëri 2004, pp. 274, 290; Clayer 2009, pp. 85–86.
  3. ^ Gostentschnigg 2017, p. 526; Ikonomi 2016, p. 13; Frashëri 2004, pp. 104–118.
  4. ^ Gostentschnigg 2017, p. 526; Blumi 2013, pp. 541–542; Gawrych 2006, pp. 33–34.
  5. ^ Gostentschnigg 2017, p. 526; Vlora 2010, p. 604; Elsie 2010, pp. 447–448.
  6. ^ a b Vlora 2010, p. 604.
  7. ^ Frashëri 2004, p. 303.
  8. ^ Frashëri 2004, p. 303; Ikonomi 2016, p. 16.
  9. ^ Vlora 2010, pp. 72–73.
  10. ^ a b Ikonomi 2016, p. 13.
  11. ^ Ikonomi 2016, p. 13; Erkin 2021.
  12. ^ Ikonomi 2016, p. 16; Clayer 2013, p. 89.
  13. ^ Blumi 2013, pp. 541–542; Gawrych 2006, p. 80.
  14. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 167; Blumi 2013, pp. 541–542; Clayer 2009, p. 89.
  15. ^ Blumi 2013, pp. 541–542.
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  20. ^ Herzl 1960, p. 1684; Koçu 1963, pp. 3395–3396.
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  29. ^ Skendi 2015, p. 192
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  99. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Albania under prince Wied". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. It was obvious to Wied and the Dutch officers that Essad Pasha had his hand in the unrest.
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  103. ISBN 978-0-88033-181-4
    , p. 358: "In return, Essad reconfirmed a promise he had made in the fall of 1914 to support Greece's annexation of North Epirus. However, while he was willing to come to a secret agreement with the Greek government on this question, he indicated that in order to be able to counterbalance the weight of the common adversary, that is Italy, and to stabilize his influence in Albania he could not recognize publicly Greece's claim."
  104. ^ Acović 2013, p. 579.

References

Primary sources

Website sources

External links

Media related to Essad Pasha Toptani at Wikimedia Commons

Political offices
Preceded by
Turhan Pashë Përmeti
 Prime Minister of Albania
5 October 1914 – 24 February 1916 		Succeeded by
Turhan Pashë Përmeti



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