Mahmud Shevket Pasha
Mahmud Shevket İbrahim Hakkı Pasha Mehmed Said Pasha | |
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Preceded by | Salih Hulusi Pasha |
Succeeded by | Hurşid Pasha |
Personal details | |
Born | 1856 |
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (
Early life and career
Mahmud Shevket was born in
He finished his primary and secondary education in Baghdad before going to
In 1905 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was appointed governor of the
In 1902 he published Ottoman Organization and Military Uniforms from the Establishment of the Ottoman State to the Present (Turkish: Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi) which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive studies written on the history of the Ottoman army and its uniforms.[17]
31 March Incident
A year later saw the
War Minister
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mahmut_shevket-p.jpg/220px-Mahmut_shevket-p.jpg)
After the incident, he became an important power holder in Ottoman politics: Shevket Pasha was made martial law Commander of Constantinople, inspector of the First, Second, and Third Armies, and Minister of War. Though Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha came back to form a government, his premiership was widely seen as being under Shevket Pasha's control. His War Ministry worked to keep officers away from politics, especially the CUP.[20] His tenourship as War Minister saw the suppression of the 1910 Albanian Revolt. He also used troops from Tripolitania to suppress Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din's revolt in Yemen, which exposed Tripolitania to foreign invasion from Italy in 1911. Hilmi's resignation saw Ibrahim Hakki elevated to the Grand Vezierate, and Shevket was also included in cabinet as War Minister.
Shevket Pasha is credited for the creation of
In an interview with The New York Times, he pushed for Christians to make up 25% of the Ottoman army, and for good relations with the United States.[23]
Though he saved the CUP in the 31 March Incident, Shevket also played a pivotal role in the 1912 coup which caused the fall of the CUP government. His resignation as War Minister was an effective endorsement to the Savior Officers, who were able to maneuver around the Unionist parliament and shuttered it, driving them underground.[24] Thereafter he served as a senator.
Premiership and assassination
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mahmut_Schevket_Pascha.jpg/220px-Mahmut_Schevket_Pascha.jpg)
During the
On 11 June 1913 Mahmud Shevket Pasha was assassinated in his car in Beyazit Square in a revenge attack by a relative of the assassinated War Minister Nazım Pasha, who was killed during the 1913 coup.[1] He was buried in the Monument of Liberty, dedicated to soldiers of the Action Army who were killed in the 31 March Incident. The car he was in, the uniform he was wearing, the clothes of his murdered aides, and the weapons used in the assassination are on display at the Istanbul Military Museum.
On the day of his assassination, a deputy of the Freedom and Accord Party, Lütfi Fikri stated "In the full sense of the word, Mahmud Şevket Pasha has committed suicide, and this was decided on the day he accepted the grand vezierate over the corpse of Nâzım Pasha. I am sure that this man did not like, for instance, Talaat Bey and his friends. How could it be that he became, to such a degree, a toy in their hands and died for this reason?"[26]
Legacy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg/220px-Mahmut_Sevket_Pasa.jpg)
Mahmud Shevket Pasha represented the last independent personality in the Empire's politics; the successor of the premiership, Said Halim Pasha, would be a puppet of the CUP's radical faction, headed by the triumvirate of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, all of whom would finally enter the cabinet following his death. Enver took Shevket Pasha's old post of Minister of War by 1914, and Talat in addition to returning to the interior ministry after his assassination, himself became Grand Vizier in 1917. Shevket Pasha's assassination allowed the CUP, primarily Talat Pasha, to establish a radical nationalist dictatorship that would last until the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I in 1918. This dictatorship would see the empire retake Edirne in the Second Balkan War, but also join and lose World War I while committing genocide against its Christian minorities.
Shevket Pasha was the last Ottoman Grand Vizier to die in office.
A town in Beykoz, Istanbul is named after him. The name of the town Tirilye was changed to Mahmutşevketpaşa in his memory after his assassination, but would rename itself to Zeytinbağı in 1963.[27]
Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army
In a 2012 interview with Habertürk, Murat Bardakçı publicized what he claimed was the first ever sound recording made in the Ottoman Empire, which was Mahmud Shevket Pasha's rallying speech to the troops of the Action Army, urging them to march on Istanbul and overthrow the sultan.[28] While a YouTube video recording of the speech has gone viral, its veracity has been controversial. A study by the historian Derya Tulga concluded that it is impossible for an original audio recording of Shevket Pasha's 1909 speech to exist, and even assuming it is Mahmud Shevket Pasha's voice, the recording was ultimately a reenactment produced two years after the 31 March Incident, which he would have done for propaganda purposes. She goes further to state that the voice in the recording is most likely not even Shevket Pasha's but instead the Turkish representative of Favorite Platten Record Company Ahmet Şükrü Bey. Mehmet Çalışkan came to a similar conclusion, adding that the words of the speech itself can't be verified to be Shevket Pasha's, and points out that Ahmet Şükrü promoted the voice recording on a 15 August 1911 issue of the CUP mouthpiece Tanin.[29]
Works
Shevket Pasha wrote several books in addition to his memoirs. He also translated Alphonse Karr's Sous les Tilleuls.
- Logaritma Cedâvili Risalesi (from H.1301)
- Fenn-i Esliha (H. 1301)
- Usûl-i Hendese I-II (H. 1302-1304)
- Asâkir-i Şahanenin Piyade Sınıfına Mahsus 87 Modeli Mükerrer Ateşli Mavzer üzer Tüfeği (H. 1303)
- Mükerrer Ateşli Tüfekler (H.1308)
- Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfekleri Risâlesi (H. 1311)
- Küçük Çaplı Mavzer Tüfeklerine Mahsus Atlas (H.1311)
- Devlet-i Osmâniyye’nin Bidâyet-i Tesisinden Şimdiye Kadar Osmanlı Teşkilât ve Kıyâfet-i Askeriyesi (I-III, H. 1320)
Gallery
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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The pistols carried by Mahmud Shevket Pasha's assassins.
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The first automobile in Constantinople.
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Mahmud Shevket Pasha just before his murder, Istanbul Military Museum.
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Shevket Pasha's funeral
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Sketch of events of Shevket Pasha's assassination in the report written by the police chief of Istanbul
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Mahmud Shevket Pasha in a car, 1911
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Mahmud Shevket Pasha and Enver Pasha
References
- ^ a b David Kenneth Fieldhouse: Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958. Oxford University Press, 2006 p.17
- ISBN 5-295-01270-0.
- OCLC 756484323.
- ^
- Şakir, Ziya (1944). Mahmut Şevket paşa. F. Gücüyener Anadolu Türk Kitap Deposu. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
Resmi sicillere nazaran bu aileyi kuran zat, aslen (Gürcü) olup (Bağdat kölemenleri)ndendir.
[According to the official records, the person who founded this family was originally Georgian and was one of the Baghdad slaves.] - Amca, Hasan (1958). Dogmayan hürriyet. M. Sıralar Matbaası. p. 77. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- Seyrek, Ahmet Murat (2002). ATATÜRK SÖZLÜĞÜ. Yediveren Yayinlari. p. 159. ISBN 9786052692387. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- Yöntem, Ali Canib (2005). Prof. Ali Cânip Yöntem'in yeni Türk edebiyatı üzerine makaleleri. Tablet. p. 166. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın soyu Gürcü'dür.
[Mahmut Şevket Pasha's ancestry is Georgian.] - Publications de la Société d'histoire turque: VIII. sér. Türk Tarih Kurumu. 1952. p. 323. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- Bayur, Yusuf Hikmet (1983). Türk inkılâbı tarihi, 2. cilt,4. sayı. Türk Tarih Kurumu. p. 323. ISBN 9789756346143. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
Kendisi aslen Gürcü idi , ancak ailesi çoktandır Irak'a yerleşmişti ve Araplaşmıştı
[He was originally Georgian, but his family had long since settled in Iraq and was Arabized.] - Belleten, 8. cilt. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. 1944. p. 92. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
Süleyman Bey Bağdad'daki kölmenlere mensub ve Aslen Gürcü olup merhum Sadr-ı âzam ve Harbiye Nazırı Mahmud Şevket Paşanın babasıdır.
[Süleyman Bey, a member of the slaves in Baghdad and originally Georgian, is the father of the late grand vizier and Minister of War Mahmud Şevket Pasha.] - "The New York Times, May 17, 1909" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 May 1909.
- Hasan Kayali (1997). Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 20.
- Hasan Kayali (1962). Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Press. p. 282.
- Şakir, Ziya (1944). Mahmut Şevket paşa. F. Gücüyener Anadolu Türk Kitap Deposu. pp. 11–12. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
- ^ Nâzım Tektaş, Sadrazamlar: Osmanlı'da ikinci adam saltanatı, Çatı Kitapları, 2002, p. .
- ^ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, Türkiye Yayınevi, İstanbul, 1971, p. 101. (in Turkish)
- OCLC 756484323.
- OCLC 41547097.
- ^ Ali Bilgenoğlu, Osmanlı Devleti'nde Arap milliyetçi cemiyetler, Müdafaa-i Hukuk Yayınları, 2007, p. 87.]
- ^ Bayar, Celal (1967). Ben de yazdim. Vol. IV. Baha Matbaasi. p. 1228. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
Bana, Mahmut Şevket Paşa'nın yakınları, babasının Gürcü, annesinin Arap olduğunu söylemişlerdir
[Relatives of Mahmut Şevket Pasha told me that his father was Georgian and his mother was Arab.] - ISBN 9789750505638. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
Kendisi, umumi kanaat ve zan hilâfına, Arap değil Bağdat'ta yerleşmiş bir Gürcü ailesinin evlâdıdır. Nitekim ben Bağdat'ta iken merhumun hâlâ orada yaşayan hısım ve akrabası ile görüştüm.
[Contrary to public opinion, he is the son of a Georgian family settled in Baghdad, not an Arab. As a matter of fact, while I was in Baghdad, I talked to the deceased's relatives and relatives who still live there.] - ^ "Haskala'nın Yahudi Eğitimine Etkisi: Alliance Israelite Universelle ve Toplumsal Dönüşüm "İstanbul AIU Okulları Örneği ile"". inanç, kültür ve mitoloji araştırmaları dergisi. Vol. 6, no. 3. May–August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023.
- ^ Türkiye'nin devlet yaşamında Yahudiler. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- ^ Soner Yalçın, Efendi 2 – Beyaz Müslümanların Büyük Sırrı, Doğan Kitap, 1. Baskı, Istanbul 2006, sayfa 114.
- ^ Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930...
- ^ "Mahmud Şevket Paşa". Britannica.
- ^ Türkmen, Zekeriya. "Mahmud Şevket Paşa". İslâm Ansiklopedisi.
- ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 167.
- ^ Zürcher 2017, p. 202.
- ISBN 0521291666.
- ^ "Founding - Turkish Air Force". Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Commentary - History of the Turkish Air Force". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
- ^ "The New York Times, May 17, 1909" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 May 1909.
- ^ Shaw & Shaw 1977, p. 291.
- ISBN 978-1-78074-301-1.
- ^ Kieser 2018, p. 140.
- ^ "Adına kavuşan belde Tirilye". Sabah. Türkçe. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Mahmud Şevket Paşa'nın 31 Mart Olayı Sırasındaki Ses Kaydı". YouTube.
- ^ Aladağ, Alaaddin (15 December 2021). "Mahmut Şevket Paşa'ya ait olduğu iddia edilen ses kaydı". Doğruluğu Ne?.
Sources
- Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.
- ISBN 978-0-691-15762-7. (Google Books)
- Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel (27 May 1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (published 1975), ISBN 0-521-29166-6
- Zürcher, Erik Jan (2017). "31 Mart: A Fundamentalist Uprising in Istanbul in April 1909?". In Lévy-Aksu, Noémi; Georgeon, François (eds.). The Young Turk Revolution and the Ottoman Empire: The Aftermath of 1918. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781786720214.
External links
- Newspaper clippings about Mahmud Shevket Pasha in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Alleged recording of Mahmud Shevket Pasha's speech to the Action Army