User:LieutenantKennedy17/Philip II of Macedon
This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft (The pictures are not mine, they just copied over)
Lead
Philip II of Macedon
Biography
Youth and accession
Philip was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Eurydice I. After the assassination of his eldest brother, Alexander II, Philip was sent as a hostage to Illyria by Ptolemy of Aloros.[4][5] Philip was later held in Thebes (c. 368–365 BCE), which at the time was the leading city of Greece. While in Thebes, Philip received a military and diplomatic education from Epaminondas, became eromenos of Pelopidas,[6][7] and lived with Pammenes, who was an enthusiastic advocate of the Sacred Band of Thebes.
In 364 BCE, Philip returned to
Philip's military skills and expansionist vision of Macedonia brought him early success. He first had to remedy a predicament which had been greatly worsened by the defeat against the Illyrians in which King Perdiccas himself had died. The Paeonians and the Thracians had sacked and invaded the eastern regions of Macedonia, while the Athenians had landed, at Methoni on the coast, a contingent under the Macedonian pretender Argaeus II.[8]
Military Career
Improvements to the army
Philip II made many notable contributions to the Macedonian army. The cavalry and infantry, which were the primary source of the army's strength, roughly doubled from the battles with the Illyrians to 334 BCE.[9] The discipline and training of the soldiers increased as well, but the Macedonian soldiers under Philip were provided with rewards and bonus wages for exceptional service and the possibility of promotion through the ranks. In addition to these changes, Philip created the Macedonian phalanx, an infantry formation that consisted of soldiers all armed with a sarissa. Philip is credited for adding the sarissa to the Macedonian army, where it soon was the common weapon used by most soldiers.[9]
Early military career
Using diplomacy, Philip pushed back the Paeonians and Thracians promising tributes, and defeated the 3,000 Athenian hoplites (359).
Philip married
After securing the western and southern borders of Macedon, Philip went on to siege
In 357 BCE, Philip married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians. Their son, Alexander, was born in 356 BCE, the same year Philip's racehorse won at the Olympic Games.[11]
During 356 BCE, Philip conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi. He then established a powerful garrison there to control its mines, which yielded much of the gold he later used for his campaigns. In the meantime, his general Parmenion defeated the Illyrians again.[12]
From 355 to 354 BCE, Philip besieged Methone, the last city on the Thermaic Gulf controlled by Athens. During the siege, Philip was injured in his right eye, which was later removed surgically.[13] Despite the arrival of two Athenian fleets, the city fell in 354 BCE. Philip also attacked Abdera and Maronea, on the Thracian coast (354–353).[14]
Third Sacred War
Philip's involvement in the Third Sacred War (356-346) began in 354 BCE. At the request of the Thessalian League, Philip and his army traveled to Thessaly in order to capture Pagasae, resulting in an alliance with Thebes. A year later in 353 BCE, Philip was once again asked to assist in battle, but this time against the tyrant Lycophron who was supported by Onomarchus. Philip and his forces invaded Thessaly, defeating 7,000 Phocians and forcing Phayllus, the brother of Onomarchus, to leave.[10]
That same year, Onomarchus and his army defeated Philip in two succeeding battles. Philip returned to Thessaly the next summer, this time with an army of 20,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and the additional support of the Thessalian League's forces. At the Battle of Crocus Field, 6,000 Phocians fell and 3,000 were taken as prisoners and later drowned. This battle earned Philip immense prestige. He was made the leader (archon) of the Thessalian League and was able to claim Magnesia and Perrhaebia, which expanded his territory to Pagasae.[10]
There were no hostilities with Athens yet, but Athens was threatened by the Macedonians. From 352 to 346 BCE, Philip did not again travel south. He was active in completing the subjugation of the Balkan hill-country to the west and north, and in reducing the Greek cities of the coast as far as the Hebrus. To the chief of these coastal cities, Olynthus, Philip continued to profess friendship until its neighboring cities were in his hands.[15]
In 348 BCE, Philip started the siege of Olynthus, which, apart from its strategic position, housed his half-brothers, Arrhidaeus and Menelaus, pretenders to the Macedonian throne. Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. The latter, however, did nothing to help the city because its expeditions held back by a revolt in Euboea. The Macedonian king took Olynthus in 348 BCE and razed the city to the ground. The same fate was inflicted on other cities of the Chalcidian peninsula, resulting in the Chalcidian League dissolving.[10]
Macedon and the regions adjoining it having been securely consolidated, Philip celebrated his
Later campaigns (346–336 BCE)
In 345 BCE, Philip conducted a hard-fought campaign against the Ardiaioi (Ardiaei), under their king Pleuratus I, during which Philip was seriously wounded in the lower right leg by an Ardian soldier.[16]
In 342 BCE, Philip led a military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
In 340 BCE, Philip started the siege of
Asian campaign (336 BCE)
Philip II was involved quite early against the Achaemenid Empire. From around 352 BCE, he supported several Persian opponents to
In 336 BCE, Philip II sent
Marriages (moving this section above "Assassination") Move statue of Philip below Olympias.
The kings of Macedon practiced polygamy. Philip II had seven wives throughout his life, all members of royalty from foreign dynasties. All of Philip's wives were considered queens, making their children royalty as well.[10] The dates of Philip's multiple marriages and the names of some of his wives are contested. Below is the order of marriages offered by Athenaeus, 13.557b–e:
- Bardyllis. Mother of Cynane.
- Phila of Elimeia, the sister of Derdas and Machatas of Elimiotis.
- Thessalonica.
- Olympias of Epirus, daughter of Neoptolemus I,[29] mother of Alexander the Great and Cleopatra.
- Philinna of Larissa, mother of Arrhidaeus later called Philip III of Macedon.
- Meda of Odessos, daughter of the king Cothelas, of Thrace.
- Cleopatra, daughter of Hippostratus and niece of general Attalus of Macedonia. Philip renamed her Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon.
Assassination
King Philip was assassinated in October 336 BCE at Aegae, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Macedon. Philip and his royal court were gathered in order to celebrate the marriage of Alexander I of Epirus and Cleopatra of Macedon—Philip's daughter by his fourth wife Olympias. While the king was entering into the town's theatre—he was unprotected in order to appear approachable to the Greek diplomats that were present at the time—Philip was slain by Pausanias of Orestis, one of his seven bodyguards. After Philip was killed, the assassin then immediately tried to escape & to reach his getaway associates who were waiting for him with horses at the entrance to Aegae. The assassin was pursued by three of Philip's other bodyguards, and during the chase, he accidentally tripped on a vine. He was then subsequently stabbed to death and murdered by the bodyguards.[30]
The reasons for the assassination are difficult to expound fully. There was already controversy among ancient historians; the only contemporary account in our possession is that of Aristotle who states, rather tersely, that Philip was killed because Pausanias had been offended by the followers Philip's uncle-in-law, Attalus.[31] Attalus was the uncle of Philip's wife Cleopatra (renamed Eurydice upon marriage).
Cleitarchus' analysis
Fifty years later, the historian Cleitarchus expanded and embellished the story. Centuries later, this version was to be narrated by Diodorus Siculus and all the historians who used Cleitarchus. According to the sixteenth book of Diodorus' history,[32] Pausanias of Orestis had been a lover of Philip, but became jealous when Philip turned his attention to a younger man, also called Pausanias. The elder Pausanias' taunting of the new lover caused the younger Pausanias to throw away his life in battle, which turned his friend Attalus against the elder Pausanias. Attalus took his revenge by getting Pausanias of Orestis drunk at a public dinner and then raping him.[32]
When Pausanias complained to Philip, the king felt unable to chastise Attalus, as he was about to send him to Asia with Parmenion, to establish a bridgehead for his planned invasion. Philip also was recently married to Attalus' niece, Cleopatra Eurydice. Rather than offend Attalus, Philip tried to mollify Pausanias by elevating him within his personal bodyguard. Pausanias' desire for revenge seems to have turned towards the man who had failed to avenge his damaged honour, so he planned to kill Philip. Some time after the alleged rape, while Attalus was away in Asia fighting the Persians, he put his plan in action.[32]
Modern analysis
Many modern historians have observed that none of the accounts are probable: In the case of Pausanias, the stated motive of the crime hardly seems adequate. On the other hand, the implication of Alexander and Olympias seems specious – to act as they did would have required brazen effrontery in the face of a military personally loyal to Philip. What seems to be recorded are the natural suspicions that fell on the chief beneficiaries of the assassination, however their actions in response to the murder cannot prove their guilt in the crime itself – regardless of how sympathetic they might have seemed afterward.[33]
Whatever the actual background to the assassination, it may have had an enormous effect on later world history, far beyond what any conspirators could have predicted. As asserted by some modern historians, had the older and more settled Philip been the one in charge of the war against Persia, he might have rested content with relatively moderate conquests, e.g., making Anatolia into a Macedonian province, and not pushed further into an overall conquest of Persia and further campaigns in India.[33]
Need to update picture descriptions and information panel to BCE as well.
References
- ISBN 0300164769, 9780300164763
- ^ Cosmopoulos, Michael B. 1992. Macedonia: An Introduction to its Political History. Winnipeg: Manitoba Studies in Classical Civilization, p. 30 (TABLE 2: The Argeiad Kings).
- ^ Diodorus Sicilus, Book 16, 89.[3] «διόπερ ἐν Κορίνθῳ τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου συναχθέντος διαλεχθεὶς περὶ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου καὶ μεγάλας ἐλπίδας ὑποθεὶς προετρέψατο τοὺς συνέδρους εἰς πόλεμον. τέλος δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἑλομένων αὐτὸν στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα τῆς Ἑλλάδος μεγάλας παρασκευὰς ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας στρατείαν...καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ Φίλιππον ἐν τούτοις ἦν»
- ^ ISBN 9780520954694.
- ^ Howe, T. (2017), "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development", in S. Müller, T. Howe, H. Bowden and R. Rollinger (eds.), The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives. Wiesbaden, 99-113.
- ^ Dio Chrysostom Or. 49.5
- ^ Murray, Stephen O. Homosexualities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, page 42
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Mason, Charles Peter (1870). "Argaeus". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 1. p. 279.
- ^ a b Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (1980). Philip of Macedon. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S.A.
- ^ ISBN 0-8018-4927-6.
- ISBN 9780520954694.
- JSTOR 30103175. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- Spoon of Dioclesewas used to remove his eye.
- ^ public domain: Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1911). "Philip II., king of Macedonia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ a b public domain: Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1911). "Philip II., king of Macedonia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ISBN 0-7864-1918-0
- ^ public domain: Bevan, Edwyn Robert (1911). "Philip II., king of Macedonia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ISBN 0-571-10958-6.
- ^ Wells, H. G. (1961) [1937]. The Outline of History: Volume 1. Doubleday. pp. 279–80.
... in 338 B.C. a congress of Greek states recognized him as captain-general for the war against Persia.
- ISBN 978-0-19-815313-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7486-4724-8.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-904341-56-7.
- ISBN 978-0-691-15445-9.
- ISBN 978-1-62466-714-5.
- ISBN 978-90-04-28473-9.
- ISBN 978-0-8061-3212-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4051-5469-7.
- ISBN 9781541646698.
- ^ Wells, H. G. (1961) [1937]. The Outline of History: Volume 1. Doubleday. p. 282.
The murderer had a horse waiting, and would have got away, but the foot of his horse caught in a wild vine, and he was thrown from the saddle by the stumble, and slain by his pursuers.
- ^ Aristotle. Politics. pp. 5.10, 1311b.
- ^ a b c Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". 16.91-95. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
- ^ a b Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (1980). Philip of Macedon. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon S. A. pp. 170–175.