Vindhya Range

Coordinates: 23°28′0″N 79°44′25″E / 23.46667°N 79.74028°E / 23.46667; 79.74028
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"Vindhya" redirects here. For other uses, see Vindhya (disambiguation).

Vindhya Range
Vindhyachal, Vindhyas
Highest point
Elevation752 m (2,467 ft)
Coordinates23°28′0″N 79°44′25″E / 23.46667°N 79.74028°E / 23.46667; 79.74028
Naming
Etymology"Obstructor" or "Hunter" (Sanskrit)
Geography
Vindhya Range is located in India
Vindhya Range
Vindhya Range
Topographic map of India showing the highest point of the Vindhya range
CountryIndia
StatesMadhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Southern parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Borders onSatpura Range and Chota Nagpur Plateau

The Vindhya Range (also known as Vindhyachal) (pronounced [ʋɪnd̪ʱjə]) is a complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments in west-central India.

Technically, the Vindhyas do not form a single mountain range in the geological sense. The exact extent of the Vindhyas is loosely defined, and historically, the term covered a number of distinct hill systems in central India, including the one that is now known as the Satpura Range. Today, the term principally refers to the escarpment and its hilly extensions that runs north of and roughly parallel to the Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh. Depending on the definition, the range extends up to Gujarat in the west, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in the north, and Chhattisgarh in the east. The average elevation of the Vindhyas is also dependent on different sources.

The word Vindhya is derived from the Sanskrit word vaindh (to obstruct) and is in reference to a mythological story. The Vindhya range is also known as "Vindhyachala" or "Vindhyachal"; the suffix achala (Sanskrit) or achal (Hindi) refers to a mountain.[1][2]

The Vindhyas have a great significance in Indian mythology and history. Several ancient texts mention the Vindhyas as the southern boundary of the Āryāvarta, the territory of the ancient Indo-Aryan peoples. Although today Indo-Aryan languages are spoken south of the Vindhyas, the range continues to be considered as the traditional boundary between north and south India. The former Vindhya Pradesh was named after the Vindhya Range.

Etymology and names

According to the author of a commentary on Amarakosha, the word Vindhya derives from the Sanskrit word vaindh (to obstruct). A mythological story (see below) states that the Vindhyas once obstructed the path of the sun, resulting in this name.[3] The Ramayana states that the great mountain Vindhya that was growing incessantly and obstructing the path of the Sun stopped growing any more in obedience to Agastya's words.[4] According to another theory, the name "Vindhya" means "hunter" in Sanskrit, and may refer to the tribal hunter-gatherers inhabiting the region.[5]

The Vindhya range is also known as "Vindhyachala" or "Vindhyachal"; the suffix achala (Sanskrit) or achal (Hindi) refers to a mountain.

Tapti) rivers. The "Daksinaparvata" ("Southern Mountain") mentioned in the Kaushitaki Upanishad is also identified with the Vindhyas.[6]

Extent

The Vindhyas do not form a single range in the proper geological sense: the hills collectively known as the Vindhyas do not lie along an anticlinal or synclinal ridge.[7] The Vindhya range is actually a group of discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments. The term "Vindhyas" is defined by convention, and therefore, the exact definition of the Vindhya range has varied at different times in history.

Historical definitions

Vindhya range seen from Mandav, Madhya Pradesh

Earlier, the term "Vindhyas" was used in a wider sense and included a number of hill ranges between the

Ganges in the north.[3]

In certain

Tapti rivers; that is, the one which is now known as the Satpura Range.[5][8] The Varaha Purana
uses the name "Vindhya-pada" ("foot of the Vindhyas") for the Satpura range.

Several ancient Indian texts and inscriptions (e.g. the Nasik Prasasti of

Bharatavarsha, that is, India. The exact identification of these three ranges is difficult due to contrasting descriptions in the various texts. For example, the Kurma, Matsya and Brahmanda Puranas mention Vindhya as the source of Tapti; while Vishnu and Brahma Puranas mention the Rksa as its source.[9] Some texts use the term Vindhyas to describe all the hills in Central India.[citation needed
]

In one passage,

Frederick Eden Pargiter, believe that there was another mountain in South India, with the same name.[10] Madhav Vinayak Kibe placed the location of Lanka in Central India.[11]

The

Maukhari ruler Anantavarman mentions the Nagarjuni hill of Bihar as a part of the Vindhyas.[6]

Present-day definition

Map of prominent mountain ranges in India, showing Vindhyas in central India

Today, the definition of the Vindhyas is primarily restricted to the Central Indian escarpments, hills and highlands located to the north of the Narmada River.[5] Some of these are actually distinct hill systems.[12]

The western end of the Vindhya range is located in the state of Gujarat, near the state's border with Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, at the eastern side of the Kathiawar peninsula. A series of hills connects the Vindhya extension to the Aravalli Range near Champaner. The Vindhya range rises in height east of Chhota Udaipur.[13]

The principal Vindhya range forms the southern escarpment of the Central Indian upland. It runs roughly parallel to the Naramada river in the east-west direction, forming the southern wall of the Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh.

The eastern portion of the Vindhyas comprises multiple chains, as the range divides into branches east of Malwa. A southern chain of Vindhyas runs between the upper reaches of the

Mirzapur District), near Varanasi
.

The Vindhyan tableland is a plateau that lies to the north of the central part of the range. The Rewa-Panna plateaus are also collectively known as the Vindhya plateau.

Elevation

Different sources vary on the average elevation of the Vindhyas, depending on their definition of the range. M. C. Chaturvedi mentions the average elevation as 300 metres (980 ft).[15] Pradeep Sharma states that the "general elevation" of the Vindhyas is 300–650 metres (980–2,130 ft), with the range rarely going over 700 metres (2,300 ft) during its 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) extent.[14]

The highest point of the Vindhyas is the Sad-bhawna Shikhar ("Goodwill Peak"), which lies 752 metres (2,467 ft) above the sea level.

Maikal Range, which is considered as an extension of the Satpuras.[17]

Bhimbetka

Cultural significance

Aryavarta
in this map. Note that historically, the term "Vindhyas" covered the Satpura range that lies to the south of Narmada.

The Vindhyas are regarded as the traditional geographical boundary between northern and southern India,

Konkani) spread to the south of Vindhyas later, the Vindhyas continued to be seen as the traditional boundary between the north and the south of India.[3][20]

Vindhyas appear prominently in the Indian mythological tales. Although the Vindhyas are not very high, historically, they were considered highly inaccessible and dangerous due to dense vegetation and the hostile tribes residing there.

Vindhyavasini ("Vindhya dweller"), and a temple dedicated to her is located in the Vindhyachal town of Uttar Pradesh.[24][25] The Mahabharata mentions the Vindhyas as the "eternal abode" of Kali.[26]

According to one legend, the Vindhya mountain once competed with the Mount Meru, growing so high that it obstructed the sun. The sage Agastya then asked Vindhya to lower itself, in order to facilitate his passage across to the south. In reverence for Agastya, the Vindhya lowered its height and promised not to grow until Agastya returned to the north. Agastya settled in the south, and the Vindhya mountain, true to its word, never grew further.[27]

The Kishkindha Kanda of Valmiki's Ramayana mentions that Maya built a mansion in the Vindhyas.[28] In Dashakumaracharita, the King Rajahamsa of Magadha and his ministers create a new colony in the Vindhya forest, after being forced out of their kingdom following a war defeat.

A map of the "Vindhyan Series" from Geological Survey of India (1871)

The Vindhyas are one of the only two mountain ranges mentioned in the national anthem of India, the other being the Himalayas.[29]

Rivers

Several tributaries of the Ganga-Yamuna system originate from the Vindhyas.[20] These include Chambal, Betwa, Dhasan,Sunar, Ken, Tamsa, Kali Sindh and Parbati. The northern slopes of the Vindhyas are drained by these rivers.

Son rivers drain the southern slopes of the Vindhyas. Both these rivers rise in the Maikal hills, which are now defined as an extension of the Satpuras, although several older texts use the term Vindhyas to cover them (see Historical definitions
above).

Geology and palaeontology

The "Vindhyan Supergroup" is one of the largest and thickest sedimentary successions in the world.[30]

The earliest known

filamentous algae) have been discovered from Vindhya basin dating back to 1.6 to 1.7 billion years ago.[31] Shelled creatures are documented to have first evolved at the start of the Cambrian 'explosion of life', about 550 million years ago.[32]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vindhyas.
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  4. ^ "Sloka & Translation | Valmiki Ramayanam". www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d Edward Balfour (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Bernard Quaritch. pp. 1017–1018.
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