Bihar

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Coordinates: 25°24′N 85°06′E / 25.4°N 85.1°E / 25.4; 85.1
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For other uses, see Bihar (disambiguation).
This article is about state of India. It is not to be confused with Bihar County or Bihor County.

Bihar
State
State of Bihar
Top to bottom, left to right: Mahabodhi Temple, Buddha Smriti Park, Darbhanga Fort, Golghar
22 March 1912
State Legislature
Bicameral
 • CouncilBihar Legislative Council (75 seats)
 • AssemblyBihar Legislative Assembly (243 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha16 seats
 • Lok Sabha40 seats
High CourtPatna High Court
Area
Foundation day
Bihar Day
BirdHouse sparrow
FishWalking catfish
FlowerMarigold
FruitMango
MammalGaur
TreePeepal tree
State highway mark
State highway of Bihar
BR SH1 - BR SH82
List of Indian state symbols

Bihar (

Eastern India. It is the third largest state by population, the 12th largest by area, and the 14th largest by GDP in 2021.[10][11][12] Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to the east, and Jharkhand to the south. Bihar is split by the river Ganges, which flows from west to east.[3]

On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of

Biharis are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.[15] The official language is Hindi, which shares official status alongside that of Urdu. Additionally, other languages are common, such as Maithili, Magahi, Bhojpuri, and several others
.

In

Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.[18] Another region of Bihar, Mithila, was an early centre of learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom.[19][20]

However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.

British East India Company.[23] The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.[26] Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,[27] better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.[28]

Etymology

The name Bihar is derived from the

Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya.[29][30]

History

Main article: History of Bihar
See also:
List of rulers of Mithila
Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after the Judgement."
Magadha, Anga and Vajjika League
of Mithila, c. 600 BCE

Ancient period

ancient India
.

Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the

Gautama Buddha
in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India.

The

Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab
.

The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India's first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.[37][38]

The

Mauryan dynasty

Medieval period

Buddhism in Magadha declined due to the invasion of

Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri
, took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital.

From the 11th century to the 20th century,

Karnatas, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj Darbhanga.[48]
It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.[49][50]

The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in 1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal's independence and named himself Nawab of Bengal.

(Sitting L to R): Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi's 1917 Champaran Satyagraha

Colonial era

See also:
Bihar and Orissa
were carved out as separate provinces.

Pre- and post-Independence

See also: 2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra and 1970 Bhojpur uprising

Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad, Shri Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan Sinha.[52][53]

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the

zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.[54]

Following independence,

Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab, and Assam.[55][56]

Geography

Valmikinagar, Bihar
Flooded farmlands during 2008 Bihar flood
Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gaya
Main articles:
Forest in Bihar
Further information: Floods in Bihar
Climate of Bihar
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
12
 
 
24
9
 
 
9.9
 
 
26
11
 
 
12
 
 
32
16
 
 
24
 
 
37
21
 
 
56
 
 
37
24
 
 
165
 
 
36
26
 
 
325
 
 
33
25
 
 
276
 
 
33
25
 
 
217
 
 
32
25
 
 
83
 
 
32
21
 
 
6.4
 
 
29
15
 
 
6
 
 
25
10
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [57]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.5
 
 
74
49
 
 
0.4
 
 
79
53
 
 
0.5
 
 
90
61
 
 
0.9
 
 
98
70
 
 
2.2
 
 
99
75
 
 
6.5
 
 
96
78
 
 
13
 
 
91
78
 
 
11
 
 
91
78
 
 
8.5
 
 
90
77
 
 
3.3
 
 
89
71
 
 
0.3
 
 
84
59
 
 
0.2
 
 
77
51
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Bihar covers a total area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi), with an average elevation above sea level of 173 feet (53 m). It is land locked by

Shivalik ranges, primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in West Champaran district are clad in a belt of moist deciduous forest
. As well as trees, this consists of brush, grasses and reeds.

Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is humid subtropical. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for travelling is from October to April. The most rainy days occur from May to September.[62]

Flora and fauna

Valmiki Tiger Reserve.
Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary
, The only Ramsar site in Bihar
Main articles: Flora of Bihar and Fauna of Bihar
See also: Protected areas of Bihar
Further information: Valmiki National Park and Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary

Bihar has a

Madhuca indica
(mahua).

Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Asia's largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.[63]

Natural resource

Bihar is the principal holder of the country's pyrite reserves and possesses 95% of all known resources.[67]

In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui.[68] It accounts for more than 44% of the country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.[69]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Bihar, Languages of Bihar, and Religion in Bihar
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 21,243,632—    
1911 21,567,159+1.5%
1921 21,358,905−1.0%
1931 23,438,371+9.7%
1941 26,302,771+12.2%
1951 29,085,000+10.6%
1961 34,841,000+19.8%
1971 42,126,000+20.9%
1981 52,303,000+24.2%
1991 64,531,000+23.4%
2001 82,999,000+28.6%
2011 104,099,452+25.4%
2023 130,725,310+25.6%
Source: Census of India[70][71]

At the

literacy rate of 68.15% (78.5% for males and 57.8% for females) in 2020.[72] Population increased to 130,725,310 as per the Bihar caste survey conducted in 2023.[71]

Religion in Bihar (2023)[1][74]

  Hinduism (81.99%)
  Islam (17.70%)
  Others (0.31%)

According to the 2023 census, 81.99% of Bihar's population practised

Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947.[75]

Languages of Bihar from 2011 census[76]

  Hindi (25.62%)
  Bhojpuri (24.93%)
  'Other' Hindi[a] (14.31%)
  Maithili (12.58%)
  Magahi (10.90%)
  Urdu (8.45%)
  Surjapuri (1.79%)
  Others (1.42%)

Hindi is the official language of the state and is spoken natively by 25.54% of the total population.[77] At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.[78] However, the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages, most of which were classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are Bhojpuri (24.86%), Maithili (12.55%) and Magahi (10.87%)[79][80] Angika and Bajjika, two other Bihari languages, are classified under other dialects of Hindi in the census. Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Proponents have called for Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika, and Bajjika to receive the same status.[81][82] Smaller communities of Bengali and Surjapuri speakers are found in some parts of the state, especially in the eastern districts and urban areas.[76]

Government and administration

Bihar Vidhan Sabha
Patna Secretariat
Main articles: Government of Bihar and Administration in Bihar
See also:
Districts of Bihar

Under the Constitution of India, the Governor is the head of the government of Bihar, and is appointed by the President of India. The Chief minister is the executive head of the government who, with its cabinet ministers, makes all important policy decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The Chief Secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a high court in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.

The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 19

municipal corporations, 89 nagar parishads (city councils), and 154 nagar panchayats (town councils).[83][84][85][86][87][88][89]

List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a municipal corporation[90]
Rank City Population (2011) Rank City Population (2011)
1 Patna 1,684,222
11 Begusarai 252,008
2 Gaya 474,093
12 Katihar 240,838
3 Bhagalpur 400,146
13 Bettiah 237,254
4 Muzaffarpur 354,462
14 Motihari 221,646
5 Bihar Sharif 337,819
15 Saharsa 216,491
6 Darbhanga 296,039
16 Munger 213,303
7 Purnia 282,248
17 Chhapra 202,352
8 Sasaram 264,709
18 Sitamarhi 67,818
9 Arrah 261,430
19 Madhubani 164,156
10 Samastipur 253,136

Politics

Main article: Politics of Bihar
See also: Category:Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar, List of politicians from Bihar, and 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election
Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh (centre) about flood relief operation in Bihar.

The politics of Bihar have been based on

Forward Castes. Important figures such as Lalu Prasad Yadav and Nitish Kumar took a leading role in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– Koeri, Kurmi, Yadav became the new political elites of the state.[91]

However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, when the dominant OBC castes, who were at the forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under Janata Dal, the other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under the Samata Party. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was most evident not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but rather between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election from which the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar's electoral politics and from then onwards, no longer held any significant role in the state's politics.[92]

By 2004, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[93] In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[94] As of 2023, there are two main political formations: the

National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Hindustani Awam Morcha, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, Janata Dal (United) (JDU) and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.[95] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.[96]

Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.[99] The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,[100] which has been linked to a drop in tourism[101] and a rise in substance abuse.[102]

Public health

Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities.[103][104] While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)[105] provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.[103][104]

Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.[103] These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.[106][107][108][109] Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.

When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.[110] According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.[103] Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.[110] Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.[111][110] Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,[103] the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.[103]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Bihar
Gross State Domestic Product
Year Millions of rupees[112]
1980
73,530
1985
142,950
1990
264,290
1995
244,830
2000
469,430
2005
710,060[113]
2010
2,042,890 [citation needed]
2015
3,694,690 [citation needed]
litchi production.[114]

Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2013–14 was around ₹3,683.37 billion. By sectors, its composition is 22% agriculture, 5% industry and 73% services.[citation needed] Bihar has the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 17.06% in FY 2014–15.[115] The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th Five-Year Plan). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.[116] Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.[117] The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[118]

Agriculture

Main article:
Agriculture in Bihar

Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.[116] The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.[119] The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.[120]

Industry

Pepsi Bottling Plant
.

Hajipur, Dalmianagar, Munger, Jamalpur and Barauni are the major industrial cities in Bihar[121][122] The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[relevant?][123]

The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like

United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[126][relevant?
]

Prior to

United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.[128][129]

Income distribution

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger, and Begusarai placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of ₹1,15,239, ₹42,793 and ₹45,497, respectively, in FY 2020-21.[123]

Bihar also ranks very low in per capital income in comparison to other cities in India. Patna has per capital income of 1.15L, which is much lower than other cities like Gurugram (₹7.41L), Noida (₹6.13), Bengaluru (₹6.21L), Hyderabad (₹6.58L) and Mumbai (₹6.43).

Income disparity among social groups

Rumela Sen, a lecturer at Columbia University,

independence, they were successful in grabbing large holdings of land amidst the passage of the Zamindari abolition act of 1952.[132]

Culture

Main article:
Culture of Bihar

Paintings

Patna Qualam

Manjusha Painting are two other form of Painting in Bihar
Main article: Painting in Bihar
See also:
Mithila painting, a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.[133] It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi
, and Sita Devi.

Mithila painting is also called

Tulsi, and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.[133]

Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the Bhojpuri region of Bihar thousands of years ago. This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on temple walls or on walls of the rooms of newly married couples and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.[134]

The

fine arts
in Bihar.

Performing arts

See also: Music of Bihar

Bihar has produced musicians like

Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to the genre of Maithili music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.[citation needed
]

Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar[citation needed
].

Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar,

Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself."[136][137]

During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the

better source needed
]

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Bihar
See also:
Bhojpuri Film Industry and List of Bhojpuri films

Bihar has a robust

Ganga Jamuna, released in 1961.[139]
Magadhi film, was released in 1961.[140]
The first
Kanyadan released in 1965.[141]
Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won the National Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016.[142] The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[143] 1963's
Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga
("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.[144]

In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence.[145] Several other commercially successful films followed, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.[146] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show[147] and trade magazine Bhojpuri City.[148] The industry produces over one hundred films per year.[citation needed]

In 2019, the Maithili film Mithila Makhaan won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.[149]

Mass media

Main article: Media in Bihar

Biharbandhu was the first

Bihar Sharif.[150] Hindi journalism often failed[151] until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[150][152]

Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara, and the monthly Voice of Bihar.[153]

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna, in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Udyoga, and Chaitanya Chandrika.[154] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar.[150][155]

Festivals

Main article:
Festivals

Chhath Puja are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and thekuaa
along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present.

Durga Puja is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.[157] The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.

Tourism

Nalanda, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar Museum, Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Ghora Katora
Main article: Tourism in Bihar

Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,

Monuments of National Importance. Furthermore, Archaeological Survey of India has recognised 30 additional monument as protected monuments
in Bihar.

Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes

Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary
.

Many tourists visit Bihar because of the religious significance of the area. The

Gaya, which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.[163]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Bihar
Patliputra ISBT, Patna
Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna

Airports

Main article: List of airports in Bihar

Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020:

Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport in Gaya, and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar
.

Railways

Bihar has a rail network length of 3,794 km (2,357 mi) in 2020.[164] All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Munger, Jamalpur and Bhagalpur are well connected with all major Stations of country. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of 239 km (149 mi) in Bihar.[165]

Expressways

Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.[166]

State highways

Main article: List of state highways in Bihar

Bihar has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi)  and

national highways
with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).

Metro transit

Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. Patna Metro with network of 31 km (19 mi) length is under construction as of 2022.[167] However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.[168]

Bus transit

Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.[169] BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.[170]

Inland Waterways

National Waterways-1 runs along the Ganges river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.[171] The Ganges is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.[172]

Education

Main articles: Education in Bihar and Literacy in Bihar
See also:
List of educational institutions in Bihar
Bihar College of Engineering
in 1932.

Today, Bihar is home to eight

Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges[184] Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; Muzaffarpur institute of technology, Bhagalpur college of Engineering, Gaya college of Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Darbhanga college of Engineering, Motihari college of Engineering, and the Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology
.

IIT Patna, AIIMS, Patna, BIT, Patna and is now emerging as an educational hub.[185][186] With institutes like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi
for engineering/medical coaching.

Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.[187] The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,[188] puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.[189]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Bihar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ People whose languages were recorded as 'Other' Hindi by the census were mostly located in Angika and Bajjika speaking regions

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Further reading

External links

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