Yogini temples
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Map_of_Yogini_Temples_in_India.svg/330px-Map_of_Yogini_Temples_in_India.svg.png)
The Yogini temples of India are 9th to 12th century roofless
The extant temples are either circular or rectangular in plan; they are scattered over central and northern India in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha. Lost temples, their locations identified from surviving yogini images, are still more widely distributed across the subcontinent, from Delhi in the north and the border of Rajasthan in the west to Greater Bengal in the east and Tamil Nadu in the south.
Overview
Yoginis
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kapala_skull_cup.jpg/170px-Kapala_skull_cup.jpg)
From around the 10th century,
A Shaiva cult of yoginis flourished roughly between 700 and 1200. It is documented in the Brahmayamalatantra scripture.[8] Non-yoginis consulted yoginis in "visionary, transactional encounters".[8] The cult led to the building of stone temples from the 10th to perhaps the 13th centuries, across the Indian subcontinent.[9]
Rediscovery
India's major extant shrines of the 64 Yoginis (Chausathi Jogan) are in
Characteristics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Yogini_temple_significance.svg/390px-Yogini_temple_significance.svg.png)
The Yogini shrines are usually circular enclosures, and they are hypaethral, open to the sky, unlike most Indian temples. Inside the circular wall are niches, most often 64, containing statues of female figures, the yoginis. Their bodies are described as beautiful, but their heads are often those of animals.[10] Yogini temples normally stood somewhat outside the main group of temples, and at the highest point of the site.[11]
The iconographies of the yogini statues in the yogini temples are not uniform, nor are the yoginis the same in each set of 64. In the Hirapur temple, all the yoginis are depicted with their Vahanas (animal vehicles) and in standing posture. In the Ranipur-Jharial temple the yogini images are in dancing posture. In the Bhedaghat temple, the yoginis are seated in lalitasana, the royal position,[12] and are surrounded by cremation-ground scenes complete with "flesh-eating ghouls" and scavenging animals.[13]
Significance
Hatley, following
Hatley comments that "tantric worship of 'circles' of yoginis (yoginichakras) appears to predate the temples by at least two centuries, and the remarkable congruity in Shaiva textual representations of yoginis and their depiction in sculpture suggest direct continuity" between the practices described in tantric texts and the yogini temples.[15]
Practices
Hindu tantric practices were secret.[17] However, texts from c. 600 AD describe esoteric rituals, often linked to cremation grounds. Female practitioners of Hindu tantrism, also called yoginis, were seen as embodying the superhuman yoginis.[18][19]
Activities included
The Varanasimahatmya of the Bhairavapradurbhava describes ceremonies of worship involving singing and dancing in the yogini temple at Varanasi, summarised by Peter Bisschop:
For men who worship there nothing becomes in vain. Those who stay awake that night, performing the great festival of song and dance, and worship the circle of kulayoginis at daybreak, acquire the Kaula knowledge from them ... All Yoginis delight in that abode in the centre of Varanasi. The goddess Vikata stands there, it is the most divine abode.[21]
The Kashikhanda section of the
Dehejia writes that
It seems probable that the Kaula Chakra [tantric ritual circle] was formed within the circle of the Yogini temple, with offerings to the Yoginis of matsya [fish], mamsa [meat], mudra [gesture], madya [alcohol], and finally maithuna [tantric sex] too.[24]
Active worship (puja) continues in some yogini temples, such as at Hirapur.[25]
64-yogini shrines
Hirapur
The small 9th century
The scholar István Keul writes that the yogini images are of dark
Around the outside of the temple are nine unsmiling goddesses, locally described as the nine katyayanis, an unusual feature for a yogini temple.[27] The entrance is flanked by a pair of male dvarapala, door guardians.[27] Two additional images near the dvarapalas may be bhairavas.[29] The scholar Shaman Hatley suggests that if the temple is seen as a tantric mandala embodied in stone, Shiva is surrounded by 4 yoginis and 4 bhairavas of an inner circuit, and sixty yoginis of an outer circuit.[30]
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Chausathi Yogini Temple, Hirapur, Odisha, 2012. The yoginis have recently been venerated with a gift of headscarves.
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One of the Hirapur yoginis, with an offering of flowers at her feet
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Plan; scholars have noted the resemblance to a yoni-pedestal
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A yoni-pedestal with centralShiva lingam, for comparison
Ranipur-Jharial, Balangir
The Chausathi Yogini Pitha in
Ranipur-Jharial was the first of the Yogini temples to be discovered; it was described by
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Exterior of the Ranipur-Jharial yogini temple
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Simple 4-pillared central shrine
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Yogini images in cells in the perimeter wall
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Statue ofNateshwar, Shiva as Lord of Dance, in central shrine
Khajuraho
The 9th or 10th century
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Khajuraho's Yogini templeis unusual in being rectangular.
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Plan, with 64 small shrines around a rectangular courtyard, and one larger shrine opposite the entrance
Mitaoli, Morena
The well-preserved 11th century yogini temple at Mitaoli (also spelt Mitavali and Mitawali) in Morena district, Madhya Pradesh, 30 miles north of Gwalior, also called Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple, has a central mandapa sacred to Shiva in an open circular courtyard with 65 niches. The niches are now all filled with statues of Shiva, but they once held statues of 64 yoginis and a deity.[37][38]
The hypaethral temple stands alone on top of a rocky hill. The entrance is directly into the circular wall. The outside of the temple is adorned with small niches that once held statues of couples with maidens on either side, but most of these are now lost or heavily damaged. It is not clear why the temple had 65 rather than 64 cells; Dehejia notes the suggestion that the extra cell was for Devi, the consort of Shiva, who has the pavilion at the temple's centre, so the divine couple were then surrounded by the 64 yoginis. She observes that this could also explain the 65th cell at Khajuraho, in which case there would once have been a central shrine to Shiva there also.[39]
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Exterior of the yogini temple at Mitaoli
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Walkway around the circle of yogini shrines
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A shrine to Shiva is at the centre of the circle.
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Detail of the Shiva shrine
81-yogini shrine
Bhedaghat, Jabalpur
The 10th century
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The circular wall has niches for 81 yoginis.
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Yogini images
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Yogini, seated in Lalitasana
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Yogini temple plan, giving outer diameter as 130 feet
42-yogini shrines
Dudahi
The temple at
Badoh
Some 30 miles from Dudahi, at Badoh in
The two 42-yogini shrines probably date from sometime between 950 and 1100.[46]
Lost shrines
Several yogini temples have been lost, whether through deliberate destruction or plundering for building materials. These include the following.
Lokhari
There appears to have been an early 10th century yogini temple on a hilltop at Lokhari,
Nareshwar
Another set of twenty 10th century images, with careless later inscriptions from the 12th century, was rescued from Nareshwar (also called Naleshvar and Naresar) in Madhya Pradesh, a site which still has some twenty small Shaivite temples, to the
Hinglajgarh
The site of Hinglajgarh, on the border of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, was cleared of statuary for the building of the Gandhi Sagar Dam. The rescued statues contain enough fragments of yogini images for Dehejia to state that there was once a yogini temple at Hinglajgarh.[51][52][a]
Rikhiyan
Some 150 miles north of Khajuraho on the south bank of the
Shahdol
Yogini images from
Kanchipuram or Kaveripakkam
Dehejia publishes and discusses yogini images of the
Greater Bengal
There is evidence from inscriptions and archaeology that several yogini temples were built in
Varanasi
12th century texts including the Varanasimahatmya of the Bhairavapradurbhava suggest that there was a circular hypaethral yogini temple in Varanasi (also called Benares and Kashi) in the 11th century. Several yogini-related sites have been identified in the city. Just above the Chaumsathi Ghat cremation ground is Chaumsathi Devi temple; it is not mentioned in the scriptures, but is where modern-day devotees gather, especially at the Holi spring festival, as prescribed in the Kashikhanda.[5][60]
Delhi
Legend has it that a yogini temple was built in the south Delhi district of
Influence
The circular plan of the Mitaoli temple is popularly supposed, without reliable evidence, to have inspired the architecture of
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medieval_Yogini_Statue%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/170px-Medieval_Yogini_Statue%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg)
A 10th century buffalo-headed Vrishanana yogini was stolen from a museum in Uttar Pradesh and smuggled to France. The image was identified as one of those published in Dehejia's book, and the collector Robert Schrimpf was contacted by the National Museum, Delhi. His widow donated the sculpture to India in 2008, and it was returned in 2013, described as "priceless" by the Deccan Herald and welcomed "home" to the National Museum with a special exhibition. The newspaper noted that the isolated locations of yogini temples made them vulnerable to antique smugglers.[65]
Padma Kaimal has written a
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "chausath". EngHindi.com. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Hatley 2007, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Hatley 2007, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Hatley 2007, pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Hatley 2007, p. 14.
- ^ Hatley 2007, p. 59.
- ^ a b Hatley 2007, p. 17.
- ^ a b Hatley 2007, p. iv.
- ^ Hatley 2007, p. 21.
- ^ a b Dehejia 1986, p. ix.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, p. 145.
- ^ Chaudhury, Janmejay. Origin of Tantricism and Sixty-Four Yogini Cult in Orissa in Orissa Review, October 2004 Archived 25 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ White 2006, p. 137.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 185–186.
- ^ a b Hatley 2007, pp. 117–118.
- ^ "Chakras and the 64 Yoginis". ShivaShakti. 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Das 2019, p. 11.
- ^ Keul 2012, p. 367.
- ^ Roy 2015.
- ^ Keul 2012, pp. 370–375.
- ^ Keul 2012, p. 378.
- ^ Keul 2012, pp. 380–383, 399.
- ^ Keul 2012, pp. 382–383.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, p. 62.
- ISBN 978-0-521-51874-1.
Hirapur (District Khurda, Orissa) Yogini temple, eleventh century. Goddess under active worship.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Hatley 2007, p. 112.
- ^ a b Thomsen, Margrit (March 1980). "Numerical Symbolism and Orientation in Some Temples of the 64 Yoginis". Art and Archaeology Research Papers: 53–56.
- ^ a b c Keul 2012, pp. 367–369.
- ^ Hatley 2007, p. 113.
- ^ Patel, C.B. Monumental Efflorescence of Ranipur-Jharial in Orissa Review, August 2004, pp.41-44 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Hatley 2007, p. 114.
- ^ Donaldson 2002, p. 670.
- ^ Panda, Sasanka S. (December 2005). "Archaeological Explorations and Excavations in Western Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ Hatley 2007, pp. 114–115.
- ^ a b "Alphabetical List of Monuments - Madhya Pradesh". Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ Museums (2001). Puratan, Volume 12. Department of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh.
- ^ "Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple". Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 122–124.
- ^ a b c Hatley 2007, p. 111.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 10, 125–140.
- ^ Jabalpur district official website – about us Archived 14 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chausath Yogini Temple - Site Plan, Photos and Inventory of Goddesses Archived 17 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Hatley 2007, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 125–127.
- ^ a b c Dehejia 1986, pp. 141–145.
- ^ "Gadarmal Temple". Archaeological Survey of India. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Hatley 2007, p. 117.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 156–184.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 145–153.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 153–155.
- ^ a b Dupuis 2008.
- ^ Dupuis, Stella (15 March 2017). "Protective Yoginis and Goddesses destroyers of demons. Syncretism between Hinglaj Mata and Mahishauramardini". Stella Dupuis. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d Dehejia 1986, pp. 118–121.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, pp. 163–174.
- ^ a b Dehejia 1986, pp. 177–182.
- ^ a b "Figure, museum number 1955,1018.2". British Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Figure of a mother goddess (matrika) carrying a skull topped staff and skull cup. Made of stone (granite).
- ^ Hatley 2014, p. 196.
- ^ Dehejia 1986, p. 79.
- ^ Keul 2012, pp. 366–402.
- ^ "The mystique of Mehrauli". The Hindu. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ^ Dey, Monidipa (11 May 2019). "Temples which inspired design of Indian Parliament: Madhya Pradesh's Chausath Yogini Mandir". Financial Express (India). Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ "Government should have confidence in this House". The Hindu. 9 August 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018.
- ^ Ghosal, Jayanta (27 September 2019). "Sansad Bhavan to be revamped; all MPs to get separate offices". India TV. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ a b Bhaumik, Anirban (18 September 2013). "10th-century Yogini sculpture returns to India". Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ Kaimal 2012, pp. 1ff.
- ^ Kim, Jinah (October 2013). "Kim on Kaimal, 'Scattered Goddesses: Travels with the Yoginis'". Humanities and Social Sciences Online. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
Sources
- Das, Adyasha (2019). The Chausathi Yoginis of Hirapur : from tantra to tourism. Bhubaneswar: Black Eagle Books. OCLC 1200743540.
- Dehejia, Vidya (1986). Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition. National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi.
- Donaldson, Thomas Eugene (2002). Tantra and Sakta Art of Orissa. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld. ISBN 978-8124601990.
- Dupuis, Stella (2008). The Yoginī Temples of India : in the pursuit of a mystery, travel notes. Varanasi: Pilgrims Publishing. OCLC 298129207.
- Hatley, Shaman (2007). The Brahmayāmalatantra and Early Śaiva Cult of Yoginīs. University of Pennsylvania (PhD Thesis, UMI Number: 3292099). pp. 1–459.
- ISBN 978-1138546141.
- Kaimal, Padma Audrey (2012). Scattered Goddesses: Travels with the Yoginis. Association for Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-924304-67-5.
- Keul, István (2012). "Blending into the Religious Landscape: The Yoginīs in Benares". Numen. 59 (4). Brill: 366–402. JSTOR 23244944.
- Roy, Anamika (2015). Sixty-four Yoginis : cult, icons and goddesses. Delhi: Primus Books. OCLC 919909942.
- ISBN 978-0226894843.