Yugoslav Air Force

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the air force of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. For the air force of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, see
Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force. For the air force of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro
.
Air Force and Air Defence
Ратно ваздухопловство и противваздушна одбрана
Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana
Founded1945
Disbanded1992
CountryYugoslavia
TypeAir force
Size32,000 personnel (c. 1990)
Part ofYugoslav People's Army
HQZemun
Equipment1,200 aircraft
EngagementsWorld War II
Yugoslav Wars
Commanders
Last commander
YAK-40, Mi-8

The Air Force and Air Defence (

Serbo-Croatian: Ратно ваздухопловство и противваздушна одбрана, Ratno vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana ; abbr. РВ и ПВО/RV i PVO), was one of three branches of the Yugoslav People's Army, the Yugoslav military. Commonly referred-to as the Yugoslav Air Force, at its height it was among the largest in Europe. The branch was disbanded in 1992 after the Breakup of Yugoslavia. In the year 1990, the Air Force had more than 32,000 personnel, but as a result of its more technical requirements, the Air Force had less than 4,000 conscripts.[1]

History

1918–1941

Main article: Royal Yugoslav Air Force

World War II, Soviet influence

Roundels and fin flash (1943–1946)
Wings
Fuselage (type 1)
Fuselage (type 2)
Fin flash
Canne
, Italy

By early 1945, Yugoslav Partisans under Marshal Tito had liberated a large portion of Yugoslav territory from the occupying forces. The NOVJ partisan army included air units trained and equipped by Britain (with Supermarine Spitfires and Hawker Hurricanes, see Balkan Air Force) and the Soviet Union (with Yak-3, Yak-7, Yak-9 and Ilyushin Il-2 aircraft) and a number of ad hoc units equipped with aircraft captured from German Luftwaffe and Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia (Messerschmitt Bf 109G, Junkers Ju 87 Stuka and many others).

On 5 January 1945 the various air units of the NOVJ were formally incorporated into a new Yugoslav Air Force (Jugoslovensko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo - JRV). At the same time, a Yugoslav fighter group which had been under Soviet instruction at Zemun airfield became operational. From 17 August 1944, when the first Yugoslav Spitfire Squadron became operational, until the end of the war in Europe, Yugoslav aircraft undertook 3,500 combat sorties and accumulated 5,500 hours operational flying. Thus, when peacetime came, the JRV already possessed a strong and experienced nucleus of personnel.

On 12 September 1945 the Military Aviation Academy in Belgrade was established to train future pilots. The development of the JRV was further helped in late 1945 with the creation of the Aeronautical Union of Yugoslavia (Vazduhoplovnni Savez Jugoslavije - VSJ). This comprised six aeronautical unions - one for each constituent republic - with the joint aim of promoting sport flying and aeronautical techniques amongst the nation's young people. In June 1947 the first VSJ flying school at Borongaj (near Zagreb) started training pupils.

Break-up in relations with Soviets, US help

Pilots' wings of the Yugoslav Air Force

The organization of the post-war JRV was based on the Soviet pattern of divisions, regiments and squadrons. Virtually all of the initial equipment was supplied by the Soviet Union – the aircraft captured during the war had quickly been retired. By the end of 1947, the JRV had reached a strength of some 40 squadrons of aircraft and had become the most powerful air arm in the Balkans. In June 1948 Yugoslavia broke off relations with the Stalinist Soviet Union. The country was immediately subjected to extreme political pressure from the Soviet Union and its Balkan neighbours, and the JRV's previous sources of aircraft, spares and fuel were cut off. The possibility of an invasion was taken seriously. The serviceability of JRV aircraft fell rapidly, with some aircraft being cannibalized to provide spares for the remainder. Renewed efforts to expand the small domestic aircraft industry met with some success – the Ikarus Aero 2 and Ikarus 213 Vihor trainers were followed into service by the Ikarus S-49 single-seat fighter and first Yugoslav jet aircraft Ikarus 451M.

However, the first-line strength of the JRV was still declining, so in 1951 the Yugoslav Chief of Staff, Colonel-General

F-47D Thunderbolt
fighter-bombers were delivered from the USA under a Mutual Assistance Pact.

The first jet aircraft to be operated by the JRV, four

Republic F-84G Thunderjet fighter-bombers. Serials for the Thunderjets were from 10501 to 10729. The first eight Thunderjets, all former 48 TFW aircraft, arrived at Batajnica on June 9, 1953. At the same time, a number of Yugoslav pilots underwent jet flying training in Germany and Colorado, USA. These deliveries substantially improved the combat effectiveness of the JRV. Ten Westland Dragonfly helicopters were obtained in 1954, and in 1956, after numerous delays due to political considerations, 121 F-86E/Canadair CL-13 F.4 Sabres
interceptors were delivered.

Rebuilding Soviet support

In 1959 the JRV was merged with the air defence units operated by the Army and became known as the Air Force and Air Defence (Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo i Protivvazdušna Odbrana - JRViPVO). Relations with the Soviet Union had drastically improved after

Zlin Z.526M Trainer Masters for Aviation Military Academy at Zemunik airport and the delivery of Mi-8
T medium transport helicopters had started.

Evolution

During the 1970s almost all the American jets were replaced by Soviet MiG-21 fighters and domestic attack/trainer jets. Many new projects, like new

An-26
's.

Reorganization

The focus in the 1980s was a partial replacement of J-21 and G-2 aircraft with younger Orao and Super Galebs. The air force purchased the latest version of the MiG-21, the MiG-21bis, which was the last MiG-21 model. All 93 Mi-8T transport helicopters were delivered and the Soko factory had produced about 140 license-built Gazelles in various variants. JRV created its display team,

MiG-29 fighters was purchased from USSR, making Yugoslavia the first purchaser of it. They were a temporary solution until planned production of new Novi Avion
multirole aircraft.

In 1986 the JRViPVO underwent a limited reorganization which saw its operational units grouped into three regional Corps instead of the five Corps used previously. The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establish air superiority over Yugoslavia and to support the defensive operations of the ground forces and navy. The main organization were the three corps of Air Force and Air Defence; 1st Corps of AF and AD, 2nd Corps of AF and AD and 3rd Corps of AF and AD.

Fighter aviation

The main component of JRV was the fighter aviation. When the second generation of fighters first appeared, Yugoslavia initially opted to buy French

Priština. 83rd units were equipped with MiG-21 aircraft, 123rd with older MiG-21M and MF and the 130th with MiG-21Bis. The Fifth Corps of AF and AD had the 117th Fighter Aviation Regiment at Željava Air Base
. Željava was one of the best airbases in Europe, with underground runway, hangars, facilities for technical support, most advanced radars and communication equipment, sources of electricity, drinking water, fresh air, food, equipment, arms and fuel for staying 30 days without any connections with outside world. Units at Željava were 124th and 125th equipped with MiG-21 Bis fighter aircraft and 352nd equipped with MiG-21R reconnaissance-fighter aircraft.

Ground attack aviation

Ground Attack Aviation or Fighter-Bomber Aviation (Lovačko-Bombarderska Aviacija) was in the second plan of JRV. All attack aircraft were home-made. The new aircraft like

MiG-21
aircraft in versions MiG-21PFM, MiG-21US and MiG-21UM.

Training units

The Marshal Tito Air Force Military Academy used the 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment from Zadar, 107th Helicopter Regiment from Mostar, 127th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment from Golubovci Airbase and 185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment from Pula for training of its cadets. Cadets first learned how to fly on utility aircraft like the

J-22 Orao
attack aircraft in 242nd Fighter pilot cadets continued their education in 185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Pula where they first fly on Super Galebs in 229th and later in 129th on MiG-21PFM and MiG-21UM/US they made they first super sonic flights. After finishing studies, cadets of Air Force Military Academy "Maršal Tito" become pilots and joined their service units.

Transport units

The major transport aviation unit was the 138th Transport Aviation Brigade at Batajnica Airbase. The 138th was a separate unit under direct command of JRViPVO HQ. It consisted of three squadrons, two VIP transport aviation squadrons and one transport helicopter squadron. Transport aviation squadrons were 675th equipped with

An-2
aircraft which were used for training of the 63rd Paratroop Brigade. At Pleso, in 111th Aviation Brigade was 676th was also equipped with An-26 and An-2 transport aircraft. There was also one aviation squadron, 333.AE from 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment at Zadar which was equipped with one An-2 aircraft used for parachute training of cadets of the Marshal Tito Air Force Military Academy.

Helicopter units

Helicopter units of JRV were equipped with about 190 home-made Gazelle helicopters in utility, attack, rescue and scout versions, 90

Batajnica Airbase
, EIV of 2nd Army region was at Skopski Petrovac, EIV of 3rd Army region at Pleso and EIV of Navy region was at Divulje.

Yugoslav wars, downfall

In 1991 the deep rooted grievances that had been threatening the unity of the Federal state for some time finally came to a head when Slovenia initiated moves towards independence. At the end of June 1991 the JRViPVO was tasked with transporting soldiers and federal police to Slovenia. The Slovenes resisted this re-imposition of central control, which rapidly escalated into an armed conflict. Two air force helicopters were shot down, while the JRViPVO launched air strikes on TV transmitters and Slovenian territorial defence positions. After a political agreement, the federal forces left Slovenia.

Meanwhile, armed conflict had broken out between Croatian and Serbian forces in Croatia. The JRV flew several low passes in a show of force against Croatia and launched a number of strikes. In August 1991 Serbian dominated federal government began an open war campaign against the Croats. The JRV was active providing transport and close air support missions to ground forces, but was gradually forced to abandon air bases outside of ethnic Serbian held areas. The hostilities were ended by a truce on 3 January 1992. The JRV equipment in Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to the new

War in Bosnia. Between 1991 and 1992, the JRV lost a total of 46 airplanes and helicopters in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.[3] The bulk of the ex-SFRY's air force was inherited by the air force
of the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

1991 Order of Battle

Regiment/brigade Squadron Aircraft type Base
138th Transport Aviation Brigade 675th TRAE
678th TRAE
890th TRHE		 Yak-40, Falcon 50, Learjet 25, Do-28D
Yak-40, Mi-8
Mi-8, SA.341,SA.342		 Batajnica
1st Corps of AF and AD
SHO SA.316, Mi-8 Batajnica
97th Aviation Brigade 240th LBAE
353rd IAE
676th PPAE
748th PPHE
790th TRHE		 J-21 Jastreb
IJ-22 Orao
CL-215, SA.341
Ka-25, Ka-28, Mi-14
Mi-8		 Divulje-Split
107th Helicopter Wing 782nd HE
783rd HE		 SA.341, Sa.342, Mi-8
SA.341, SA.342		 Mostar
204th Fighter Aviation Wing 126th LAE
127th LAE		 MiG-21 Bis
MiG-29, MiG-29UB		 Batajnica
252nd LBAE J-21 Jastreb, G-2 Galeb,
G-4 Super Galeb, Utva 66		 Batajnica
3rd Corps of AF and AD
SHO Mi-8 Niš
83rd Fighter Aviation Wing 123rd LAE
130th LAE		 MiG-21 Bis
MiG-21M, MiG-21MF		 Slatina
98th Aviation Brigade 241st LBAE
247th LBAE
354th IAE		 J-22 Orao
J-21 Jastreb
IJ-21 Jastreb
Skopski Petrovac and Ladjevci/Kraljevo
119th Aviation Brigade 677th TRAE
712th POHE
714th POHE
787th TRHE		 An-2, An-26
SA.342
SA.342
Mi-8		 Niš
172nd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Wing 239th LBAE
242nd LBAE		 G-4 Super Galeb
J-21 Jastreb, J-22 Orao
Golubovci
5th Corps of AF and AD
SHO Mi-8 Pleso
82nd Aviation Brigade 237th LBAE
238th LBAE
351st IAE		 J-21 Jastreb, NJ-21 Jastreb
J-22 Orao, NJ-22 Orao
IJ-21 Jastreb, IJ-22 Orao
Cerklje
105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Wing 249th LBAE
251st LBAE
333rd AE		 G-4 Super Galeb
G-2 Galeb
Utva 75, An-2, SA.341, G-4 Super Galeb		 Zadar
111th Aviation Brigade 676th TRAE
711th POHE
713th POHE
780th TRHE		 An-2, An-26
SA.342
SA.342
Mi-8		 Pleso
117th Fighter Aviation Wing 124th LAE
125th LAE
352nd IAE		 MiG-21 Bis
MiG-21 Bis
MiG-21R		 Željava
185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Wing 129th LAE
229th LBAE		 MiG-21PFM, MiG-21UM/US
G-4 Super Galeb		 Pula
Squadrons of Army command regions
EIV of 1st Army region
EIV of 2nd Army region
EIV of 3rd Army region
EIV of Navy region		 SA.341 Hera
SA.341 Hera
SA.341 Hera
SA.341 Hera
Skopski Petrovac
Pleso
Divulje-Split
Squadrons of Republics territorial defence (TO) staffs
ELABA RSTO Slovenije
ELABA RSTO Crne Gore		 J-20 Kragulj/SA.341
J-20 Kragulj
Golubovci
Yugoslav Military Air Force Academy
105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Training Wing
107th Helicopter Training Wing
172nd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Training Wing
185th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Training Wing		 (see above) (see above)
Golubovci
Pula
  • AE - Aviacijska Eskadrila - Aviation Squadron
  • LAE - Lovačka Aviacijska Eskadrila - Fighter Aviation Squadron
  • LBAE - Lovačko-Bombarderska Aviacijska Eskadrila - Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron
  • IAE - Izviđačka Aviacijska Eskadrila - Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron
  • TRAE - Transportna Aviacijska Eskadrila - Transport Aviation Squadron
  • PPAE - Protivpožarna Aviacijska Eskadrila - Firefighting Aviation Squadron
  • HE - Helikopterska Eskadrila - Helicopter Squadron
  • SHO - Specijalno Helikoptersko Odeljenje - Special Helicopter Section
  • TRHE - Transportna Helikopterska Eskadrila - Transport Helicopter Squadron
  • POHE - Protivoklopna Helikopterska Eskadrila - Anti-armour Helicopter Squadron
  • PPHE - Protivpodmornička Helikopterska Eskadrila - Anti-submarine Helicopter Squadron

Aircraft type designation system

In 1962 the Yugoslav Air Force introduced a new aircraft designation system to identify specific aircraft types. Prior to this time, the Air Force had been mainly equipped combat aircraft of US origin, such as the F-84G and T-33A, and the US designation was commonly used. However, aircraft locally modified to fulfill the reconnaissance role, such as the F-86D and T-33A, were referred to as the IF-86D and IT-33A. The selection of the MiG-21, which lacked similar designation, as the new front-line fighter led to the introduction of a formal aircraft designation system.

The main designation consisted of a prefix letter signifying the principal role of the aircraft, and a two-digit individual type number, e.g.: J-22. The role prefixes are:

  • L - Lovac (fighter)
  • J - Jurišnik (attack)
  • H - Helikopter (helicopter)
  • V - Višenamjenski (utility)
  • N - Nastavni (training)
  • T - Transportni (transport)

In addition, various role modification prefix and suffix letters are used, to indicate trainer, reconnaissance etc. variants of the basic design. The role modification letters are:

  • I - Izviđač (reconnaissance)
  • M - Modifikovan (modified)
  • N - Nastavni (fighter trainer)
  • N - Naoružani (armed helicopter)
  • O - Opšte namjene (general purpose)
  • P - Protivpodmornički (anti-submarine)
  • S - Spasilački (rescue)
  • T - Transportni (transport)
Generic Variant Type
Fighters
L-10*
Republic F-84G
L-11* Canadair Sabre
L-12 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21F-13
NL-12 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21U-400/600
L-13* North American F-86D Sabre
L-14 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PFM
L-14I Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21R
NL-14 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21US
L-15 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21M
L-15M Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MF
L-16 NL-16 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21UM
L-17 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis
L-17K Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis-K
L-18 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29
NL-18 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29UB
Attack
J-20 Soko J-20 Kraguj
J-21 J-1 Jastreb
IJ-21 Soko RJ-1 Jastreb
NJ-21 Soko TJ-1 Jastreb
J-22 J-22 Orao
IJ-22 Soko RJ-2 Orao
NJ-22 Soko TJ-2 Orao
INJ-22 Soko RTJ-2 Orao
Helicopter
WS 51
Westland Dragonfly
H-19
Sikorsky H-19
H-40 Mil Mi-8
HT-40 Mil Mi-8T
HT-40E Mil Mi-8 E i PED
H-41 Mil/PZL Swidnik Mi-2
HT-41 Mil/PZL Swidnik Mi-2
H-42 Aerospatiale/Soko SA.341H Gazelle
HI-42 Soko SA.341H HERA
HN-42M Soko SA.341H GAMA
HO-42 Aerospatiale/Soko SA.341H Gazelle
HS-42 Soko SA341H
H-43 Kamov Ka-25
HP-43 Kamov Ka-25Bsh
H-44 Mil Mi-14
HP-44 Mil Mi-14PL
H-45 Soko SA.342L1 Gazelle
HN-45M Soko SA.342L1 GAMA 2
HO-45 Soko SA.342L1
H-46
Kamov Ka-28
HP-46 Kamov Ka-28
Utility
V-50 Utva-60H
V-51 Utva-66
V-52 Utva-66H
V-53
Utva-75
Training
N-60 Soko G-2 Galeb
N-61
Zlin Z-526
N-62 Soko G-4 Super Galeb
N-63 Utva Lasta
Transport
T-70 Antonov An-26
T-71 Antonov An-2

Aircraft inventory 1965–1985

Aircraft Origin Role Version Quantity
Fighter aircraft
MiG-21  Soviet Union fighter
trainer
reconnaissance		 MiG-21bis/PFM/M/MF/F-13
MiG-21UM/US
MiG-21R		 ~199(Breakdown: F-13 x 41, PFM x 36, M x 25, MF x 6, bis x 46, bis.K x 45)
28(Breakdown: 25 UM aircraft, 7 US aircraft.)
12
MiG-29  Soviet Union fighter
trainer		 MiG-29B
MiG-29UB		 14
2
Ground attack aircraft
Soko J-20 Kraguj  Yugoslavia counter-insurgency J-20 40
Soko J-21 Jastreb  Yugoslavia attack
trainer
reconnaissance		 J-21
NJ-21
IJ-21		 108
25
36
Soko J-22 Orao  Yugoslavia attack
trainer
reconnaissance		 J-22
NJ-22
IJ-22
INJ-22		 57
21
25
15
Transport and liaison aircraft
Antonov An-2  Soviet Union cargo aircraft An-2TD 5
Antonov An-12  Soviet Union cargo aircraft An-12 2
Antonov An-26  Soviet Union cargo aircraft An-26 14(17 aircraft provided for first deployment)
Yakovlev Yak-40  Soviet Union VIP aircraft Yak-40 6
Dornier Do 28  West Germany cargo aircraft Do 28D-2 2
Firefighting aircraft
Canadair CL-215  Canada firefighting CL-215 6
Trainer aircraft
Utva 75
  Yugoslavia basic trainer V-53 138
Soko G-2 Galeb  Yugoslavia fighter-bomber/trainer N-60 131
Soko G-4 Super Galeb  Yugoslavia fighter-bomber/trainer N-62 85
Helicopters
Soko Gazelle  United Kingdom
 France
 Yugoslavia		 utility
rescue
reconnaissance
attack		 HO-42
HS-42
HI-42
HN-42		 94
Mil Mi-8  Soviet Union transport Mi-8T 93
ASW helicopters
Mil Mi-14  Soviet Union antisubmarine Mi-14PL 4
Kamov Ka-27  Soviet Union antisubmarine Ka-28 2
Kamov Ka-25  Soviet Union antisubmarine Ka-25BSh 6

grand total

  • 213 fighters,
  • 205 attack aircraft
  • 88 reconnaissance aircraft
  • 26 transport aircraft
  • 6 VIP Transport aircraft
  • 430 trainer aircraft
  • 6 special mission aircraft
  • 187 transport, attack, reconnaissance, and rescue helicopters, and
  • 12 anti-submarine helicopters.

Retired aircraft

  • F-84G - 219
  • F-86D - 98
  • IF-86D - 32(A reconnaissance version of the F-86D equipped with a camera.)
  • F-86E(M)Sabre - 121(Of these, 46 are Canadian-made CL-13 Saber Mk.IV.)
  • T-33A - 4(Jet engine-powered single-engine training aircraft)
  • Zlin Z 526M - 25(Single-engine training aircraft powered by reciprocating engine)
  • MiG-21U - 18
  • MiG-21U-400 - 9
  • MiG-21U-600 - 9
  • WS-51・Mk.1B - 10
  • H-19 - 10
  • Mi-2 - 15
  • Mi-4 - 25
  • Falcon50 - 6
  • Learjet25B - 6

219 fighter-bombers, 219 fighters, 32 reconnaissance planes, 65 trainer planes, 60 helicopters, 12 VIP transport planes

Total number of aircraft acquired before the breakup of Yugoslavia
432 fighters, 219 fighter bombers, 205 attack aircraft, 120 reconnaissance aircraft, 26 transport aircraft, 18 VIP transport aircraft, 495 trainer aircraft, 6 special mission aircraft, 247 military helicopters, anti-submarine aircraft. There will be 12 helicopters.

Gallery

  • Yugoslav air force G-4 Super Galeb on display at the 1991 Paris air show
    Yugoslav air force
    G-4 Super Galeb
    on display at the 1991 Paris air show
  • Yugoslavian J-22 Orao exhibited in the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade
    Yugoslavian J-22 Orao exhibited in the
    Museum of Aviation in Belgrade
  • Hawker Hurricane Mk IVRP with Yugoslav Air Force markings
    Hawker Hurricane Mk IVRP with Yugoslav Air Force markings
  • Yak-3
    Yak-3
  • Messerschmitt Bf 109 with Yugoslav Air Force markings
    Messerschmitt Bf 109 with Yugoslav Air Force markings
  • Ikarus S-49, one of the first fighter aircraft produced in Yugoslavia after WWII, was based on the pre-war Rogozarski IK-3.
    Rogozarski IK-3
    .
  • Republic P-47D Thunderbolt with Yugoslav Air Force markings.
    Republic P-47D Thunderbolt
    with Yugoslav Air Force markings.
  • Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk VC used by Yugoslav RAF squadron.
    Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk VC used by Yugoslav RAF squadron.
  • Polikarpov Po-2
    Polikarpov Po-2
  • Fizir FN
    Fizir FN
  • Soko J-20 Kraguj
    Soko J-20 Kraguj
  • Utva-213
    Utva-213

Commanders

  • Franc Pirc (1944–1946)
  • Zdenko Ulepič (1946–1965)
  • Viktor Bubanj (1965–1970)
  • Milan Simović [sr] (1970–1972)
  • Enver Ćemalović [sr] (1972–1979)
  • Stevan Roglić (1979–1981)
  • Slobodan Alagić (1981–1985)
  • Anton Tus (1985–1991)
  • Zvonko Jurjević (1991–1992)
  • Božidar Stefanović (1992)

Air forces from the former Yugoslavia

See also

References

  1. ^ "Yugoslavia - Air Force". www.country-data.com. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  2. ^ "Istorija domaće upotrebe lovca-presretača MiG-21". Tango Six (in Serbian). 2015-11-02. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  3. ISBN 978-1-84603-748-1
    .

Further reading
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