Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson
Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson | |
---|---|
Chronicle of Mann): "Godredus".[1] | |
Died | 1231 Lewis and Harris |
Issue | Haraldr Guðrøðarson |
House | Crovan dynasty |
Father | Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson |
Guðrøðr Rǫgnvaldsson (died 1231), also known as Guðrøðr Dond, was a thirteenth-century ruler of the
Guðrøðr's mother was Rǫgnvaldr's wife. Whilst the name of this woman is unknown, she appears to have been a member of the
Guðrøðr's maiming marks a turning point in the feud between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr. With the escalation of hostilities, Rǫgnvaldr bound himself to
Guðrøðr seems to have been one of Óspakr's principal supporters, and accompanied him in the ensuing campaign that reached the Isles in 1230. Óspakr seems to died from injuries sustained in the midst of the operation after which command fell to Óláfr. Although the latter proceeded to divert the fleet to Mann where he was reinstalled as king, Guðrøðr was recognised as king of the
Antecessors
Guðrøðr was a son of
Whilst Óláfr's mother was Fionnghuala Nic Lochlainn,[36] an Irishwoman whose marriage to Guðrøðr Óláfsson was formalised (at about the time of Óláfr's birth) in 1176/1177,[37] Rǫgnvaldr's mother appears to have been another Irishwoman named Sadbh.[38] When Guðrøðr Óláfsson died in 1187, the chronicle reports that he left instructions for Óláfr to succeed to the kingship since the latter had been born "in lawful wedlock".[39] Whether this is an accurate record of events is uncertain,[40] as the Islesmen are stated to have chosen Rǫgnvaldr to rule instead, because unlike Óláfr, who was only a child at the time, Rǫgnvaldr was a hardy young man fully capable to reign as king.[41] The fact that Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr had different mothers may well explain the intense conflict between the two men in the years that followed.[42] This continuing kin-strife is one of the main themes of Rǫgnvaldr's long reign.[43]
At some point after assuming control of the kingdom, the chronicle reports that Rǫgnvaldr gave Óláfr possession of a certain island called "Lodhus".
In 1210, Rǫgnvaldr appears to have found himself the target of renewed Norwegian hegemony in the Isles.
The two submitting monarchs of the saga most likely represent Rǫgnvaldr and Guðrøðr.[60][note 4] Their submission appears to have been undertaken in the context facing the strengthening position of the Norwegian Crown following the settlement between the Birkibeinar and Baglar,[64] and the simultaneous weakening of the Crovan dynasty due to internal infighting.[65] The destructive Norwegian activity in the Isles may have been some sort of officially sanctioned punishment from Norway due to Rǫgnvaldr's recalcitrance in terms of, not only his Norwegian obligations, but his recent reorientation towards the English Crown.[66] The fact that Ingi turned his attention to the Isles so soon after peace was brokered in Norway may well indicate the importance that he placed on his relations with Rǫgnvaldr and his contemporaries in the Isles.[67][note 5] There is reason to suspect that Óláfr had earlier approached Ingi in an attempt to garner support in gaining his perceived birthright before Rǫgnvaldr was able to have Óláfr imprisoned by the Scots.[69] With Óláfr thus neutralised, Rǫgnvaldr could well have submitted to the Norwegian Crown in the context of further securing his hold of the kingship.[70] In any event, the albeit confused titles accorded to Rǫgnvaldr and Guðrøðr by the saga seem to reveal that Guðrøðr possessed some degree of power in the Isles by the early thirteenth century.[71]
Kin-strife
Upon Óláfr's return from his pilgrimage, the chronicle records that Rǫgnvaldr had Óláfr marry "Lauon", the sister of his own wife. Rǫgnvaldr then granted Lodhus back to Óláfr, where the newlyweds proceeded to live until the arrival of
If the chronicle is to be believed, Óláfr's separation from Lauon enraged her sister—the wife of Rǫgnvaldr and mother of Guðrøðr—who surreptitiously tricked Guðrøðr into attacking Óláfr in 1223. Following what he thought were his father's orders, Guðrøðr gathered a force on Skye[88]—where he was evidently based[89][note 7]—and proceeded to Lodhus, where he is reported to have laid waste to most of the island. Óláfr is said to have only narrowly escaped with a few men, and to have fled to the protection of his father-in-law on the mainland in Ross. Óláfr is stated to have been followed into exile by Páll Bálkason, a vicecomes on Skye who refused to take up arms against him.[88] At a later date, Óláfr and Páll are reported to have returned to Skye and defeated Guðrøðr in battle.[91][note 8]
The chronicle specifies that Guðrøðr was overcome on "a certain island called the isle of
The mutilation and killing of high-status kinsmen during power struggles was not an unknown phenomenon in the peripheral regions of the British Isles during the High Middle Ages.[112][note 11] For instance, in only the century-and-a-half of its existence, at least nine members of the Crovan dynasty perished from mutilation or assassination.[114] For instance, in only the century-and-a-half of its existence, at least nine members of the Crovan dynasty perished from mutilation or assassination.[115] As such, there is reason to regard this vicious internecine violence as the Crovan dynasty's greatest weakness.[116] To contemporaries, the tortures of blinding and emasculation were a means of depriving power from a political opponent. Not only would the punishment deny a man the ability to sire descendants, it would divest him of personal power, limiting his ability to attract supporters, and further offset the threat of future vengeance.[117] The maiming inflicted upon Guðrøðr seems to exemplify Óláfr's intent to wrest his perceived birthright from Rǫgnvaldr's bloodline. It is unknown why Rǫgnvaldr did not similarly neutralise Óláfr when he had the chance years before, although it may have had something to do with the preservation of international relations. For example, it is possible that his act of showing leniency to Óláfr had garnered Scottish support against the threat of Norwegian overlordship.[118] In any case, the neutralisation of Guðrøðr appears to mark a turning point in the struggle between the Óláfr and Rǫgnvaldr.[119]
Escalation of warfare
In 1224, the year following Guðrøðr's defeat, the chronicle reveals that Óláfr took hostages from the leading men of the Hebridean portion of the realm, and confronted Rǫgnvaldr on Mann directly. It was then agreed that the kingdom would be split between the two: with Rǫgnvaldr keeping Mann itself along with the title of king, and Óláfr retaining the a share in the Hebrides.
A short time later, perhaps in about 1225 or 1226, the chronicle reveals that Rǫgnvaldr oversaw the marriage of a daughter of his to Alan's young illegitimate son,
At this low point of his career, the deposed Rǫgnvaldr appears to have gone into exile at Alan's court in Galloway.
Invasion of the Isles
The death of Alan's ally did not deter
The Icelandic annals, the Chronicle of Mann, the saga, and the Chronicle of Lanercost all reveal that Hákon handed over the kingship of the Isles to
News of the gathering Norwegian fleet soon reached Alexander II, who appears to have made straight for the western coast, diverting his attention to the now rapidly developing crisis. On 28 May, Alan is recorded in Alexander II's presence at Ayr, where the Scottish royal forces appear to have assembled.[180] It was probably May or June when Óspakr's fleet rounded the Mull of Kintyre, entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where his forces successfully stormed and captured a fortress that is almost certainly identical to Rothesay Castle.[181] The Flateyjarbók, Frísbók, and Skálholtsbók versions of the saga specify that the castle fell after three days of battle,[182] and that three hundred Norwegians and Islesmen fell in the assault.[183] By this stage in the campaign, the fleet is stated to have reached a size of eighty ships,[184] a tally which may indicate that Óspakr's fighting force numbered over three thousand men.[185] Reports that Alan was in the vicinity, at the command of a massive fleet, are stated to have forced the Norwegians to withdraw to Kintyre.[186] Whilst the Eirspennill version of the saga numbers Alan's fleet at almost two hundred ships, the Flateyjarbók, Frísbók, and Skálholtsbók versions give a tally of one hundred and fifty.[187] These totals suggest that Alan commanded a force of two thousand[188] or three thousand men.[189]
Having withdrawn his fleet to Kintyre, Óspakr took ill and died,[193] presumably succumbing to injuries sustained from the assault on Bute.[194] According to the saga, the king's death was bitterly lamented amongst his followers.[195] In consequence of Óspakr's fall, the Chronicle of Lanercost, the Chronicle of Mann, and the saga reveal that command of the fleet was assumed by Óláfr, who successfully eluded Alan's forces, and capitalised upon the situation by diverting the armada to Mann. Although Óláfr succeeded in being reinstated as king after overwhelming some initial opposition, he was nevertheless forced to partition the realm with Guðrøðr, who took up kingship in the Hebrides.[196]
Despite Óspakr's elevation as king, it is uncertain how Hákon envisioned the governance of the Kingdom of the Isles. On one hand, it is possible that Hákon intended for Óspakr and Guðrøðr to divide the kingdom at Óláfr's expense.[197] On the other hand, the fact that Óláfr's struggle against Alan and Clann Somhairle is acclaimed by the saga could be evidence that Hákon did not intend to replace Óláfr with Óspakr. Instead, Hákon may have planned for Óspakr to reign over the sprawling domain of Clann Somhairle as a way to ensure the kindred's obedience. Óspakr's prospective realm, therefore, seems to have comprised Argyll, Kintyre, and the Inner Hebrides.[198] If correct, the fleet's primary design would appear to have been the procurement of Óspakr's domain, whilst a secondary objective—adopted very late in the campaign—seems to have been the restoration of Óláfr on Mann.[199]
It is also possible that Hákon originally ordered a division of power between Óláfr and Guðrøðr,[200] and that Hákon originally promised to lend support to Óláfr's cause on the condition of a concession of authority to Guðrøðr,[201] who—like Óspakr—could have been recognised as king by the Norwegian Crown.[202] An accommodation between Óláfr and Guðrøðr could well have benefited both men, as it would have safeguarded their kindred against the dynastic ambitions of Alan, offsetting the royal marriage between this man's son and Guðrøðr's sister.[203] In any case, the Chronicle of Mann and the saga reveal that the Norwegian forces left Mann for home in the following spring, and established Guðrøðr in the Hebrides. Before the end of 1231, both Páll and Guðrøðr are reported to have been killed. Whilst the saga merely locates Guðrøðr's death to the Suðreyjar[204]—an Old Norse term roughly equating to the Hebrides and Mann[205]—the chronicle specifically locates the incident on Lodhus.[204]
Upon the homeward return of the Norwegians, the saga declares that Hákon's "honours had been won" as a result of the expedition, and that he himself heartily thanked the men for their service.[206] The operation itself seems to mark a turning point in the history of the Kingdom of the Isles. Although the kings that ruled the realm before Rǫgnvaldr could afford to ignore Norwegian royal authority, it is apparent that those who ruled after him required a closer relationship with the Norwegian Crown.[207] Óláfr went on to rule the realm until his death in 1237.[208] Although Scottish sources fail to note the Norwegian campaign, its magnitude is revealed by English sources such as the Chronicle of Lanercost,[209] and the thirteenth-century Annales de Dunstaplia, with the latter reporting that the campaigning Norwegians and Islesmen were only overcome with much labour after they had invaded Scotland and Mann and inflicted considerable casualties.[210]
The context of Guðrøðr's final fall suggests that, despite his injuries and impairment, he was able to swiftly assert his authority and eliminate Páll.[211] Although the Norwegians' presence may have temporarily constrained the implacable animosities of the Islesmen, the fleet's departure appears to have been the catalyst of renewed conflict.[118] Evidently still an adherent of Óláfr—certainly, the two are reported to have sailed on the same ship at the outset of Óspakr's campaign[212]—Páll's annihilation suggests that Guðrøðr avenged his father's destruction and his own mutilation.[213] The fact that Óláfr was able to regain and retain control of the realm after Guðrøðr's demise suggests that Óláfr may have moved against him once the Norwegians left the region.[118]
Óláfr was succeeded by his son, Haraldr,[214] who was in turn succeeded by another son, Rǫgnvaldr.[215] This monarch was slain in 1249, seemingly by an associate of Guðrøðr's son, Haraldr, whereupon the latter assumed the kingship.[216] This abrupt seizure of royal power by Guðrøðr's son—almost twenty years after Guðrøðr's death—exposes the fact that the inter-dynastic strife between lines of (Guðrøðr's father) Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr carried on for yet another generation.[217] The infighting only came to an end in the reign of the dynasty's final monarch, Óláfr's son, Magnús.[218]
Notes
- ^ Comprising some four sets,[45] the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.[46] They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century.[47]
- ^ The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[54]
- ^ The longer version of the saga also relates that a fleet of Norwegians made landfall in Shetland and Orkney, whereupon Bjarni Kolbeinsson, Bishop of Orkney, and the two co-earls of Orkney—Jón Haraldsson and Davið Haraldsson—were compelled to journey to Norway and submit to Ingi rendering him hostages and a large fine.[68]
- invasions into Argyll,[81] The king's campaign appears to have resulted in a local regime change, with Ruaidhrí being replaced by Domhnall in Kintyre.[82] Óláfr's concurrent matrimonial realignment with Fearchar could well have been influenced by Scots' royal campaign against Ruaidhrí.[83] One reason why the chronicle fails to name the father-in-law of Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr could be that the chronicle is biased against him. Another possibility is that the chronicler may have simply not known his name.[84] Likewise, the fact that the chronicle fails to name Lauon's sister—a woman alleged to have played a significant role in the kin-strife between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr—could be evidence of a specific bias against her.[85]
- heir-apparent. If correct, Rǫgnvaldr's earlier grant of Lodhus to Óláfr could indicate that Óláfr had previously been recognised as Rǫgnvaldr's heir. On the other hand, this grant may have merely been given in the context of appeasing a disgruntled dynast passed over for the kingship.[90]
- ^ The chronicle describes Páll as a vicecomes. This Latin term has been translated into English as "sheriff",[92] but may represent a Scandinavian title.[93] It is possible that the term vicecomes is utilised as a result of English and Scottish influences in the Isles.[94] In any case, the chronicle's account of Páll reveals that he was an important figure in the Isles—describing him as a "vigorous and powerful man throughout the kingdom"[95]—and appears to indicate that he acted as a royal representative on Skye.[93]
- ^ The fact that, according to local tradition in Kilmuir, Páll or his father appears to be traditionally associated with the district[102]—and called in Gaelic Fear Caisteal Eilein Chaluim Chille ("the man of the castle of Eilean Chaluim Chille")[103]—may confirm that Loch Chaluim Chille was indeed the site of Guðrøðr's stand against Óláfr and Páll.[2] Kilmuir is also the site of Blar a' Bhuailte ("the field of the stricken"), where Vikings are traditionally said to have made a last stand in battle on Skye.[104] Whilst the name of the island could suggest that the chronicle refers to Iona,[105] the most famous island associated with St Columba, the context of passage reveals that the events took place on Skye.[106]
- ^ Guðrøðr's defeat to Óláfr and Páll is also noted—albeit in an extremely garbled form—by the seventeenth-century Sleat History.[111]
- Descriptio Kambriæ, in an English account of succession dispute disputes among the Welsh, "the most frightful disturbances occur in their territories as a result, people being murdered, brothers killing each other and even putting each other's eyes out, for as everyone knows from experience it is very difficult to settle disputes of this sort".[113]
- Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway with letters pertaining to the needs of their lands.[122] One possibility is that these so-called needs refer to the violent kin strife and recent treaty between the half-brothers.[123] The saga may therefore reveal that the Norwegian Crown was approached by either representatives of both sides of the inter-dynastic conflict, or perhaps by neutral chieftains caught in the middle.[124]
- ^ Much of the visible site dates only to the eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth century.[137] The first specific record of Tynwald as an assembly site dates to 1237.[141]
- Guðrøðr Crovan, King of Dublin and the Isles, is also accorded several Gaelic epithets.[165] Such names partly evidence the significant Gaelic influence upon the Scandinavian aristocracy of the Isles.[166] Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar accords Guðrøðr an epithet meaning "black".[167] Whether this source has confused the Gaelic donn for dubh ("black"),[168] or confused Guðrøðr with another man, is unknown.[169] Much like the saga, the Sleat History identifies Guðrøðr as "the black".[111]
- ^ Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar exists in several mediaevel redactions.[174] The most authoritative of these is the Eirspennill version.[175] Whilst the fleet was Orkney, the saga reports that a detachment of ships, led by Páll's son, Bálki, and a certain Óttarr Snækollr, journeyed to Skye where they fought and killed Þórkell Þórmóðarson, in what may have been the culmination of a family feud.[176] If word of Óspakr's royal fleet had not reached Alan and the Scots at the time of its arrival at Orkney, news of it could well have been passed on from Fearchar when the Islesmen clashed at Skye.[118]
- ^ This coat of arms is blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[191] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[190] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[192]
Citations
- ^ a b Munch; Goss (1874) p. 86; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ a b Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ McDonald (2008); Barrow (2006); MacLeod (2002); Sellar (2000); Sellar; Maclean (1999); Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997).
- ^ McDonald (2019); Ó Cróinín (2017); Cochran-Yu (2015); Crawford (2014); Thomas (2014); Crawford (2013); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); McNamee (2005); Power (2005); Duffy (2004); Broderick (2003); Oram (2000); Fellows-Jensen (1998); Oram (1988); Sawyer (1982); Matheson (1978–1980).
- ^ a b Veach (2014).
- ^ a b c Williams (1997).
- ^ Beuermann (2011); Steinsland; Sigurðsson; Rekdal et al. (2011).
- ^ McDonald (2016); Oram (2013); McDonald (2012); Oram (2011); Beuermann (2010); Downham (2008); McDonald (2007b); Woolf (2007); Gade (1994).
- ^ Barrow (2006); MacLeod (2002); Sellar (2000); Sellar; Maclean (1999); Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ Barrow (2006).
- ^ McDonald (2019); Ó Cróinín (2017); McNamee (2005); Broderick (2003); Fellows-Jensen (1998); Oram (1988); Matheson (1978–1980).
- ^ Power (2005).
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Duffy (2004); Oram (2000).
- ^ Duffy (2004).
- ^ McDonald (2012); McDonald (2007b).
- ^ McDonald (2016).
- ^ Oram (2011).
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015).
- ^ McDonald (2019); Oram (2000).
- ^ Oram (2013).
- ^ Beuermann (2010); Gade (1994).
- ^ Veach (2014); Steinsland; Sigurðsson; Rekdal et al. (2011).
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Power (2005) p. 34 tab.; MacLeod (2002) p. 275 tab.; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 200 tab. ii; Anderson (1922) p. 467 n. 2. tab.
- ^ a b McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 163; Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 116–117.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60, 66; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; Duffy (2004); Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004); Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Power (2005) p. 34 tab.; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; Anderson (1922) p. 467 n. 2. tab.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Anderson (1922) p. 467 n. 2. tab.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; Oram (2011) p. xvi tab. 5; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Power (2005) p. 34 tab.; Brown, M (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; MacLeod (2002) p. 275 tab.; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; McDonald (1997) p. 259 tab.; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 200 tab. ii; Anderson (1922) p. 467 n. 2. tab.
- ^ Power (2005) p. 34 tab.; Anderson (1922) p. 467 n. 2 tab.
- ^ Munch; Goss (1874) p. 78; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; Flanagan (2010) p. 195 n. 123; McDonald (2007b) pp. 27 tab. 1, 71–72; McNamee (2005).
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 71–72.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) pp. 27 tab. 1.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 24, 66, 77; Beuermann (2014) p. 87; Oram (2011) pp. 156, 169; Flanagan (2010) p. 195 n. 123; McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–71, 94, 170; Duffy (2004); Broderick (2003); Oram (2000) p. 105; Anderson (1922) pp. 313–314; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 78–79.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 156; McDonald (2007b) p. 94.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 24, 46, 48, 66, 77; Oram (2011) pp. 156, 169; Flanagan (2010) p. 195 n. 123; McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–71; Duffy (2004); Oram (2000) pp. 105, 124; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Williams (1997) p. 260; Anderson (1922) pp. 313–314; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 78–79.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 73.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 167.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1g.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 155, 168–173.
- ^ McDonald (2012) pp. 154, 167; McDonald (2007b) pp. 44, 77; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Oram (2000) p. 125; McDonald (1997) pp. 85, 151; Anderson (1922) p. 456; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 44 n. 8; McDonald (1997) p. 151 n. 86.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 66; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) pp. 154–155, 167; Oram (2011) p. 169; McDonald (2008) p. 145, 145 n. 74; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 152; Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Pollock (2005) p. 18 n. 76; Oram (2000) p. 125; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Duffy (1993) p. 64; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–85.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 66; McDonald (2012) p. 176 n. 73; McDonald (2008) p. 145, 145 n. 74; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Oram (2000) p. 125; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 152; Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81; Oram (2000) p. 125; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6g, 185 fig. 12.
- ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
- ^ Beuermann (2011) p. 125; McDonald (2008) pp. 142–144; McDonald (2007b) pp. 133–137; Johnsen (1969) p. 33.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 163; McDonald (2007b) p. 133; Power (2005) p. 38; Oram (2000) p. 115; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Storm (1977) p. 123 § iv; Anderson (1922) pp. 378, 381–382; Vigfusson (1878) pp. 366–367; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 523.
- ^ Michaelsson (2015) p. 30 ch. 17; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Beuermann (2012) p. 1; McDonald (2012) p. 163; McDonald (2008) pp. 142–143; McDonald (2007b) p. 133; Oram (2005) p. 8; Power (2005) p. 38; Beuermann (2002) p. 420 n. 6; Oram (2000) p. 115; Argyll: An Inventory of the Monuments (1982) p. 143 § 4; Anderson (1922) pp. 378–381, 379 n. 2; Jónsson (1916) p. 468 ch. 18; Fornmanna Sögur (1835) pp. 192–195.
- ^ Crawford (2014) pp. 72–73; McDonald (2012) p. 163; Oram (2011) p. 169; Beuermann (2011) p. 125; Beuermann (2010) pp. 106–107, 106 n. 19; McDonald (2008) pp. 142–143; McDonald (2007b) p. 134; Brown, M (2004) p. 74; Beuermann (2002) p. 420 n. 6; Oram (2000) p. 115; Williams (1997) pp. 114–115; Johnsen (1969) p. 23, 23 n. 3; Anderson (1922) p. 381, 381 nn. 1–2; Fornmanna Sögur (1835) pp. 194–195.
- ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 472 ch. 2; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ Crawford (2014) pp. 72–73; Crawford (2013) § 6.6.1; McDonald (2012) p. 163; Beuermann (2011) p. 125; Beuermann (2010) pp. 106–107, 106 n. 20; McDonald (2008) p. 143; McDonald (2007b) p. 134; Brown, M (2004) p. 74; Duffy (2004); Oram (2000) p. 115; Johnsen (1969) p. 23.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 180 n. 140; McDonald (2008) p. 143 n. 63; McDonald (2007b) p. 134 n. 61; Power (2005) p. 39.
- ^ a b Power (2005) p. 39.
- ^ Valante (2010); McDonald (2007b) p. 13.
- ^ Beuermann (2011) p. 125; Beuermann (2010) p. 106; McDonald (2008) pp. 142–144; McDonald (2007b) pp. 133–137.
- ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 106.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 135.
- ^ Beuermann (2011) p. 125.
- ^ Crawford (2014) pp. 72–73; Beuermann (2012) p. 8; Beuermann (2011) p. 125; McDonald (2008) pp. 142–143; McDonald (2007b) pp. 133–134; Oram (2005) p. 8; Williams (1997) pp. 114–115; Anderson (1922) pp. 380–381; Fornmanna Sögur (1835) pp. 192–195.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 169.
- ^ Williams (1997) p. 115.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 163; McDonald (2008) p. 143; McDonald (2007b) p. 134.
- ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 157 fig. 2a, 163 fig. 8d, 187 fig. 14.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 61, 63, 66; McDonald (2016) pp. 339, 342; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78–79, 116, 152, 190; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Murray (2005) p. 290 n. 23; Pollock (2005) p. 27, 27 n. 138; Brown, M (2004) pp. 76–78; Duffy (2004); Woolf (2003) p. 178; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) pp. 457–458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–87.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald (2007b) p. 152.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 61, 66; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 152–153, 190; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Murray (2005) p. 290 n. 23; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Grant (2000) p. 123; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 162 n. 142; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 66.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117 n. 68, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) pp. 4, 27, 27 n. 138; Raven (2005) p. 57; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Oram (2000) p. 125.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 3; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 565–565; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 82.
- ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) pp. 185–186; Ross, A (2007) p. 40; Murray (2005) pp. 290–292; Oram (2005) p. 36; Brown, M (2004) p. 75; Stringer, K (2004); Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 125, 130; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 186; Murray (2005) pp. 290–291; Brown, M (2004) p. 75; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 199–200.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; Oram (2000) p. 125.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 76–77, 93.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 163; Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 163.
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) pp. viii, 14, 47, 61–62, 67, 76, 93; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79–80, 93; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Power (2005) p. 43; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Williams (1997) p. 258; Matheson (1978–1980); Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 93–94; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Oram (2000) p. 125.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 94.
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) p. 67; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Thomas (2014) p. 259; Veach (2014) p. 200; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) pp. 80, 93; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Power (2005) p. 43; Broderick (2003); Grant (2000) p. 123; Oram (2000) p. 125; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Williams (1997) p. 258, 258 n. 99; Gade (1994) pp. 199, 201, 203; Anderson (1922) pp. 458–459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–89.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) p. 93; Barrow (2006) p. 144; Broderick (2003); Sellar (1997–1998); Williams (1997) p. 261; Anderson (1922) pp. 458–459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–89.
- ^ a b Barrow (2006) p. 144; Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ Williams (1997) p. 261.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 47, 67; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 93; Sellar (1997–1998); Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; Thomas (2014) p. 259; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) p. 80; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Sellar (1997–1998); Anderson (1922) p. 459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–89.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; McDonald (2012) p. 155; McDonald (2007b) p. 80; Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 67, 82 n. 42; Thomas (2014) p. 259; Barrow (2006) p. 145, 145 n. 24; Sellar (1997–1998); MacLeod (2002) p. 13.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; Barrow (2006) p. 145 n. 24; Donaldson (1923) p. 170; Forbes (1923) p. 244; Skye, Eilean Chaluim Chille (n.d.).
- ^ Sellar (1997–1998); The Royal Commission on Ancient (1928) pp. 165–166 § 535.
- ^ Thomas (2014) p. 259; Anderson (1922) p. 459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–89.
- ^ Sellar (1997–1998); Matheson (1978–1980); Sinclair (1795) p. 538.
- ^ Sellar (1997–1998); Matheson (1978–1980).
- ^ Donaldson (1923) pp. 171–172; Forbes (1923) p. 244.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 67, 82 n. 42; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald (2007b) p. 80, 80 n. 55; Power (2005) pp. 32, 43; Sellar (1997–1998); Williams (1997) p. 258.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 67, 82 n. 42; McDonald (2007b) p. 80, 80 n. 55; Sellar (1997–1998).
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 36–38; Munro; Munro (2008); Grant (2000) p. 123; McDonald (1997) p. 85.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) pp. 36–37.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 80; Power (2005) p. 43; Sellar (1997–1998); Williams (1997) p. 258, 258 n. 99; Gade (1994) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–89.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; McDonald (2007b) p. 80; Sellar (1997–1998); Gade (1994) pp. 199, 201; Storm (1977) pp. 24 § i, 63 § iii, 126 § iv, 185 § v, 326 § viii, 479 § x; Anderson (1922) pp. 454–455; Vigfusson (1878) p. 369; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 526.
- ^ a b Sellar; Maclean (1999) p. 11; Sellar (1997–1998); Macphail (1914) pp. 7–8.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 73; McDonald (2007b) pp. 96–98; Gillingham (2004).
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 73; Thorpe (1978) p. 261 bk. 2 ch. 4; The Itinerary Through Wales (1908) p. 193 bk. 2 ch. 4; Dimock (1868) pp. 211–212 bk. 2 ch. 3.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 96.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 96.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 72–73; McDonald (2007b) p. 91.
- ^ Gade (1994) pp. 199–200.
- ^ a b c d e f Oram (2013) ch. 4.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; McDonald (2012) p. 155.
- ^ Stevenson (1914) pp. 16–17 pl. 1 fig. 6, 17, 17 n. 7.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 47, 67; Veach (2014) p. 200; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; McDonald (2007a) p. 63; McDonald (2007b) pp. 52–53, 80, 153, 212; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 126; Duffy (1993) p. 105; Anderson (1922) p. 459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–89.
- ^ Brown, D (2016) p. 148; Veach (2014) p. 201; Beuermann (2010) p. 111, 111 n. 39; Power (2005) p. 44; McDonald (2004) p. 195; McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89; Williams (1997) p. 117, 117 n. 142; Gade (1994) pp. 202–203; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Anderson (1922) p. 455; Jónsson (1916) p. 522 ch. 98; Kjær (1910) p. 390 ch. 106/101; Dasent (1894) pp. 89–90 ch. 101; Vigfusson (1887) p. 87 ch. 101; Unger (1871) p. 440 ch. 105; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 61 ch. 84; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 p. 168 § 501.
- ^ McDonald (1997) p. 89; Williams (1997) p. 117; Gade (1994) p. 203; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 p. 168 § 501 n. 1.
- ^ Williams (1997) p. 117; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 p. 168 § 501 n. 1.
- ^ Oram (2011) pp. 189–190; McDonald (2007b) pp. 80–81, 153, 155–156; McNamee (2005); Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 126.
- ^ Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 83.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McNamee (2005); Oram (2000) pp. 125–126; Duffy (1993) p. 105; Oram (1988) pp. 136–137; Bain (1881) pp. 158–159 § 890; Sweetman (1875) pp. 185–186 § 1218.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 47–48; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; McDonald (2007b) pp. 81, 155; Oram (2000) p. 126; McDonald (1997) p. 86; Duffy (1993) p. 105; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) p. 459; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–89.
- ^ McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
- ^ McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 24–25, 46, 48, 62; Brown, D (2016) p. 192 n. 190; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) pp. 189–190; McDonald (2007a) pp. 64–65 n. 87; McDonald (2007b) pp. 81, 155; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 126; Duffy (1993) p. 105; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) pp. 459–460; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 88–91.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 155; McNamee (2005); Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 126; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 96; McDonald (1997) p. 92.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 155.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 126.
- ^ Oram (2000) pp. 126, 139 n. 107.
- ^ a b Broderick (2003).
- ^ Fee (2012) p. 129; McDonald (2007b) p. 82.
- ^ Crawford (2014) pp. 74–75.
- ^ Insley; Wilson (2006).
- ^ Insley; Wilson (2006); O'Grady (2008) p. 58; Anderson (1922) p. 508; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 94–95.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 67; McDonald (2007b) p. 81; Duffy (1993) p. 106.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 38; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; McDonald (2007b) pp. 81, 155–156; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Duffy (2004); Oram (2004); Oram (2000) p. 127; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 106; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) p. 465; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 90–91.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 149; Oram (2000) p. 127; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 105; Oram (1988) p. 137; Simpson; Galbraith (n.d.) p. 136 § 9; Document 1/16/1 (n.d.).
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 81, 156; Anderson (1922) pp. 465–466; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 90–91.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 67–68; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 38; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; McDonald (2007a) p. 63; McDonald (2007b) pp. 70, 81; Harrison (2002) p. 16; Oram (2000) pp. 127–128; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) p. 466; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) pp. 24, 68; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; McDonald (2007b) p. 82; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) pp. 127–128; Williams (1997) p. 258; Oram (1988) p. 137; Anderson (1922) p. 466; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 92–93.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 29; Storm (1977) pp. 128 § iv, 480 § x; Anderson (1922) p. 467; Vigfusson (1878) p. 371; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 527.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 68; McDonald (2007b) p. 82, 82 n. 72; McLeod (2002) p. 28 n. 12; Anderson (1922) p. 467; Stevenson (1839) p. 40.
- ^ Williams (1997) p. 258.
- ^ a b Munch; Goss (1874) p. 92; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ a b Ó Cróinín (2017) p. 258; McDonald (2016) p. 338; McDonald (2007b) p. 86; Power (2005) p. 47; Fellows-Jensen (1998) p. 30; Sellar (1997–1998); Sawyer (1982) p. 111; Megaw (1976) p. 16; Anderson (1922) p. 472 n. 5.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Oram (2000) p. 128; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Oram (1988) p. 138; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 68; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Power (2005) p. 44; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 88; Oram (1988) p. 138; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 200; Anderson (1922) p. 464, 464 n. 4; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 164; Kjær (1910) p. 461 ch. 177/162; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 162; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 162; Unger (1871) p. 475 ch. 168; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 135.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Strickland (2012) p. 104; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 63; Oram (2000) p. 128; Oram (1988) p. 138; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 464, 464 n. 4; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) pp. 475–476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Power (2005) p. 44; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Johnsen (1969) p. 26; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–202; Anderson (1922) pp. 464–465; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; McNamee (2005); Power (2005) p. 44; Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Oram (1988) p. 138.
- ^ a b Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 68; McDonald (2007b) p. 86; McDonald (1997) pp. 89–90; Storm (1977) pp. 24 § i, 64 § iii, 128 § iv, 187 § v, 327 § viii; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) pp. 471–473; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 167; Kjær (1910) p. 463 ch. 180/165; Dasent (1894) p. 151 ch. 164; Vigfusson (1887) p. 145 ch. 165; Vigfusson (1878) p. 371; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 92–93; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 171; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 101 ch. 137, 527; Stevenson (1839) p. 41.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Beuermann (2010) p. 107 n. 25; Power (2005) p. 44.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McNamee (2005).
- ^ Downham (2008); McDonald (2007b) pp. 86–87.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 86.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 68; McDonald (2016) p. 338; McDonald (2007b) p. 86; Duffy (2002) p. 191 n. 18; Sellar (1997–1998); Megaw (1976) p. 16; Anderson (1922) p. 472, 472 n. 5; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 92–93.
- ^ Ó Cróinín (2017) p. 258; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Fellows-Jensen (1998) p. 30; Sawyer (1982) p. 111; Megaw (1976) p. 16.
- ^ McDonald (2016) p. 339; Duffy (2002) p. 191 n. 18; Fellows-Jensen (1998) p. 30; Sawyer (1982) p. 111.
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) p. 82 n. 50; McDonald (2007b) p. 86 n. 93; Sellar (1997–1998); Megaw (1976) pp. 16–17; Anderson (1922) pp. 472 n. 5, 478; Dasent (1894) p. 154 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 82 n. 50; McDonald (2007b) p. 86 n. 93; Megaw (1976) pp. 16–17.
- ^ Megaw (1976) pp. 16–17.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) pp. 89–90; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–201; Anderson (1922) pp. 473–474; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 167; Kjær (1910) p. 463 ch. 180/165; Dasent (1894) p. 151 ch. 164; Vigfusson (1887) p. 145 ch. 165; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 171; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 137.
- ^ Murray (2005) p. 293; Oram (2005) p. 40; Oram (2000) p. 128; Williams (1997) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 474, 474 n. 2, 474 n. 9; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 172; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 138.
- ^ Anderson (1922) p. 474, 474 n. 2; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 172; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 138.
- ^ Anderson (1922) p. 474, 474 n. 9; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 172; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 138.
- ^ Schach (2016); Power (2005) p. 13 n. 9.
- ^ Power (2005) p. 13 n. 9.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Anderson (1922) pp. 474–475, 475 n. 1, 475 n. 3; Jónsson (1916) pp. 556–557 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 172; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 101–102 ch. 138.
- ^ Murray (2005) p. 293; McDonald (1997) p. 90; Cowan (1990) pp. 114–115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 475; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 465 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) pp. 152–153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 146–147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Stell (2000) p. 277; Pringle (1998) p. 152; Anderson (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 5; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 465 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Stell (2000) p. 278; McGrail (1995) p. 41.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 250; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 129; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 97; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 47–48; Document 1/7/164 (1832).
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; Boardman (2007) p. 95; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 251–252; Tabraham (2005) p. 26; Brown, M (2004) p. 78; Oram (2000) p. 129; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) pp. 90, 243; McGrail (1995) pp. 39–42; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252 n. 34; Pringle (1998) p. 152; Anderson (1922) p. 476 n. 8; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Stell (2000) p. 277; Anderson (1922) p. 476 n. 9; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) pp. 477–478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 158; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 251; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McGrail (1995) p. 39; Anderson (1922) p. 476; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 465 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 251.
- ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 12; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2007a) pp. 71–72; McDonald (2007b) p. 156; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 84; McDonald (1997) p. 92; Anderson (1922) p. 476, 476 n. 12; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2007a) pp. 71–72; McDonald (2007b) p. 156; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 84; McDonald (1997) p. 92.
- ^ McDonald (2007a) pp. 71–72; McDonald (2007b) p. 156; Smith (1998); Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 84; McDonald (1997) p. 92.
- ^ a b Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
- ^ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
- ^ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; McDonald (2007b) p. 158; Power (2005) p. 45; Oram (2000) p. 129; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) pp. 476–477; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 158; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Oram (2000) p. 129; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 158; Anderson (1922) p. 477; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 69, 75; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 92, 158–159; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Oram (2000) p. 129; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) pp. 471–472, 477; Jónsson (1916) pp. 557–558 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 466 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) pp. 153–154 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 102–103 ch. 138; Stevenson (1839) p. 41.
- ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 38.
- ^ Murray (2005) p. 295, 295 n. 47; McDonald (1997) p. 91; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ Duncan (1996) p. 548; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 69; McDonald (2007b) p. 87; Oram (2000) p. 128; Williams (1997) p. 151; Oram (1988) p. 139.
- ^ Oram (2000) p. 128; Oram (1988) p. 139.
- ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 107 n. 25.
- ^ Oram (1988) p. 139.
- ^ a b McDonald (2019) p. 69; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 92; Power (2005) pp. 45–46; Sellar (1997–1998); Williams (1997) p. 117; Gade (1994) p. 201; Oram (1988) p. 140; Matheson (1978–1980); Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 202; Anderson (1922) pp. 472, 478; Jónsson (1916) p. 558 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 467 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 154 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 92–95; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 103 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2012) p. 152.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 158; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10 ¶ 64; McDonald (1997) p. 90; Anderson (1922) p. 478; Jónsson (1916) p. 558 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 467 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) p. 154 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) p. 148 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 478 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 103 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 159.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 69; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 159; McNamee (2005); Williams (1997) pp. 117–118; Duffy (1993) p. 106.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Anderson (1922) pp. 471–472; Stevenson (1839) p. 41.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2000) p. 131; Anderson (1922) p. 478; Luard (1866) p. 126.
- ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 87.
- ^ McDonald (2019) p. 69; McDonald (2007b) p. 87; Anderson (1922) p. 474, 474 n. 8; Jónsson (1916) p. 556 ch. 168; Kjær (1910) p. 464 ch. 181/166; Dasent (1894) p. 152 ch. 166; Vigfusson (1887) p. 146 ch. 166; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 101 ch. 138.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 87; Barrow (2006) pp. 145–146.
- ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 107; McDonald (2007b) p. 87; McNamee (2005); Williams (1997) p. 118; Johnsen (1969) p. 26.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 88; McNamee (2005).
- ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 88.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 88–89.
- ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 86, 89–90.
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