Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill

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Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill
Raghnall mac Somhairle

Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill (died 1247?) was a leading figure in the

Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles
, and to have contributed to a reunification of the Kingdom of the Isles between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.

In the first third of thirteenth century, the Scottish Crown faced a series of uprisings from the

invasions into Argyll in which Scottish royal authority penetrated into Kintyre. As a result, Ruaidhrí appears to have been ejected from the peninsula and replaced by his younger brother, Domhnall
. Whilst Alexander's campaign appears to have been directed at Ruaidhrí, the precise reasons behind it are uncertain. On one hand, the threat of a unified Kingdom of the Isles may have triggered the invasion. On the other hand, if Ruaidhrí had indeed supported the Meic Uilleim, such support to Alexander's rivals could account for royal retaliation directed at Ruaidhrí.

According to several mediaeval chronicles, a certain Roderick took part in the last Meic Uilleim revolt against Alexander. One possibility is that Ruaidhrí and this Roderick are identical. If correct, Ruaidhrí's alliance with the Meic Uilleim may have originated as a consequence of his expulsion from Kintyre by the Scottish Crown. Whilst Ruaidhrí's later descendants certainly held power in the Hebrides and

Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway sent Óspakr-Hákon
to restore authority in the region as King of the Isles. The fact that Ruaidhrí is not recorded in the subsequent Norwegian campaign could be evidence that he had occupied himself in supporting the near-concurrent Meic Uilleim rebellion, or that he resented the prospect of Óspakr-Hákon's overlordship.

Ruaidhrí seems to be identical to a certain Mac Somhairle who was slain in

Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill, King of Tír Chonaill resist an English invasion. The following year, Ruaidhrí's son, Dubhghall, and another Clann Somhairle dynast sought the kingship of the Isles from Hákon. There is reason to suspect that Mac Somhairle had previously been recognised by Hákon as King of the Isles, and that the two Clann Somhairle kinsmen sought to succeed Mac Somhairle as king after his death. Whatever the case, Ruaidhrí's sons were certainly active in Ireland afterwards, with his younger son, Ailéan, being one of the earliest gallowglass
commanders on record.

Familial background

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to Ruaidhrí's life and times.

Ruaidhrí seems to have been the senior

Clann Domhnaill.[32]

There is uncertainty regarding the succession of the Clann Somhairle leadership following Somhairle's death in 1164. Although the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century

Durham Liber vitae, fails to accord him a royal title.[33] One possibility is that Dubhghall had been succeeded or supplanted by Raghnall,[34] whose recorded title of rex insularum, dominus de Ergile et Kyntyre ("king of the Isles, lord of Argyll and Kintyre")[35] could indicate that Raghnall claimed control over the Clann Somhairle territories.[36] Like Dubhghall, the year and circumstances of Raghnall's death are uncertain as surviving contemporary sources fail to mark his demise.[37]

Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty

Chronicle of Mann): "Engus filius Sumerledi".[38] Ruaidhrí and his brother, Domhnall
, may have been responsible for the death of Aonghus and his sons.

The first specific record of Ruaidhrí dates to 1213/1214.

Skye,[40] in an entry that may be evidence that Raghnall's sons were attempting to extend their authority over the island.[41] The following year, the Chronicle of Mann reports that the three sons of Aonghus mac Somhairle, as well as Aonghus himself, were slain in battle on Skye.[42] The record of this bloody encounter seems to indicate that Aonghus had succeeded Raghnall as the representative of Clann Somhairle by this date, and that Raghnall's sons responded by eliminating their uncle and his line. If so, it is possible that Ruaidhrí seized the succession of Clann Somhairle after the annihilation of Aonghus' branch of the kindred.[39] These accounts of Hebridean warfare may, therefore, signify a radical redistribution of the Clann Somhairle imperium.[43]

Flateyarbók): "Ragnhilldi".[44]

Although the context of the conflict of 1209 is uncertain, one possibility is that it was connected to the clash of 1210.

Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of the Isles, and wrested the kingship from him. Somhairle's coup resulted in the division of the Kingdom of the Isles between his descendants and Guðrøðr's.[50]

Óláfr Guðrøðarson's wife as it appears on folio 42r of British Library Cotton Julius A VII: "Lauon".[51] This woman seems to have been a close kinswoman of Ruaidhrí, perhaps a daughter.[52]

In the second decade of the century, the Chronicle of Mann reveals that the wife of the reigning representative of the Crovan dynasty,

Óláfr Guðrøðarson.[53] Although the precise identity of the half-brothers' shared father-in-law is uncertain,[54] the chronicle describes him as a nobleman from Kintyre,[55] which suggests that he was a member of Clann Somhairle,[56] as sources concerning this kindred associate it with Kintyre more than any other region.[57] The half-brother's father-in-law, therefore, may well have been either Raghnall,[58] or Ruaidhrí[52]—both of whom appear to have been styled "Lord of Kintyre" in contemporary sources[59]—or possibly even Domhnall.[60][note 2]

Refer to caption
The title of the wife of Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson as it appears on folio 42v of British Library Cotton Julius A VII: "regina Insularum" ("Queen of the Isles").[62]

It is conceivable that Rǫgnvaldr's union dates before 1210,

Guðrøðr Dond, who was active in about 1223.[63] The marital alliance appears to have been orchestrated in an effort to patch up relations between Clann Somhairle and the Crovan dynasty.[64] It is possible that Rǫgnvaldr's kingship was formally recognised by Ruaidhrí as the principal member of Clann Somhairle, and that Ruaidhrí thereby established himself as a leading magnate within a reunified Kingdom of the Isles.[65] Such a development may have taken place at about the time of Aonghus' elimination.[57]

Alan, as they appear on folio 42r of British Library Cotton Faustina B IX (the Chronicle of Melrose): "Thomas frater Alani de Galweþia".[66]

Ruaidhrí is likely one of the unnamed sons of Raghnall who is recorded by various

Meic Uilleim,[73] a disaffected rival branch of the Scottish royal family.[74][note 3]

Confrontation with the Scottish Crown

Expulsion from Kintyre

lion rampant is depicted upon the king's shield.[78]

In 1221/1222,

Alan fitz Roland, Lord of Galloway, likely played a leading role in the king's operations.[95] The former was certainly active in naval operations between the Hebrides and Ireland in 1221/1222, when he defeated a Hebridean fleet en route to Ireland.[96] One possibility is that this particular action concerned the disruption of Clann Somhairle assistance to Irish kindreds opposed to English interests in Ireland.[97]

Refer to caption
Ruinous Tarbert Castle. This royal fortress in northern Kyntyre seems to have been constructed in the aftermath of the Scottish campaign against Ruaidhrí.[89] Much of the castle's visible remains date to work undertaken in the 1320s and about 1500.[98]

There is reason to suspect that Alexander's campaign resulted in a local regime change, with Ruaidhrí being replaced by Domhnall in Kintyre.[99] For example, whilst Ruaidhrí is recorded to have held lands in Kintyre during the thirteenth century,[100] a later charter of Domhnall's son, Aonghus Mór, specifically locates one of the latter's ecclesiastical possessions "in my land which is called Kintyre".[101] Although Clann Domhnall is well attested in Kintyre later in the century, there is no further evidence of Ruaidhrí or his Clann Ruaidhrí descendants on the peninsula.[102] If Domhnall indeed replaced Ruaidhrí in the region it does not necessarily mean that he sided with the Scots against his brother: for example, although submission to the Scottish Crown seems to have been unpalatable to Ruaidhrí, Domhnall may have been more willing to endure Scottish overlordship.[63] According to Gesta Annalia I, upon the conclusion of the Scottish campaign, some of the men of Argyll offered Alexander money and hostages for a grant of peace. Other men of the region are said to have fled the region, whereafter the same source states that Alexander granted away their lands and possessions to his own followers.[103]

Clann Dubhghaill, as it appears on folio 103r of AM 45 fol (Codex Frisianus): "Dunngaðr".[104]

Another beneficiary of Ruaidhrí's apparent ousting may have been

Fearchar mac an tSagairt, Earl of Ross. The latter was an emerging magnate closely linked to the Scottish Crown,[108] and it is likely that Óláfr's realignment with such a figure was influenced by the concurrent campaign against Ruaidhrí,[109] and was perhaps intended by the Scots to further destabilise the Isles.[60]

According to the thirteenth-century

Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway was visited by a certain Gillikristr, Óttar Snækollsson, and many Islesmen, who presented the king with letters concerning certain needs of their lands.[110] Although it is possible that these men visited Norway with news regarding the kin-strife between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr,[111] another possibility is that the delegation was concerned with the threat of Scottish aggression in the Isles, following the Scottish Crown's conquest of Kintyre in 1221/1222.[112]

Adherant of the Meic Uilleim insurgency

Historia Anglorum).[113] The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249.[114]

According to Gesta Annalia I, at some point in the 1220s the Meic Uilleim again rose in revolt, with the source identifying the participating Meic Uilleim faction members as: Giolla Easpaig, his unnamed sons, and a certain Roderick.

Chronicle of Lanercost seems to isolate Roderick from being a member of the Meic Uilleim.[117]

The fact that Gesta Annalia I is a more contemporary source suggests that it's identification of Roderick as a member of the Meic Uilleim may be more accurate than the less than unambiguous wording of the Chronicle of Lanercost.[118] Nevertheless, if the latter source is to be believed, it could be evidence that this man is identical to Ruaidhrí himself.[119] Although the sources that note Roderick's participation in the last Meic Uilleim revolt reveal that the kindred was utterly overcome and apparently extirpated, the fate of Roderick is not recorded.[120] If Ruaidhrí is indeed identifical to Roderick, it is uncertain when he may have initiated such assistance to the insurgency. One possibility is that Ruaidhrí had supported the uprisings of the Meic Uilleim in the 1210s,[121] which in turn could account for his dispossession from Kintyre.[122] Evidence against such an early alliance may be the annalistic evidence of Ruaidhrí's attacks in Ireland in 1211/1212 and 1213/1214, if these operations were indeed conducted on behalf of the Scottish Crown against Irish associates of the Meic Uilleim.[123] In fact, it may have only been after his expulsion that Ruaidhrí was compelled to align himself with Alexander's Meic Uilleim enemies.[124]

Photograph of Castle Tioram
Now-ruinous Castle Tioram may well have been a stronghold of Ruaidhrí's Clann Ruaidhrí descendants,[125] and possibly even of Ruaidhrí himself.[126]

Although it is possible that Ruaidhrí controlled the lands that made up Garmoran[127] and various islands in the Hebrides,[128] there is uncertainty as to how and when these territories entered into the possession of his family.[129] Later leading members of Clann Ruaidhrí certainly possessed these lands, but evidence of custody before the mid thirteenth century is lacking.[130][note 5]

Seemingly as a consequence of the

Lochaber in 1229×1234.[135] If Ruaidhrí and Roderick are indeed one and the same—and Ruaidhrí indeed possessed Garmoran—the proximity between this province to Badenoch and Lochaber could indicate that these territories had been centres of the Meic Uilleim insurrection.[136] As such, Ruaidhrí would have been well placed to harbour the Meic Uilleim in Garmoran.[137] Ruaidhrí's possession of Garmoran would also mean that the king's grant to the Comyn kindred placed Walter Comyn upon the borders of both Donnchadh and Ruaidhrí. Alexander, therefore, may have intended for the Comyns to exert pressure upon their Clann Somhairle neighbours. The fact that no disturbances are recorded in the region after 1230 could be evidence that the king was successful in such machinations.[138]

Óspakr-Hákon's invasion of the Isles

Refer to caption
The name of Óspakr-Hákon, an apparent Clann Somhairle dynast, as it appears on folio 163v of AM 47 fol (Eirspennill): "Uspakr konungr".[139]

Meanwhile, in the Isles, the struggle between Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr for the kingship continued on. Although Rǫgnvaldr had enlisted Alan fitz Roland's support by way of a marital alliance,

kingship of the Isles in 1226, and slew Rǫgnvaldr three years later.[141] The death of Alan fitz Roland's ally did not deter Gallovidian interests in the Isles. In fact, it is apparent that Alan fitz Roland and members of Clann Dubhghaill upheld pressure upon the recently inaugurated Óláfr.[142] Reports of open warfare in the Isles reached the royal court of Hákon in the summer of 1229.[143] Although Óláfr arrived at the Norwegian court early the next year, having been forced from the Isles by Alan fitz Roland and his allies, it is evident that Hákon had already decided upon a course of action.[144] As a matter of fact, the Norwegian king is recorded to have handed over the kingship of the Isles to an apparent member of Clann Dubhghaill named Óspakr, and further bestowed upon this man the royal name Hákon, giving him command of the Norwegian fleet tasked with restoring peace in the Isles.[145]

Hákon Hákonarson as depicted on folio 216v of Cambridge Corpus Christi College Parker Library 16II (Chronica Majora).[146][note 6]

Having arrived in the Isles not long afterwards, Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar reports that Óspakr-Hákon's fleet linked forces with other leading members of Clann Dubhghaill at Islay.[149] The reason why Ruaidhrí and Domhnall are unrecorded in the context of the campaign is uncertain. Not only had Ruaidhrí suffered from Alexander's encroachment, but his maternal kinsman, Guðrøðr Dond, played a prominent part in the campaign.[63] If Ruaidhrí indeed partook in the final Meic Uilleim rebellion, his apparent absence from Óspakr-Hákon's campaign could be evidence that his desire for requital against the Scots was temporarily sated,[150] or that he had perished with the Meic Uilleim.[63]

Stewart kindred sometime between the last decades of the twelfth century and the first decades of the thirteenth century.[152][note 7]

The fact that Óláfr's previous struggle against Alan fitz Roland and Clann Somhairle is acclaimed by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar suggests that Hákon did not intend to replace Óláfr with Óspakr-Hákon. Instead, Hákon seems to have planned for Óspakr-Hákon to reign over the sprawling domain of Clann Somhairle in an attempt to ensure this kindred's obedience. Óspakr-Hákon's prospective realm, therefore, may have comprised Argyll, Kintyre, and the Inner Hebrides.[158] If correct, Ruaidhrí's nonappearance in the campaign may have been due to resentment of Óspakr-Hákon's prospective overlordship.[159] Domhnall's absence, on the other hand, could relate to the fact that he seems to have come to an accommodation with the Scottish Crown in the wake of Ruaidhrí's expulsion, and to have owed his lordship in Kintyre to Alexander.[160] If correct, the Norwegian muster off Islay may be indicative of an attempt by Óspakr-Hákon to overawe Domhnall.[63] Whatever the case, Óspakr-Hákon's fleet afterwards entered the Firth of Clyde, and made landfall on Bute, where his forces successfully stormed and captured the island's fortress, a stronghold that is almost certainly identical to Rothesay Castle.[151] The castle itself was a holding of Walter fitz Alan II, and the attack upon it seems to evince the anxiety felt by Clann Somhairle in the face of the steward's steadily increasing regional influence.[161]

Mac Somhairle

Photograph of one of the Lewis chessmen
A king gaming piece of the so-called Lewis chessmen.[162] Comprising some four sets,[163] the pieces are thought to have been crafted in Norway in the twelfth- and thirteenth centuries.[164] They were uncovered in Lewis in the early nineteenth century.[165]

Despite the ambiguous evidence concerning Roderick, the last record of Ruaidhrí is the undated record of his lordship in Kintyre.

Earldom of Ross, successfully served to neutralise Ruaidhrí—if he indeed possessed Garmoran.[166]

In 1248, both Ruaidhrí's succeeding son, Dubhghall, and Donnchadh's succeeding son, Eóghan, are stated by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar to have arrived in Norway, with both men seeking the kingship of the northern Suðreyjar from Hákon.[167] The entirety of the Suðreyjar—an Old Norse term meaning "Southern Islands"—roughly equates to the Hebrides and Mann.[168] The precise jurisdiction that Dubhghall and Eóghan competed for is uncertain. For example, the northern Hebridean islands of Lewis and Harris and Skye appear to have been held by the Crovan dynasty, then represented by Óláfr's succeeding son, Haraldr Óláfsson, King of the Isles.[169] One possibility is that Eóghan and Dubhghall sought kingship of the same jurisdiction that Hákon had awarded to Óspakr-Hákon about a decade before.[170]

Refer to caption
The name of Mac Somhairle, a man who may be identical to Ruaidhrí,[171] as it appears on folio 67r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 489.[172]

Although 1247 was also the year of Hákon's royal

Henry III, King of England,[175] and it is possible that Hákon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle's kingship in the Isles in retaliation to Haraldr's acceptance of English overtures. If correct, the voyage of Dubhghall and Eóghan to Norway may reveal that both men sought to succeed their fallen kinsman in the Isles.[176] Although the identity of Mac Somhairle uncertain, he may well be indentitical to Ruaidhrí himself.[171] Certainly, Dubhghall's presence in Norway suggests that he was indeed dead by this date.[177][note 8]

Photograph of one of the Lewis chessmen
A rook gaming piece of the Lewis chessmen.[185] The Scandinavian connections of leading members of the Isles may have been reflected in their military armament, and could have resembled that depicted upon such gaming pieces.[186]

An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry's ongoing military operations in Ireland,

Norwegian Crown.[188] For example, English financial records for 1248 reveal that Walter Bisset was tasked to fortify a castle along the Scottish coast. This castle appears to be that of Dunaverty, seated upon the southern coast of Kintyre.[189] This could indicate that Walter Bisset's Ulster-based actions in Kintyre were undertaken as a means to divide the Isles, isolating Mann from the Hebrides.[188] If Ruaidhrí is indeed identical to Mac Somhairle, and therefore died in 1247, Walter Bisset's activity at Dunaverty could be evidence of him capitalising upon a fortress that had formerly been held by Ruaidhrí.[190] Apparently in about the same year that the Bissets seized Dunaverty, Thomas' illegitimate son, Alan, stormed the castle in a devastating attack that may have culminated in the capture Walter Bisset himself.[191] Alan's attack upon the Bissets may have been partly connected to the activities of Clann Somhairle in Ireland.[192]

Three noble smooth-skinned bodies, three generous heroes who had stood in every gap—not simply three men but three lords—lay about the every changing (Síodh) Aodha.

Three noble dragons needing no incitement, three heroes side by side, lie in one fair tapering grace; long shall that Wednesday be remembered.

— excerpt from an elegy to

Maol Seachlainn Ó Domhnaill, by Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe, lamenting the fall of Maol Seachlainn, An Giolla Muinealach Ó Baoighill, and Mac Somhairle at the Battle of Ballyshannon.[193]

The fall of Mac Somhairle is noted by numerous sources, such as the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century

Aodh na nGall Ó Conchobhair, who thereby received a tocher that included one hundred and sixty gallowglass warriors commanded by Ruaidhrí's younger son, Ailéan.[202][note 10] Ruaidhrí's Clann Ruaidhrí descendants are recorded to have acted in Ireland as gallowglass commanders as late as the mid fourteenth century.[207]

Notes

  1. ^ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Ruaidhrí various personal names in English secondary sources: Roderick,[2] Rodoricus,[3] Rory,[4] Ruadhri,[5] Ruaidhri,[6] Ruaidhrí,[7] Ruaidrí,[8] Ruaidri,[9] Ruaídrí,[10] Ruairi,[11] Ruairí,[12] Ruairidh,[13] Ruari,[14] and Ruaridh.[15] Likewise, since the 2000s, academics have accorded Ruaidhrí various patronyms in English secondary sources: Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill mhic Somhairle,[16] Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill,[17] Ruaidhri mac Raghnall,[18] Ruaidhrí mac Ragnaill,[19] Ruaidhri mac Raonaill,[20] Ruaidhrí mac Raonaill,[20] Ruaidrí mac Ragnaill,[21] Ruaidrí mac Raonaill,[22] Ruairidh mac Raghnaill,[23] Ruairidh mac Raonaill,[13] Ruairidh mac Raonall,[24] and Ruaridh mac Ranald.[15]
  2. ^ One reason why the chronicle fails to name the father-in-law of Rǫgnvaldr and Óláfr could be that the chronicle is biased against him. Another possibility is that the chronicler may have simply not known his name.[61]
  3. Abbot of Derry as Abbot of Iona. As such, there is reason to suspect that there was some sort of connection between the invasion of 1204 and those of 1211/1212 and 1213/1214.[77]
  4. ^ Burghs were commonly created to act as peripheral outposts of royal authority.[91]
  5. ^ One possibility is that Ruaidhrí gained Garmoran in the aftermath of the extirpation of Aonghus' line.[131] Another possibility is that Ruaidhrí's descendants acquired Garmoran and the outer Hebridean islands after the eclipse of Norwegian sovereignty in the Isles following the Treaty of Perth in 1266.[132] Alternately, Clann Ruaidhrí's holdings in Garmoran and the Isles could have stemmed from compensation received from Óláfr in light of his marriage to a kinswoman of Ruaidhrí.[133] Another possibility is that the mainland territories of Clann Ruaidhrí were lands earlier possessed by Somhairle, and that the island territories passed from the Crovan dynasty to Clann Somhairle by way of Ragnhildr.[134]
  6. ^ This coat of arms is blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[147] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[146] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[148]
  7. Rothesay—may owe its name to Ruðri, or perhaps to an ancestor of his.[154] Although Ruðri's exact identity is unknown, he could well have been a member of Clann Somhairle.[155] One possibility is that he was a son[156] or grandson of Óspakr. Another is that he was a descendant of Ruaidhrí.[157]
  8. ^ Another candidate for the slain Mac Somhairle includes Domhnall,[178] although the Chronicle of Mann seems to reveal that Domhnall was still alive later in the century.[179] Eóghan's father is yet another candidate,[180] especially in light of the fact that the titles accorded to Mac Somhairle refer to Argyll and not Kintyre where Domhnall seems to have held lordship after Ruaidhrí's expulsion.[181] However, the fact that Donnchadh was active in 1175—over seventy years before Mac Somhairle's demise—seems to be evidence against the possibility that Donnchadh and Mac Somahairle were one and the same.[182] So too may be the fact that Eóghan is recorded to have granted property to the Diocese of Argyll in 1240, which could be evidence that Donnchadh was dead by this date.[183] Another Clann Dubhghaill candidate is Donnchadh's younger brother, Dubhghall, who—like Donnchadh—was accorded kingly status by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar in its account of the lead-up to Óspakr-Hákon's campaign.[184]
  9. ^ Mac Somhairle is accorded the following titles: "ri Airir Gaidil" ("king of Argyle") by the Annals of Connacht,[194] "ticcherna Airer Ghaoidheal" ("Lord of Argyle") by the Annals of the Four Masters,[196] and "ri Airir Gaoidel" ("king of Airer-Gaeidhel") by the Annals of Loch Cé.[197]
  10. Gallovidian rebellion of Alan's illegitimate son, Thomas, against the Scottish Crown in 1235.[206]

Citations

  1. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  2. ^ Neville (2016); Cowan (1990); Barrow (1988); Barrow (1981).
  3. ^ Barrow (1988).
  4. ^ Barrow (1981).
  5. ^ Oram (1988).
  6. ^ Oram (2013); Duffy (2007); Ross, A (2007); Woolf (2007); Brown (2004); Duffy (2004c); Stringer, KJ (1998); Barrow (1981).
  7. ^ Oram (2013); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); McLeod (2005); Power (2005); McLeod (2002).
  8. ^ McDonald (2007b); Pollock (2005); Oram (2000); Duffy (1993).
  9. ^ McDonald (2019); Holton (2017); Sellar (2000).
  10. ^ Woolf (2004); Woolf (2003).
  11. ^ Holton (2017); Sellar (2011); Brown (2004); McDonald (2004); Sellar (2000); McDonald (1999); McDonald (1997); Barrow (1988).
  12. ^ Power (2005).
  13. ^ a b Murray, N (2005); Ross, AD (2003).
  14. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015); Raven (2005a); Dalglish (2003).
  15. ^ a b Oram (2011).
  16. ^ McLeod (2002).
  17. ^ McLeod (2005).
  18. ^ Duffy (2007); Ross, A (2007); Woolf (2007).
  19. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
  20. ^ a b Oram (2013).
  21. ^ Duffy (1993).
  22. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Oram (2000).
  23. ^ Ross, AD (2003).
  24. ^ Murray, N (2005).
  25. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 79; Barrow (1988).
  26. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) pp. 257 genealogical tree i, 258 genealogical tree ii.
  27. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; McDonald (1997) p. 258 genealogical tree ii.
  28. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 111; Broun (2005b) p. 95; Woolf (2005); Dalglish (2003) p. 158.
  29. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 2; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 194 tab. ii; McDonald (1997) p. 257 genealogical tree i.
  30. ^ Holton (2017) p. 126; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Sellar (2004a); Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Sellar (2000) p. 195.
  31. ^ Holton (2017) pp. 126–127; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Murray, N (2005) p. 291; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Oram (2000) p. 117; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Murray, A (1998) p. 5; Duffy (1993) p. 77.
  32. ^ Holton (2017) p. 126; Sellar (2011) p. 92; Duffy (2007) p. 10; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Raven (2005b) fig. 13; Dalglish (2003) p. 158; Duffy (2002) p. 56; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Duffy (1993) p. 77.
  33. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Lawrie (1910) p. 204 § 51; Anderson (1908) p. 264; Stevenson (1841) pp. 4, 135.
  34. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 80; Woolf (2004) p. 105.
  35. ^ McLeod (2002) pp. 29, 31; Sellar (2000) p. 195; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 198; Paul (1882) p. 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.).
  36. ^ Sellar (2000) p. 195.
  37. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 79.
  38. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  39. ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 80.
  40. ^ Oram (2011) p. 168; McDonald (2007b) p. 110; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1209.2; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248; Oram (2005) p. 7; Brown (2004) p. 71; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1209.2; Anderson (1922) p. 378.
  41. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 248.
  42. ^ Oram (2011) pp. 168–169; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Brown (2004) p. 71; Sellar (2000) p. 195; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Anderson (1922) p. 387; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 82–83.
  43. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Power (2005) p. 39.
  44. ^ Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 508; GKS 1005 Fol (n.d.).
  45. ^ Power (2005) p. 39.
  46. ^ Oram (2011) p. 168; McDonald (2007b) p. 112; Brown (2004) p. 71; McDonald (1997) p. 80.
  47. ^ Beuermann (2012) p. 5; Beuermann (2010) p. 102; Williams, G (2007) p. 145; Woolf (2005); Brown (2004) p. 70; Rixson (2001) p. 85.
  48. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
  49. ^ McDonald (2012) p. 150; McDonald (2007a) p. 50; Duffy (2004a).
  50. ^ Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2004b).
  51. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  52. ^ a b McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117 n. 68, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) pp. 4, 27, 27 n. 138; Raven (2005a) p. 57; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Oram (2000) p. 125.
  53. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald (2007b) p. 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27, 27 n. 138; Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
  54. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 116–117.
  55. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60, 66; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald (2007b) pp. 78, 116; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; Duffy (2004b); Woolf (2003) p. 178; McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 457; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 84–85.
  56. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61; McDonald (2007a) p. 73 n. 35; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  57. ^ a b c Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  58. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 117, 152; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  59. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 3; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 565–565; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/30/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
  60. ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 82.
  61. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 60–61.
  62. ^ Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h Oram (2013) ch. 4.
  64. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  65. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 81.
  66. ^ Stevenson (1835) p. 142.
  67. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1211.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1211.3; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1211.7; Duffy (2007) p. 10; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1212.4; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1211.7; Pollock (2005) p. 27; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1212.4; Duffy (2002) p. 56; Oram (2000) p. 117; McDonald (1997) pp. 80, 150; Duffy (1993) pp. 67, 77; Oram (1988) pp. 128, 138.
  68. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1213.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1213.3; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1213.6; Duffy (2007) p. 10; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1214.2; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1213.6; Pollock (2005) p. 27; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1214.2; Oram (2000) p. 117; McDonald (1997) pp. 80, 150; Duffy (1993) pp. 67, 77; Oram (1988) p. 128.
  69. ^ Pollock (2005) pp. 26–27, 27 n. 138.
  70. ^ Martin (2008) pp. 146–147; McDonald (1997) p. 80.
  71. ^ Duffy (2004b).
  72. ^ Martin (2008) p. 147; Brown (2004) p. 76.
  73. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) p. 171; Ross, A (2007) p. 36; Oram (2004); Ross, AD (2003) pp. 198–199; Oram (2000) p. 117; Stringer, KJ (1998) pp. 87–88; Duffy (1993) pp. 78–79.
  74. ^ Taylor (2016) p. 6; Ross, A (2007); Broun (2005a); Oram (2005).
  75. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 23 n. 115; Davies; Quinn (1941) pp. 36–37, 66–67.
  76. ^ Pollock (2005) pp. 23, 26.
  77. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1203.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1203.3; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1204.4; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1204.4; Duffy (1993) pp. 66–67.
  78. ^ Birch (1905) pp. 24, 111 fig. 8; Seal Impression (n.d.).
  79. ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Strickland (2012) p. 107; Oram (2011) pp. 185–186; Ross, A (2007) p. 40; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–292; Oram (2005) p. 36; Brown (2004) p. 75; Stringer, K (2004); Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 125, 130; Sellar (2000) p. 201; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199.
  80. ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; Oram (2005) p. 36; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
  81. ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 10, 19; Oram (2000) p. 122; Goodall (1759) pp. 43–44 ch. 34.
  82. ^ Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 199; Amours (1907) pp. 84–87; Laing (1872) p. 240.
  83. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291, 290 n. 24; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
  84. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 29.
  85. ^ MacDonald (2013) p. 29; Broun (2007) pp. 7, 21, 72.
  86. ^ a b Stringer, K (2004); Duncan (1996) p. 528.
  87. ^ Duncan (1996) p. 528.
  88. ^ Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2.
  89. ^ a b Oram (2011) p. 186; Oram (2008) p. 176; Murray, N (2005) p. 291, 291 n. 27; Stringer, K (2004); McDonald (1997) pp. 84, 241–242; Duncan (1996) p. 528; Barrow (1981) p. 114.
  90. ^ Oram (2011) p. 186; Dennison (2005) p. 274; Murray, N (2005) pp. 291, 291–292 n. 29; Duncan (1996) p. 528.
  91. ^ Dennison (2005) p. 274.
  92. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) p. 292; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Barrow (1981) p. 114; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 132–133; Document 3/333/2 (n.d.).
  93. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 29 n. 155.
  94. ^ Brown (2004) p. 76.
  95. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 290; Brown (2004) p. 76; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 138 n. 81; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95.
  96. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Duffy (2007) p. 9; Oram (2004); Duffy (2002) pp. 190–191 n. 6; Oram (2000) p. 122; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 103.
  97. ^ Oram (2000) p. 122.
  98. ^ Oram (2008) p. 176.
  99. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 186; Murray, N (2005) pp. 290–291; Brown (2004) p. 75; Woolf (2004) p. 107; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 199–200.
  100. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) p. 291 n. 25; Raven (2005a) p. 57; McDonald (1997) p. 84; Barrow (1988) p. 13 n. 69; Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–201, 219 § 3; Paul (1882) pp. 670 § 3136, 678 § 3170; Document 3/32/1 (n.d.); Document 3/32/2 (n.d.).
  101. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 84; Duffy (1993) p. 251 n. 35; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; MacDonald; MacDonald (1896) pp. 487–488; Origines Parochiales Scotiae (1854) p. 13; Registrum Monasterii de Passelet (1832) pp. 127–128; Document 3/31/3 (n.d.).
  102. ^ Dunbar; Duncan (1971) p. 2; McDonald (1997) p. 84.
  103. ^ MacInnes (2019) pp. 134–135; Neville (2016) pp. 18–19; Skene (1872) p. 284 ch. 40; Skene (1871) pp. 288–289 ch. 40.
  104. ^ Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  105. ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  106. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 80–81.
  107. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 117; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.
  108. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 61, 66; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; Oram (2013) ch. 4; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79, 152–153, 190; Woolf (2007) p. 81; Barrow (2006) p. 145; Murray, N (2005) p. 290 n. 23; Brown (2004) p. 78; Woolf (2003) p. 178; Grant (2000) p. 123; Oram (2000) p. 125; Stringer, KJ (2000) p. 162 n. 142; Sellar (1997–1998); McDonald (1997) p. 85; Anderson (1922) p. 458; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 86–87.
  109. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 189; Oram (2000) p. 125.
  110. ^ Veach (2014) p. 201; Beuermann (2010) p. 111, 111 n. 39; Power (2005) p. 44; McDonald (2004) p. 195; McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 117, 117 n. 142; Gade (1994) pp. 202–203; Cowan (1990) p. 114; Anderson (1922) p. 455; Jónsson (1916) p. 522 ch. 98; Kjær (1910) p. 390 ch. 106/101; Dasent (1894) pp. 89–90 ch. 101; Vigfusson (1887) p. 87 ch. 101; Unger (1871) p. 440 ch. 105; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 61 ch. 84; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 § 501.
  111. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 88; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 117; Regesta Norvegica (n.d.) vol. 1 § 501 n. 1.
  112. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89.
  113. ^ Lewis (1987) pp. 466, 497 n. 185; Royal MS 14 C VII (n.d.).
  114. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 497 n. 185.
  115. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, A (2007) p. 39; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 202–203; Barrow (1988) p. 5; Skene (1872) pp. 285–286 ch. 42; Skene (1871) p. 290 ch. 42.
  116. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, AD (2003) p. 202; McDonald (1999) p. 171; Goodall (1759) p. 48 ch. 38.
  117. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Ross, A (2007) p. 40; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; McDonald (1999) p. 171, 171 n. 45; McDonald (1997) p. 82; Barrow (1988) p. 5; Anderson (1922) p. 471; Stevenson (1839) pp. 40–41.
  118. ^ Ross, A (2007) p. 41; Ross, AD (2003) pp. 203–204.
  119. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 190; Ross, A (2007) pp. 40–41; Woolf (2007) p. 80; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 130–132; McDonald (1999) p. 184; McDonald (1997) p. 82; Barrow (1988) p. 5.
  120. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 252.
  121. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138; McDonald (2004) p. 182; Oram (2000) pp. 122, 130–132; McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84, 95.
  122. ^ McDonald (1997) pp. 83–84, 95.
  123. ^ Pollock (2005) p. 27 n. 138.
  124. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Oram (2000) pp. 130–132; McDonald (1997) p. 84.
  125. ^ Oram (2008) p. 182; Tabraham (2005) pp. 29, 111; McNeill (2002) p. 154; Homann (2001) p. 245.
  126. ^ Power (2005) p. 43.
  127. ^ Ross, A (2012) p. 3; Murray, N (2005) pp. 296, 301; Power (2005) pp. 41, 43; Oram (2000) pp. 131–132; McDonald (1997) p. 80; Barrow (1988) p. 5.
  128. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295; Power (2005) p. 41; Oram (2000) pp. 131–132.
  129. ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58; Rixson (2001) p. 86.
  130. ^ Ross, A (2012) pp. 3–4; Raven (2005a) pp. 56–58.
  131. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 80.
  132. ^ Ross, A (2012) p. 3; Raven (2005a) p. 57.
  133. ^ Raven (2005a) pp. 57–58; Woolf (2003) p. 178.
  134. ^ Rixson (2001) p. 86.
  135. ^ Taylor (2016) p. 80; Murray, N (2005) pp. 300–310; Young (2004).
  136. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 296; Ross, AD (2003) p. 203.
  137. ^ Barrow (1988) p. 5.
  138. ^ Murray, N (2005) pp. 300–310.
  139. ^ Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; AM 47 Fol (n.d.).
  140. ^ McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
  141. ^ Brown (2004) p. 78; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
  142. ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Murray, N (2005) p. 293, 293 n. 37; McDonald (1997) pp. 88–89; Oram (1988) p. 138; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
  143. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Stringer, KJ (1998) p. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 88; Oram (1988) p. 138.
  144. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; McNamee (2005); Murray, N (2005) p. 293; Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Oram (1988) p. 138.
  145. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 293; Oram (2000) p. 128; McDonald (1997) p. 89; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) pp. 200–201.
  146. ^ a b Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  147. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  148. ^ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
  149. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 89; Cowan (1990) pp. 114–115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 475; Jónsson (1916) p. 557 ch. 169; Kjær (1910) p. 465 ch. 182/167; Dasent (1894) pp. 152–153 ch. 167; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 146–147 ch. 167; Unger (1871) p. 477 ch. 173; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 102 ch. 138.
  150. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 296.
  151. ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 4; Oram (2011) p. 192; Boardman (2007) p. 95; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 251–252; Tabraham (2005) p. 26; Brown (2004) p. 78; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) pp. 90, 243; McGrail (1995) pp. 39–42; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201.
  152. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 242–248.
  153. ^ Gough-Cooper (2013) p. 80; Boardman (2007) p. 95, 95 n. 33; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 257–258; Pringle (1998) p. 152; McDonald (1997) pp. 110–111; Cowan (1990) p. 120; Anderson (1922) pp. 620–621; Dasent (1894) pp. 350–351 ch. 321; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 338–339 ch. 321; Unger (1871) p. 574 ch. 329; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 222 ch. 279.
  154. ^ An Litir Bheag (2013); Gough-Cooper (2013) p. 80; Brugger (1929–1930) p. 15 n. 41; Henderson (1910) pp. 201–202.
  155. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
  156. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257; Power (2005) p. 40 n. 42; McDonald (1997) p. 111; Cowan (1990) pp. 120–121; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 203 n. 5.
  157. ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 257.
  158. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295, 295 n. 47; McDonald (1997) p. 90; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 201; Anderson (1922) p. 464, 464 n. 4; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) pp. 475–476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
  159. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 295, 295 n. 47.
  160. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 4; Murray, N (2005) pp. 296–297.
  161. ^ Oram (2011) p. 192; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 251.
  162. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 156 fig. 1a, 188 fig. 15.
  163. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 197–198.
  164. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 165, 197–198.
  165. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) p. 155.
  166. ^ Oram (2000) p. 132.
  167. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Beuermann (2010) p. 108; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray, N (2005) pp. 302–304; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 80; McLeod (2002) p. 30; Sellar (2000) pp. 203–204, 206; McDonald (1997) pp. 68, 98–99; Williams, DGE (1997) p. 118; Cowan (1990) p. 115; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207; Anderson (1922) p. 627 ch. 287; Jónsson (1916) p. 627 ch. 287; Kjær (1910) p. 608 ch. 304/259; Dasent (1894) p. 266 ch. 259; Vigfusson (1887) p. 255 ch. 259; Unger (1871) p. 535 ch. 264; Flateyjarbok (1868) pp. 174–175 ch. 230.
  168. ^ Dumville (2018) p. 113; McDonald (2012) p. 152; Williams, G (2007) pp. 130–132 n. 8.
  169. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  170. ^ Wærdahl (2011) p. 49 n. 66; McDonald (1997) p. 99; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207.
  171. ^ a b Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 79–80; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) pp. 80–81; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Woolf (2004) p. 108; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201.
  172. ^ Annala Uladh (2005) § 1247.1; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1247.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  173. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Woolf (2007) p. 83.
  174. ^ Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  175. ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 51–52; Oram (2013) ch. 6; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  176. ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  177. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 302.
  178. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 77–79; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; Murray, N (2005) p. 302, 302 n. 77; Power (2005) p. 46 n. 49; Duffy (2002) p. 56; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 201 n. 64; McDonald (1997) p. 94, 94 n. 91; Duffy (1993) pp. 251–252.
  179. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 78–79; Anderson (1922) pp. 566–567; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 102–105.
  180. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; McLeod (2005) p. 42, n. 77; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) p. 201; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Lydon (1992) p. 14 n. 47.
  181. ^ McDonald (1997) p. 94.
  182. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 79, 83; Woolf (2004) p. 108; Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  183. ^ Oram (2013); Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 219 § 4; Document 3/33/1 (2007).
  184. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 83; Murray, N (2005) p. 302 n. 77; Anderson (1922) pp. 464–465; Jónsson (1916) p. 555 ch. 165; Kjær (1910) p. 462 ch. 178/163; Dasent (1894) p. 150 ch. 163; Vigfusson (1887) p. 144 ch. 163; Unger (1871) p. 476 ch. 169; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 100 ch. 136.
  185. ^ Caldwell; Hall; Wilkinson (2009) pp. 161 fig. 6c, 184 fig. 11, 189 fig. 16.
  186. ^ Strickland (2012) p. 113.
  187. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 56; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  188. ^ a b Woolf (2007) p. 84.
  189. ^ Woolf (2007) p. 84; Duffy (1993) p. 251; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1908) p. 11; Sweetman (1875) p. 436 § 2925.
  190. ^ Duffy (2004c) p. 47.
  191. ^ Murray, N (2005) p. 291 n. 27; Oram (2005) p. 20; Duffy (2004c) pp. 47–48; Oram (2000) p. 153; Duncan (1996) p. 550; Duffy (1993) p. 252; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1908) p. 127; Bain (1881) p. 349 § 1865; Sweetman (1877) p. 1 § 2.
  192. ^ Oram (2005) p. 20; Oram (2000) p. 153.
  193. ^ McKenna (1946).
  194. ^ a b Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1247.7; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1247.7; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; McLeod (2005) p. 42; Brown (2004) p. 81; Duffy (2004c) p. 47; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Simms (1975–1976) p. 106.
  195. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1247.1; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1247.1; McLeod (2002) p. 31; Sellar (2000) pp. 200–201.
  196. ^ a b Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1247.3; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1247.3; Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; Duffy (2002) p. 56.
  197. ^ a b Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1247.7; Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1247.7; Murray, N (2005) p. 302; McDonald (1997) p. 94; Ó Murchadha (1992–1993) p. 57.
  198. ^ Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 15; Simms (1997) p. 110.
  199. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 15; Woolf (2007) p. 77.
  200. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 1.
  201. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1258.13; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1258.13; Annála Connacht (2011a) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annála Connacht (2011b) §§ 1258.6–1258.8; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1258.5; Duffy (2007) pp. 17–18; Woolf (2007) p. 85; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1258.5; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 97; McDonald (1997) p. 118; Anderson (1922) pp. 594–595, 594 n. 4, 595 n. 1; Island, Connemara (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 127 (n.d.).
  202. ^ Downham (2018) p. 229; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1259.5; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1259.5; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1259.6; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1259.6; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1259.3; Lydon (2008) pp. 245, 248; Duffy (2007) pp. 1, 10 n. 43, 18; Kenny (2007) p. 68; Kenny (2006) p. 33; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1259.3; McLeod (2005) p. 43, n. 79; Power (2005) p. 49; Verstraten (2003) p. 36 n. 131; Duffy (2002) pp. 57–58; Sellar (2000) p. 206, 206 n. 99; Simms (2000a) pp. 121–122; Simms (2000b) p. 157 n. 62; McDonald (1997) pp. 118, 155; Lydon (1992) p. 7; Walton (1980) pp. 233–234, 234 n. 134; Derry (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 131 (n.d.).
  203. ^ Duffy (2007) p. 10 n. 43; Duffy (1993) p. 77 n. 67.
  204. ^ MacQueen (2003) p. 73; MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
  205. ^ MacQueen (1997) p. 18.
  206. ^ Oram (2000) p. 144; Luard (1876) pp. 364–365; Giles (1852) pp. 30–31.
  207. ^ Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1342.2; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1342.2; Annála Connacht (2011a) § 1342.3; Annála Connacht (2011b) § 1342.3; Nicholls (2007) p. 89; Annala Uladh (2005) § 1339.2; McLeod (2005) p. 46; Annala Uladh (2003) § 1339.2; AU 1339 (n.d.); Mac Ruaidhri (n.d.a); Raid Resulting from Political Encounter (n.d.); The Annals of Connacht, p. 287 (n.d.).

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links
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