Haraldr Óláfsson

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Haraldr Óláfsson
Óláfr Guðrøðarson

Haraldr Óláfsson (born 1223 or 1224; died 1248) was a thirteenth-century

Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles
, although the identity of his mother is uncertain. When his father died in 1237, Haraldr succeeded to the kingship as a fourteen-year-old, and held the kingship for about a decade afterwards.

Early in his reign, Haraldr was forced to contend with an apparent coup perpetrated by a kinsman and perhaps an otherwise unknown younger brother. Following this, Haraldr was then ejected from Mann by envoys of his father's overlord,

Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, who probably took action against Haraldr because the former had refused to render him homage
. Unable to overcome Hákon's supporters in the Isles, Haraldr eventually submitted to Hákon in Norway, and remained there for about two or three years before being restored in the Isles.

Unlike his immediate royal predecessors, who appear to have favoured the title rex insularum, Haraldr appears to have preferred rex mannie et insularum. Three

Henry III, King of England. The act itself brought Haraldr closer within the orbit of the English Crown. Late in 1247, however, Haraldr returned to Norway and married Hákon's daughter, Cecilía, and thereby bound himself closer to the Norwegian Crown. Whilst attempting to return to the Isles in the autumn of 1248, the newly-wed's ship was lost at sea south of Shetland in a tidal race known as Sumburgh Roost. News of Haraldr's demise appears to have reached Mann by the spring of 1249, whereupon his younger brother, Rǫgnvaldr
, succeeded to the kingship.

Haraldr was evidently a popular and capable king who appears to have garnered much of his support from the Hebridean portion of his realm. His untimely death, however, led to the continuation of the vicious kin-strife which had wracked the Crovan dynasty during his father's

Alexander II, King of Scotland
.

Background

Map of north-west Europe
Locations relating to Haraldr.

Haraldr was a son of

Chronicle of Mann states that Óláfr died in 1237, and specifies that Haraldr was fourteen-years-old at the time. This would place his birth in about 1222 or 1223, at about the time that Óláfr married his second wife,[13] indicating that either woman could have been Haraldr's mother.[14]

Haraldr reigned during an apparent lull in an ongoing and vicious struggle over the kingship fought between two rival branches of the Crovan dynasty.

Norwegian and Scottish realms, Óláfr and Guðrøðr Dond temporarily shared control of the Crovan dynasty's partitioned realm.[23] When the latter was killed in 1231, Óláfr assumed control of the entire kingdom, and ruled it peacefully until his own death.[24]

Simplified pedigree of the Crovan dynasty depicting the degree of kinship between Haraldr and contemporaneous members of the family.[25]
Guðrøðr (died 1187)
Óláfr
(died 1237)
Guðrøðr Dond (died 1231)
Haraldr (died 1248)Rǫgnvaldr (died 1249)Magnús (died 1265)
Haraldr (fl. 1249)

Haraldr also ruled during a period of competing claims to the overlordship of the Isles,

English Crown.[31]

Accession and overlordship

kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.[34][note 2]

After his father's death, Haraldr succeeded to the kingship.

Gwerthrynion, and appears to date to 1241, makes note of a witness named "Godredo filio regis Mannie".[43] The precise identity of this man is uncertain.[44] One possibility is that he is identical to Lochlann's foster-son.[45] If the chronicle is in error in its account of the maritime demise of Guðrøðr Óláfsson, and he is indeed identical to the like-named Manx prince on record in Wales, his activities outside the kingdom of his forefathers may have been a consequence of the troubles following the Haraldr's accession.[46] The chronicle's account of the flight to Wales may, therefore, reveal that Lochlann tried and failed to replace Haraldr with an otherwise unknown younger son of Óláfr. If so, the episode would appear to be yet another example of the Crovan dynasty enduring internal strife.[47]

Tynwald Hill, near St John's may have been a national assembly site of the Kingdom of the Isles.[48] It may well have been the place where the Islesmen publicly inaugurated their kings,[49] proclaimed new laws, and resolved disputes.[50] Be that as it may, much of the visible site dates only to the eighteenth-, nineteenth-, and twentieth century.[48][note 3]

Later in 1238, the chronicle reveals that envoys of Hákon expelled Haraldr from Mann because the latter had refused to render homage to his overlord in Norway. Hákon's delegates in the Isles—a certain Gospatric, and Giolla Críost mac Muircheartaigh—are described by the chronicle to have seized control of the island, and taken tribute which was due to the Norwegian king.[56] By sending such emissaries—men apparently without any hereditary claim to the kingdom—Hákon ignored other potential claimants, such as other members of the Crovan dynasty and members of Clann Somhairle.[57][note 4] About a decade before, when Haraldr's father first gained complete control of the kingdom, Óláfr journeyed to Norway and may have rendered homage to Hákon.[59] Later in 1235 Óláfr rendered homage to Henry,[60] before being called back to Norway the following year.[61] The episode concerning the ejection of Haraldr may well be related to his father's fealty to the English Crown,[62] and appears to indicate that the latter was deposed for not fulfilling his duties as a Norwegian vassal; and that upon his subsequent removal, Haraldr's rights of vassalage passed to Hákon himself.[63]

Although Haraldr attempted to oust Hákon's representatives on several occasions, his successive invasions of Mann from the Hebrides ultimately proved unsuccessful, and the chronicle indicates that he finally journeyed to Norway to render his submission. After a stay of about two or three years in Scandinavia, the chronicle reports that Haraldr became reconciled with Hákon, who restored him to the kingship. The source reveals that the boundaries of his kingdom were carefully defined by Hákon as the islands which had been previously ruled by Haraldr's father, his uncle (Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson), and his paternal grandfather.[64] The Norwegian king, therefore, not only deliberately excluded the island territories ruled by Clann Somhairle, but limited the possibility of Haraldr becoming in drawn into alignment with Scottish interests like some leading members of Clann Somhairle had been.[47] Upon his return to the Isles, the chronicle states that the Manxmen rejoiced at his arrival; and declares that he afterwards reigned quietly and peacefully, enjoying an alliance of friendship with both the English and Scottish Crowns.[65]

Acta and honours

Illustration of a mediaeval charter and seal
Seventeenth-century illustration of a charter and seal of Haraldr.[66]

The earliest member of the Crovan dynasty known to have utilised a

Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles, Haraldr's younger brother and eventual royal successor, the Norwegian king is said by the Chronicle of Mann to have done so "by the protection of his seal".[71] To the kings of the Crovan dynasty, whose military strength laid in the power of armed galley-fleets, the symbol of such a vessel upon their seals represented the strength and authority they held in the Isles.[72]

St Ninian)
Existing remains of two Manx churches recorded in acta dating to Haraldr's reign. The church of St Runius was drastically altered in the eighteenth century. The church of St Ninian is largely a fourteenth-century ruin.[73]

One of Haraldr's charters to which a seal was attached was a grant to the monks of Furness Abbey concerning mining rights on Mann, the use of a depot at "Bakenaldwath" (probably Ronaldsway), and the freedom from tolls and customs.[74] The record of this document is the earliest evidence for mineral exploitation on the island, an industry that expanded throughout the island by the century's end.[75] In another charter, Haraldr pledged the protection of the abbey's ships and goods.[76] His amiable interactions with the English abbey contrasted the apparent aggression of his father, who was warned by the English king not to harm the monks or their property.[77] In a further charter, evidenced from a sixteenth-century copy, Haraldr confirmed his father's earlier grant of the lands of "Balhamer" (probably Ballaharry), and the churches of St Ninian of "Ballacgniba" and St Runius (all located in the Manx parish of Marown), to Whithorn Priory in Galloway.[78] Of the twenty royal charters known to have been issued by the Crovan dynasty, only three can be assigned to Haraldr's reign.[79][note 5]

Chronicle of Mann): "regno Manniæ et Insularum" ("Kingdom of Mann and the Isles").[80]

Like his father before him, and his brother Magnús after him, Haraldr was

Gaelic title rí Innsi Gall[88] ("king of the islands of the foreigners") first recorded in 989, a style almost certainly referring to Mann and the Hebrides.[89] Other sources accord Haraldr similar titles. The Icelandic annals, for example, style him "Svðréyiakonvngs" ("king of the Hebrides").[90]

Dynastic alliance

Chronica majora).[91][note 6]

In the autumn of 1247, Haraldr again voyaged to Norway, as evidenced by the Chronicle of Mann and the thirteenth-century Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar. After Haraldr removed from Oslo to Bergen, these sources reveal that Hákon gave the hand of his widowed daughter, Cecilía, in marriage to Haraldr.[94][note 7] Throughout his long reign, Hákon endeavoured to strengthen his far-flung Norwegian realm.[97] In regard to the Isles, his bestowal of Cecilía in matrimony to Haraldr brought relations between the rulers of the realms to its climax.[98] The compilers of the chronicle clearly considered the union to have elevated Haraldr's prestige above that of his predecessors,[47] as this source claims that Hákon had declared he would hold his new son-in-law "in great glory and exalt the throne of his kingdom above all who ruled before him in the Isles".[99]

Refer to caption
Cecilía's name as it appears on folio 112v of AM 45 fol: "Cecilio dottur Hakonar konvngs".[100]

Whilst Haraldr was still in Norway, the saga states that two leading members of Clann Somhairle arrived at Hákon's court, with each seeking the kingship of the Isles: Eóghan Mac Dubhghaill, Lord of Argyll and Dubhghall mac Ruaidhrí.[101] Although 1247 was also the year of Hákon's royal coronation, and it is possible that the arrival of the Clann Somhairle dynasts was a result of the reimposition of Norwegian overlordship (as appears to have been the case with Haraldr), there may have been other reasons for the arrival of Eóghan and Dubhghall.[102] For example, 1247 was also the year that a prominent member of Clann Somhairle, called "Mac Somhairle" in Irish sources, was slain in Ireland battling the English.[103][note 8] The knighting of Haraldr the year previous may well have entailed some act of submission to the Henry,[106] and it is possible that Hákon had consequently recognised Mac Somhairle's kingship in the Isles in response to Haraldr's acceptance of English overtures.[107] An alliance with a ruler of the Isles would have certainly benefited Henry's ongoing military operations in Ireland,[108] and it is possible that it was such a pact that had prompted Mac Somhairle's involvement against the English.[107] Haraldr's subsequent marriage to Cecilía, therefore, may have been a successful attempt by Hákon to lure Haraldr back to his side.[106]

Death and after-effects

Photo of Sumburgh Head in the distance across a long body of water
Sumburgh Head. Haraldr is said to have drowned nearby in Sumburgh Roost, a dangerous tidal race called Dynröst by Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, now known to Shetlanders as Da Roost.

In 1248, the Chronicle of Mann, Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, and the Icelandic annals indicate that Haraldr and Cecilía drowned whilst voyaging from Norway to the Isles. Whilst the former source laments that Harald's death "a cause of grief to all who had known him", the latter states that his death was the "greatest harm and ill-luck" to the Islsemen who "lost so suddenly such a prince, when his voyage to Norway had been so lucky".[109] Since the wreckage of their vessel washed ashore from the south, the saga specifically states that the ship was thought to have been lost south of Shetland in Dynröst, a treacherous tidal race otherwise known in more modern times as Sumburgh Roost[110] and Da Roost,[111] lying between Sumburgh Head and Fair Isle (grid reference HU405070).[112][note 9] Amongst those drowned was Laurence, Archdeacon of Mann, a man who had recently been elected Bishop of the Isles by the chapter of Mann. Although Laurence had presented himself in Norway to Haraldr and Sigurðr tapsi Indriðason, Archbishop of Niðaróss, the chronicle reveals that Haraldr had postponed his consecration until the former could be publicly elected in the Isles before king, clergy, and people.[114][note 10]

Refer to caption
Refer to caption
Nineteenth-century representations of seventeenth-century illustrations of Haraldr's now non-existent seals.[116]

Haraldr's death led to what was the final stage of inter-dynastic strife amongst his family.

Clann Domhnaill. If such an identification is correct, and if Haraldr's mother was indeed Lauon of Clann Somhairle, the captive Dofnaldus would have been a close kinsman of Haraldr (perhaps a maternal uncle or maternal grandfather). In fact, Haraldr seems to have relied upon Hebridean support as opposed to Manx support during his reign.[120] For example, the chronicle makes note of three sons of a certain Niall who supported Haraldr's cause early in his reign.[121] It is possible that these men were related to a certain Domhnall mac Néill,[47] an obscure figure who faced the brunt of a Scottish royal army in 1221. The latter's patronym suggests that he may have had Hebridean[122] or Ulster connections.[123]

Historia Anglorum).[124] The inverted shield represents the king's death in 1249.[125][note 11]

The maritime disaster in which Haraldr and Cecilía lost their lives demonstrates some of the difficulties faced by the

Scottish Crown appears to have attempted to acquire the Hebrides from Norwegian overlordsip, and expand its authority in Argyll.[129] The apparent cooling of relations between Eóghan and Alexander,[47] along with Haraldr's later demise,[130] the resulting kin-strife concerning his succession,[131] and Eóghan's subsequent acceptance of royal powers on Hákon's behalf, could all have contributed to the massed invasion into Argyll by Scottish royal forces within the year.[128] After Alexander demanded Eóghan renounce his allegiance to Hákon, and ordered him to hand over certain mainland and island fortresses, Eóghan apparently withdrew into the northern Hebrides. The unfolding crisis only ended with the Scottish king's untimely death soon afterwards in July.[132] According to Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, Alexander had made it clear that he had no intention of turning back until he had acquired control of the western Norwegian dominions within his sights.[133] Within about two decades, such desires would be fully realised by his successor-son, with the final eclipse of Norwegian overlordship in the Isles and the extinction of the Crovan dynasty itself.[134]

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ^ Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Haraldr various patronymic names in English secondary sources: Arailt mac Amhlaíbh,[2] Aralt mac Amlaíb Duib,[3] Harald Olafsson,[4] Harald Óláfsson,[5] Harald Olavsson,[6] and Haraldr Óláfsson.[7]
  2. ^ The inscription of the vessel may date to about the time of the Crovan dynasty, possibly from about the eleventh- to the thirteenth century.[33] The vessel appears to be similar to those that appear on seals borne by members of the dynasty.[35]
  3. Skye.[52] Like the Manx site, these four Hebridean placenames are derived in part from the Old Norse þing ("assembly").[53] These sites, and others now lost, may have been established before the dominance of Manx-based kings and their national assembly site.[54] Although the Manx site is first noted by the Chronicle of Mann, the form of name ("tyngualla" and "tingualla") suggests that it is quite old, perhaps dating to the ninth century.[55] The hill is the site of the island's modern national assembly, Tynwald, held annually on Old Midsummer's Day.[50]
  4. ^ Less than a decade before, Hákon had demonstrated Norwegian overlordship in a similar fashion by conferring kingship upon Óspakr-Hákon whilst ignoring other claimants. With the latter's untimely death not long afterwards, Hákon seems to have been responsible for the partitioning of the Crovan dynasty's domain between Óláfr, and Guðrøðr Dond, Óláfr's nephew.[58]
  5. ^ One of the total twenty cannot be assigned to any particular ruler.[79]
  6. blazoned: gules, three galleys with dragon heads at each end or, one above the other.[92] The coat of arms concerns Hákon's coronation, and its associated caption reads in Latin: "Scutum regis Norwagiae nuper coronati, qui dicitur rex Insularum".[91] The coat of arms was illustrated by Matthew Paris, a man who met Hákon in 1248/1249, the year after the king's coronation. The emphasise that Matthew placed upon the Norwegian realm's sea power appears to be underscored in the heraldry he attributed to Hákon.[93]
  7. lendr maðr named Gregorius Andrésson.[96]
  8. ^ Various Irish sources style Mac Somhairle rí Airer Goidel and tigerna Airer Goidel.[104] The identity of this Clann Somhairle dynast is uncertain, although he is most likely to have been Dubhghall's father, Ruaidhrí.[105]
  9. Start Point at the extremity of that Archipelago, and from thence steer a course for Sumburgh Head, keeping to the westward of the Fair Isle. The only thing to be avoided in taking this plan, is getting involved in the furious tide race, known as Sumburgh Roost: this, as we found, extends some miles to the south of the Shetland Islands, and in rough weather the sea is frightful, even in calm weather the danger is considerable, and there are instances narrated of vessels which have been dismasted [sic] in the swell, and kept vibrating backwards and forwards in these seething tides for weeks at a time. In passing the Roost you should either keep a good offing or steer close to the shore: the latter being I believe the surest method of avoiding the heavy overfalls [sic]".[113]
  10. Niðaróss was very distant from the Church of the Isles, "separated from it by a most dangerous sea".[115]
  11. lion rampant gules and a bordure flory counter gules.[126]
  12. ^ The term "west over sea", used in saga-literature, denotes the relative direction of Britain and Ireland in relation to Norway.
  13. Henry I, King of England (died 1135).[140]

Citations

  1. ^ Unger (1871) p. 535; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  2. ^ McLeod (2002).
  3. ^ Duffy (1993).
  4. ^ McDonald (2019); Crawford (2014).
  5. ^ Williams (1997).
  6. ^ Heen-Pettersen (2019).
  7. ^ McDonald (2016); Oram (2013); McDonald (2012); Beuermann (2010); McDonald (2007a); McDonald (2007b); Woolf (2007); Bandlien (2006).
  8. ^ McDonald (2019) p. ix tab. 1; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Power (2005) p. 34 tab.; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; McDonald (1997) p. 259 tab.; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 200 tab. ii.
  9. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
  10. ^ Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 36; McDonald (2007b) pp. 27 tab. 1, 116–117; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.
  11. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.
  12. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 79 n. 48.
  13. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 61; McDonald (2007b) pp. 79 n. 48, 171; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Anderson (1922) p. 507; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 94–95.
  14. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 61; Cochran-Yu (2015) p. 40; Woolf (2007) p. 82.
  15. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 90.
  16. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 70.
  17. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–71, 72–73; Duffy (2004b).
  18. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–72; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
  19. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 78–79; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).
  20. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 79; McNamee (2005).
  21. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 79–80; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b); Gade (1994) p. 199.
  22. ^ Duffy (2004b); McNamee (2005).
  23. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 158–158; McNamee (2005).
  24. ^ McNamee (2005).
  25. ^ Oram (2011) p. xvi tab. 5; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Power (2005) p. 34; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; McDonald (1997) p. 259 tab.
  26. ^ a b Stringer (2004); Helle (2009).
  27. ^ McDonald (2012) p. 152.
  28. ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 105.
  29. ^ Beuermann (2010) pp. 106–108.
  30. ^ Helle (2009).
  31. ^ a b Barrow (1981) p. 111.
  32. ^ McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9.
  33. ^ a b McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15.
  34. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1.
  35. ^ McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–60; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55; Wilson (1973) p. 15, 15 n. 43.
  36. ^ McDonald (2019) 69; Oram (2013); McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 106, 171; Power (2005) p. 46; Duffy (1993) p. 107.
  37. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 75; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 90.
  38. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 171–172.
  39. ^ Oram (2013); Moore (2013) ch. 3; McDonald (2007b) pp. 52, 106; Smith (1998) p. 38 n. 5; Williams (1997) p. 260 n. 117; Anderson (1922) pp. 507–509; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 94–97.
  40. ^ Williams (1997) p. 260 n. 117.
  41. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 106.
  42. ^ Moore (2013) ch. 3; McDonald (2007a) p. 55; McDonald (2007b) p. 106.
  43. ^ Moore (2013) ch. 3; McDonald (2007a) pp. 55–56 n. 49; McDonald (2007b) p. 106; Pryce; Insley (2005) p. 490 (§ 317); Smith (1998) p. 38, 38 n. 5.
  44. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 106–107.
  45. ^ Oram (2013); McDonald (2007b) pp. 106–107; Smith (1998) p. 38, 38 n. 5.
  46. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 106–107; Smith (1998) p. 38, 38 n. 5.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Oram (2013).
  48. ^ a b Broderick (2003).
  49. ^ Crawford (2014) pp. 74–75.
  50. ^ a b Insley; Wilson (2006).
  51. ^ O'Grady (2008) p. 203, 599 tab 4.8; Insley; Wilson (2006); Broderick (2003).
  52. ^ O'Grady (2008) pp. 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8; Broderick (2003).
  53. ^ O'Grady (2008) pp. 56–61, 201–203, 597 tab. 4.8, 599 tab 4.8; Broderick (2003).
  54. ^ O'Grady (2008) p. 194.
  55. ^ Insley; Wilson (2006); Broderick (2003); Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 92, 94.
  56. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 69; Dahlberg (2014) p. 51; Oram (2013); Beuermann (2010) pp. 107, 108 n. 28; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 151; Brown (2004) pp. 79–80; Williams (1997) p. 260; Barrow (1981) p. 111; Johnsen (1969) pp. 26–27, 26 n. 8; Anderson (1922) p. 512; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 96–97.
  57. ^ Beuermann (2010) pp. 107, 108 n. 28.
  58. ^ Beuermann (2010) p. 107, 107 n. 25.
  59. ^ McNamee (2005); Johnsen (1969) p. 26.
  60. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 51; Moore (2013) ch. 3; McNamee (2005).
  61. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 51; McNamee (2005).
  62. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 51.
  63. ^ Johnsen (1969) p. 27.
  64. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 13; Dahlberg (2014) p. 51; Oram (2013); Beuermann (2010) pp. 107–108; McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 151; Brown (2004) pp. 79–80; Johnsen (1969) p. 27, 27 n. 1; Anderson (1922) p. 512; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 96–99.
  65. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 25, 46, 69–70; Oram (2013); Murray (2005) p. 298 n. 59; Duffy (1993) p. 107; Anderson (1922) p. 533; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 98–99.
  66. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 fig. 2.
  67. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 204; Oliver (1861) pp. 13–14.
  68. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 341; McDonald (2007b) pp. 55–56, 204–205; Rixson (1982) pp. 127–128.
  69. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 55–56, 162, 204–205; Cotton Manuscripts (n.d.) p. 39.
  70. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 204.
  71. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 99, 152; Rixson (1982) p. 127; Anderson (1922) p. 578; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 108–109.
  72. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 204–206; Rixson (1982) p. 127.
  73. ^ Megaw (1948–1949) pp. 180–182.
  74. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 335; McDonald (2007a) p. 49; McDonald (2007b) pp. 45, 193, 195, 219; McIntire (1943) p. 9; Oliver (1861) pp. 79–81; Document 1/17/3 (n.d.).
  75. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 45.
  76. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 195; Oliver (1861) pp. 77–78; Document 1/17/1 (n.d.).
  77. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 194–195.
  78. ^ Neville; Simpson (2012) p. 198 § 171; McDonald (2007b) pp. 195–196; Megaw (1948–1949) p. 176; Document 1/17/2 (n.d.).
  79. ^ a b McDonald (2007b) p. 202.
  80. ^ Broderick; Stowell (1973) p. 38; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 98–99; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
  81. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 340; McDonald (2007b) pp. 215, 216–217.
  82. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 340; McDonald (2007b) p. 215; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Johnsen (1969) p. 27, 27 n. 2; Anderson (1922) p. 542; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 98–99.
  83. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 340; McDonald (2007b) p. 215; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Johnsen (1969) p. 27, 27 n. 2; Anderson (1922) p. 542 n. 3; Calendar of the Patent Rolls (1906) p. 469; Oliver (1861) p. 82; Rymer; Sanderson; Holmes (1739) pt. 1 p. 155; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (n.d.) vol. 19 § 238.
  84. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 340; McDonald (2007b) p. 163; Luard (1877) p. 551; Giles (1853) p. 168.
  85. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 162; McLeod (2002) p. 28, nn. 11, 12; Sellar (2000) p. 193.
  86. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 162; Harrison (1876) p. 7; Selden (1672) p. 24; Camdeno (1607) p. 847.
  87. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 162.
  88. ^ McLeod (2002) pp. 26–28; Sellar (2000) p. 198.
  89. ^ Duffy (2006) p. 54.
  90. ^ McLeod (2002) p. 28; Storm (1977) p. 132; Anderson (1922) p. 551; Vigfusson (1878) p. 374; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 531.
  91. ^ a b Imsen (2010) p. 13 n. 2; Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  92. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 456; Tremlett; London; Wagner (1967) p. 72.
  93. ^ Imsen (2010) pp. 13–14, 13 n. 2.
  94. ^ McDonald (2016) p. 339; Crawford (2014) p. 79; Dahlberg (2014) pp. 51–52, 78; Oram (2013); McDonald (2012) p. 143; McDonald (2007b) p. 151; Woolf (2007) p. 83; Bandlien (2006) p. 228, 228 n. 144; Frame (1989) p. 148; Barrow (1981) p. 111; Anderson (1922) pp. 546, 547–548; Dasent (1894) pp. 264–265 (§ 259) Vigfusson (1887) pp. 254–255 (§ 259); Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 98–101.
  95. ^ Bandlien (2006) p. 228.
  96. ^ Orfield (2002) p. 138.
  97. ^ Crawford (2014) p. 79.
  98. ^ Crawford (2014) p. 79; Johnsen (1969) p. 27.
  99. ^ Oram (2013); McDonald (2007b) p. 151; Anderson (1922) p. 546; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 100–101.
  100. ^ Unger (1871) p. 524; AM 45 Fol (n.d.).
  101. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) p. 83; Power (2005) p. 46; Brown (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); McLeod (2002) p. 30; Sellar (2000) pp. 203–204, 206; Anderson (1922) pp. 547–548; Dasent (1894) pp. 264–266 (§ 259); Vigfusson (1887) pp. 254–255 (§ 259).
  102. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) p. 83.
  103. ^ Oram (2013); Woolf (2007); Sellar (2000) p. 201.
  104. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 165; Woolf (2007) p. 77.
  105. ^ Oram (2013); Brown (2004) pp. 80, 81.
  106. ^ a b Dahlberg (2014) pp. 51–52; Oram (2013); Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  107. ^ a b Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  108. ^ Dahlberg (2014) p. 56; Woolf (2007) pp. 83–84.
  109. ^ Heen-Pettersen (2019) p. 13; McDonald (2019) pp. 25, 70; McDonald (2016) p. 339; Dahlberg (2014) p. 52; Oram (2013); McDonald (2012) pp. 143–144; Wærdahl (2011) p. 49; Thomson (2008) p. 140; McDonald (2007b) pp. 52, 87–88; Woolf (2007) p. 84; Power (2005) p. 46; Williams (1997) pp. 118, 152; Storm (1977) p. 132; Duncan; Brown (1956–1957) p. 207; Anderson (1922) pp. 449–550, 550 nn. 1–3, 551; Vigfusson (1878) p. 374; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 100–101; Flateyjarbok (1868) p. 531.
  110. ^ Heen-Pettersen (2019) p. 13; McDonald (2012) pp. 143–144; Waugh, D (2009) p. 112; Crawford (1997) pp. 19–20; Barrow (1981) p. 111; Anderson (1922) pp. 449–550, 550 nn. 1–3.
  111. ^ Waugh, DJ (2001) p. 70.
  112. ^ Crawford (1997) pp. 19–20; 20 fig. 7; Martin; Wignall (1975) p. 156; Unknown: Sumburgh Head (n.d.).
  113. ^ JAL (1858) p. 66.
  114. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 14; Oram (2013); Woolf (2003) p. 178; Lowe (1988) pp. 34, 42; Anderson (1922) pp. 546–547; Dowden (1912) p. 278; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 100–101.
  115. ^ Lowe (1988) p. 35; Cowan (1978) p. 15; Munch; Goss (1874b) pp. 309–310; Diplomatarium Norvegicum (n.d.) vol. 1 § 28.
  116. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 55–56 n. 78; Oswald (1860) frontispiece.
  117. ^ McDonald (2007b) pp. 87–88, 90.
  118. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 25, 70; Oram (2013); McDonald (2007b) pp. 87–88, 96; Williams (1997) p. 260; Anderson (1922) pp. 550, 553–554; 557–558; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 100–103.
  119. ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 11–12, 25, 47, 51, 53, 70–71; McDonald (2007b) p. 99; Woolf (2007) pp. 78–82; Anderson (1922) pp. 566–567; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 102–105.
  120. ^ Woolf (2007) pp. 78–82.
  121. ^ Oram (2013); Anderson (1922) pp. 507–509; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 94–97.
  122. ^ Oram (2013); Oram (2005) pp. 36–37.
  123. ^ Oram (2005) pp. 36–37.
  124. ^ Lewis (1987) pp. 466, 497 n. 185; Royal MS 14 C VII (n.d.).
  125. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 497 n. 185.
  126. ^ Lewis (1987) p. 466.
  127. ^ McDonald (2019) p. 33; Dahlberg (2014) p. 52; Oram (2013); Sellar (2004); Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Sellar (2000) p. 204.
  128. ^ a b Oram (2013); Sellar (2004).
  129. ^ Dahlberg (2014) pp. 52–54; Oram (2013); Brown (2004) p. 80; Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Barrow (1981) p. 115.
  130. ^ Oram (2013); Brown (2004) p. 80; Thomson (2008) p. 140; Barrow (1981) p. 111.
  131. ^ Brown (2004) p. 80.
  132. ^ Oram (2013); Power (2005) p. 47; Brown (2004) p. 80; Sellar (2004); Thomson (2008) p. 140; Barrow (1981) pp. 115–116.
  133. ^ Carpenter (2003) ch. 10; Anderson (1922) pp. 555; Dasent (1894) p. 265 (§ 265) Vigfusson (1887) pp. 259–260 (§ 265).
  134. ^ Carpenter (2003) ch. 12.
  135. ^ Oram (2011) p. xvi tab. 5; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
  136. ^ a b Oram (2011) pp. xv tab. 4, xvi tab. 5; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.
  137. ^ a b McDonald (2007b) p. 71.
  138. ^ Oram (2011) pp. xv tab. 4, xvi tab. 5; McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Oram (2004).
  139. ^ Oram (2011) pp. xv tab. 4, xvi tab. 5; Oram (2004).
  140. ^ Oram (2011) p. xv tab. 4; Oram (2004).
  141. ^ McDonald (2007b) p. 71; Duffy (2004a).

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links
Haraldr Óláfsson
 Died: 1249
Regnal titles
Preceded by
King of the Isles
King of Mann and the Isles

1237–1248 		Succeeded by
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