Fingal mac Gofraid
Fingal mac Gofraid, and his father, Gofraid mac Sitriuc, were late eleventh-century rulers of the
If Gofraid mac Sitriuc was a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán, it could mean that he was installed in the Isles by Diarmait after the latter oversaw the apparent expulsion of Echmarcach in the 1060s. Membership of this family may also explain apparent amiable relationship that Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Fingal appear to have enjoyed with
Gofraid mac Sitriuc is stated in one source to have died in about 1070, after which Fingal succeeded him. Fingal later appears to have fended off an attack upon Mann by men with Irish connections. At some point in the 1070s the kingdom was conquered by Gofraid Crobán, although the circumstances of this event are uncertain. Whilst it is possible that the latter overthrew Fingal, this is by no means certain. In fact, the throne may well have been vacant when Gofraid Crobán conducted his campaigns to gain the kingship. Whatever the case, there is reason to suspect that descendants of Fingal ruled the Kingdom of the Rhinns following his demise.
Uncertain parentage and identity
Gofraid mac Sitriuc is specifically mentioned twice by the
One particular candidate is Sitriuc mac Ímair, King of Waterford, however there is no evidence that this man had a son named Gofraid.
Another possibility is that Gofraid mac Sitriuc is identical to the contemporaneous like-named King of Dublin,
Background
In the mid eleventh century,
For twenty years after Echmarcach's expulsion from Dublin, Diarmait enjoyed the overlordship of the coastal kingdom, and the control of its highly rated army and prized fleet of warships.
Implications of familial uncertainty
The uncertainty surrounding Gofraid mac Sitriuc's parentage means that he could have been a member of any of several families. One such family—that of the kings Sitriuc mac Amlaíb and Glún Iairn—descended from
As a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán
In 1066,
According to the Chronicle of Mann, Gofraid mac Sitriuc died in about 1070, and was succeeded by his son, Fingal,
As a kinsman of Echmarcach
If Gofraid mac Sitriuc is instead identical to Gofraid ua Ragnaill, and thus an apparent member of Echmarcach's family, it could mean that Gofraid ua Ragnaill had succeeded Echmarcach in Dublin and the Isles.[68] This identification could mean that Sigtryggr—slain in the ill-fated invasion of Mann in 1073—was a descendant of Amlaíb Cúarán rather than a member of Echmarcach's family.[69][note 5] In any case, numerous Irish annals report that two years after the assault on Mann, Gofraid ua Ragnaill's reign and life came to an end,[70] with the Annals of Inisfallen recording that Toirdelbach banished Gofraid ua Ragnaill from Dublin altogether, and further stating that he died "beyond the sea", having assembled a "great fleet" to come to Ireland.[71] If Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid ua Ragnaill are indeed identical, this annal-entry could be evidence that Toirdelbach ousted Gofraid ua Ragnaill from Dublin after failing to force him from Mann. If correct, this annal-entry could also be evidence that Gofraid ua Ragnaill fell back to Mann after his expulsion from Dublin, and attempted to assemble a fleet of Islesmen there before his death.[72]
Fingal and Gofraid Crobán
Simplified family tree illustrating possible lines of shared ancestry between Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid Crobán if both men were descendants of Amlaíb Cúarán. Possible fathers of Gofraid mac Sitriuc are coloured turquoise, whilst a possible father of Gofraid Crobán is coloured pink. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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In about 1075,[74] or 1079,[75] the Chronicle of Mann reveals that Gofraid Crobán succeeded in conquering Mann following three sea-borne invasions.[76] The circumstances surrounding this conquest are obscure.[77] On one hand, it is possible that he overthrew Fingal,[78] who may have been weakened by the invasion of 1073.[79] On the other hand, the amiable relations between Gofraid Crobán and Fingal's father could suggest that, as long as Fingal lived his kingship was secure, and that it was only after his death that Gofraid Crobán attempted seize control.[59] The chronicle only mentions Fingal once—in the context of succeeding his father—and he is not recorded in any other source.[80]
If Gofraid mac Sitriuc and Gofraid ua Ragnaill are indeed the same individual, the record of the latter's death in 1075 could have bearing on Gofraid Crobán's coup.[77] Specifically, the latter gained the kingship of the Isles at about this time, and the chronicle places his campaigns in the context of combating the Manx themselves, making no mention of Fingal or a king at all during these conflicts.[81] Gofraid Crobán, therefore, may have made his move whilst the kingship was vacant.[77][note 6]
Despite the disappearance of Fingal from the historical record, there may be evidence that his descendants ruled in parts of Galloway.[82] Specifically, in 1094, the Annals of Inisfallen records the death of a certain King of the Rhinns named "Macc Congail".[83] On one hand, this could be evidence that Fingal's name was actually Congal.[84] On the other hand, "Macc Congail" may simply represent the source's confusion between the names Fingal and Congal. In fact, the record of Echmarcach reigning as "rex Innarenn" could be evidence that Echmarcach had formerly ruled this particular region. In any case, it is unknown if Macc Congail was independent from, or dependent upon, Gofraid Crobán's authority.[59][note 7]
Notes
- ^ Since the 2000s, academics have accorded these men various names in English secondary sources: For example, Fingal has been accorded the personal names: Fingal,[2] and Finghal.[3] Gofraid mac Sitriuc has likewise been accorded the following personal names: Godred,[4] Gofraid,[5] and Guðrøðr.[6] Furthermore, these men have been accorded the following patronymic names: Fingal Godredsson,[7] Fingal mac Gofraid,[8] Finghal mac Gofraid,[3] Godred Sigtrygsson,[9] Godred Sitricsson,[7] Gofraid mac Sitreaca,[3] and Gofraid mac Sitriuc.[10]
- ^ The Norse-Gaelic territory of Fine Gall has left its name on the county of Fingal. The name Fine Gall means "kindred of the foreigners",[16] or "territory of the foreigners".[17] The modern personal name Fingal is derived from the Gaelic Fionnghall. This name is composed of the elements fionn ("white") and gall ("stranger"), and was originally a byname accorded to Norse settlers like the comparable personal name Dubhghall (from elements meaning "dark" and "stranger").[18] See also: Dubgaill and Finngaill.
- ^ This Sitriuc mac Glún Iairn may be identical to the unnamed man who killed Sitriuc mac Amlaíb's slain son, Gofraid, in 1036.[23] Another possibility is that the slayer was instead the son of another like-named man, Járnkné Óláfsson.[24]
- Rhinns of Galloway, but also the Machars as well. The kingdom appears to have stretched from the North Channel to Wigtown Bay, and would have likely encompassed an area similar to the modern boundaries of Wigtownshire.[40]
- ^ If this identification is correct, Sigtryggr may have been a son of Amlaíb, son of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb.[69]
- ^ In the three encounters, the chronicle specifically states that Gofraid Crobán fought "cum populo terre" ("with the people of the land"), and "cum Mannensibus" ("with the "Manxmen"), and "Mannenses" ("the Manxmen").[81]
- Fergus, Lord of Galloway.[85]
Citations
- ^ a b c Munch; Goss (1874) p. 50; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ Duffy (2006); Beuermann (2002); Oram (2000); Candon (1988).
- ^ a b c Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005).
- ^ Fuller (2009); Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Beuermann (2002); Oram (2000); Candon (1988).
- ^ Duffy (2006); Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Woolf (2004); Oram (2000).
- ^ Duffy (2006).
- ^ a b Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005).
- ^ Oram (2000).
- ^ Fuller (2009).
- ^ Woolf (2004); Oram (2000).
- ^ a b Duffy (2006) pp. 51–52; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 232 n. 40; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Cotton MS Julius A VII (n.d.).
- ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 51–52; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b Duffy (2006) p. 52.
- ^ a b c d e f Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.
- ^ Duffy (2017); Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Valante (1998–1999) p. 246, 246 n. 16; Holm (2000) pp. 254–255.
- ^ Woolf (2018) p. 126; Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005).
- ^ Downham (2013) p. 158; Duffy (2009) p. 291.
- ^ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 402, 403.
- ^ a b Duffy (2006) p. 52; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 52; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 231; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171; Oram (2000) p. 18.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 52; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 171–172; Bugge (1905) pp. 4, 11.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 121, 171–172; Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35; Hudson, B (1994a) p. 329.
- ^ Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 3; Beuermann (2002) p. 433; Candon (1988) p. 402.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1072.6; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1072.6; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 44.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Duffy (2006) p. 57; Duffy (1992) p. 102 n. 44.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4.
- ^ a b c d Duffy (2006) p. 57.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 130 fig. 4; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 94.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 129; Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ Downham (2007) p. 193 fig. 12; Duffy (2006) p. 57.
- ^ Clancy (2008) p. 28; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 130 fig. 4.
- ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) p. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2; Waitz (1844) p. 559.
- ^ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Clancy (2008) p. 28; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 129, 138; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 143; Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ Clancy (2008) pp. 28, 32; Woolf (2007) p. 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 138.
- ^ Duffy (1993b) p. 13.
- ^ Bracken (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 101.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 18.
- ^ Duffy (1992) p. 102.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 83 fig 3.
- ^ Woolf (2007) p. 246.
- ^ a b Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Duffy (1992) p. 105, 105 n. 59.
- ^ Duffy (1992) pp. 96–97.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 210–211; Anderson (1922b) pp. 13–15 n. 3.
- ^ Fuller (2009); Byrne (2008) p. 864; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Anderson (1922b) p. 18 n. 1, 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 170–171; Woolf (2004) p. 100.
- ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Hudson, B (2005a); Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Hudson, BT (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 100.
- ^ Duffy (1992) p. 97.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 62, 62 n. 18; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 60; Hudson, B (2006) p. 170; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 54, 83 fig. 3, 171; Duffy (2004); Woolf (2004) p. 100; Duffy (1992) p. 106.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2007b) p. 62 n. 18; Duffy (2004); Duffy (1992) p. 106.
- ^ Woolf (2004) p. 100.
- ^ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
- ^ McDonald (2007) pp. 61–62; Duffy (2006) p. 51; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Byrne (1982); Anderson (1922b) p. 22; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–51.
- ^ a b c Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172.
- ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–100; Oram (2000) p. 19.
- ^ Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1073.3; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1073.3; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
- ^ Downham (2017) p. 100; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1073.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1073.5; Duffy (2006) pp. 57–58; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Candon (1988) p. 403.
- ^ Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Candon (2006) p. 116; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Ní Mhaonaigh (1995) p. 375; Duffy (1993a) p. 33; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 403.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, B (2005b); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4, 172; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 130 fig. 4; Oram (2000) pp. 18–19.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 57; Candon (1988) p. 402.
- ^ a b Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 57–58.
- ^ Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 1075; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1075.1; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 1075; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1075.2; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1075.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1075.1; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1075.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1075.2; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994b) p. 152, 152 n. 41; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399; Richter (1985) p. 336.
- ^ Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1075.2; Duffy (2009) pp. 295–296; Duffy (2006) p. 58; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 167; Hudson, B (1994b) p. 152, 152 n. 41; Duffy (1992) p. 102; Candon (1988) p. 399; Richter (1985) p. 336.
- ^ Duffy (2006) p. 58.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 108; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1094.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 503 (n.d.).
- ^ Flanagan (2008) p. 907; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 19.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 11, 48; Flanagan (2008) p. 907; Duffy (2006) pp. 61–62; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101.
- ^ McDonald (2019) pp. 46, 48; McDonald (2007) p. 61; Duffy (2006) pp. 61–62; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; McDonald (1997) pp. 33–34; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–45; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
- ^ a b c Duffy (2006) p. 62.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Woolf (2004) pp. 100–101.
- ^ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 232; Oram (2000) p. 19.
- ^ Duffy (2006) pp. 51, 58; Anderson (1922b) p. 22; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
- ^ a b Duffy (2006) p. 62; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–45; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 50–53.
- ^ Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Byrne (1982).
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 108; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1094.5; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1094.5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 172; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 4; Beuermann (2002) p. 433; Duffy (1992) p. 99 n. 32; Candon (1988) p. 402; Byrne (1982).
- ^ Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 468 n. 4.
- ^ McGuigan (2015) p. 108.
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