2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
2011 Indian anti-corruption movement | |
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Anna Andolan | |
Date | 4 April 2011 – 28 December 2011. |
Location | India |
Caused by | Corruption in public environment
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Goals |
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Methods | Non violent protest |
Resulted in |
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Chief Minister of Delhi Incumbent Electoral Performance Legislative Assembly Media Activism
Controversies Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video |
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The Indian anti-corruption movement, popularly known as Anna Andolan, was a series of demonstrations and protests across India that began in 2011 and was intended to establish strong legislation and enforcement against perceived endemic political corruption.[5] The movement was named as one of the "Top 10 News Stories of 2011" by Time magazine.[6]
The movement gained momentum from 5 April 2011, when anti-corruption activist
Mass protesters focussed on legal and political issues, including political corruption,
Background
Issues of corruption in India have become increasingly prominent in recent years. After independence in 1947, the country was subject to socialist-inspired economic policies until the 1980s.
The 1993
The 2005
In the years immediately preceding the 2011 anti-corruption protests, there were examples of alleged corruption in the country; these included the
A worldwide, 50-city march called the
March 2011 protests
Dandi March II organized Group of Non-Resident Indians walked 240 miles in the United States against corruption in India.[23] Started in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park, San Diego, California on March 12, 2011, and ends March 26 at Gandhi Statue, San Francisco and demanded for Lokpal Bill and return of black money, March also conducted in 45 cities in USA, 40 cities in India and 8 other countries globally[24] supported many groups 5th Pillar, Youth For Better India[25]
April 2011 protests
Anna Hazare wanted a joint committee composed of members of the government and of civil society to be formed to draft tougher anti-corruption legislation. After Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India rejected Hazare's demand, Hazare began a hunger strike on 5 April 2011 at the Jantar Mantar, Delhi.[26] He said the fast would continue until the legislation was enacted.[27] His action attracted considerable support, including some people who joined him in fasting.[28] Prominent representatives of opposition political parties, including the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist), indicated their support for Hazare and demanded government action.[29] Hazare would not allow politicians to sit with him and those who tried to join him, such as Uma Bharti and Om Prakash Chautala, were turned away.[30]
Protests in sympathy with Hazare spread to other Indian cities, including
On 6 April, Agriculture Minister
June protest
In April, Ramdev had announced he would launch a people's anti-corruption movement called
The
On 5 June, police raided the Maidan, detaining Ramdev and removing his supporters after firing tear gas shells and
On 6 June, the
After the protest
Civil society response
Ramdev said the government was not serious about discussing corruption and black money, and that government negotiator Kapil Sibal had cheated him through a "scheming and cunning" attitude. He said there was a conspiracy to kill him and that he was threatened during a meeting with senior ministers. He also said the ruling government chairperson Sonia Gandhi and the United Progressive Alliance government will be responsible for any threat to his life, and that he was nearly strangled by the police.[64] After being evicted from Delhi, Ramdev wanted to continue his fast at Noida but was denied permission to do so by the Uttar Pradesh government. He decided to continue his hunger strike and satyagraha from Haridwar until 12 June 2011.[65][66][67]
Hazare said there might have been some faults with Ramdev's agitation, the beating up of people at night rather than in the daytime was a "blot on democracy", and that "there was no firing otherwise the eviction was similar to Jallianwala Bagh incident". He also said the "strangulation of democracy" would cause protests throughout the country to "teach government a lesson".[68][69] Campaigner Arvind Kejriwal said the use of police force on non-violent, sleeping protesters was undemocratic.[70][71]
Government response
Congress General Secretary
Political party response
The BJP called the police action to break up the hunger strike "undemocratic".[77] Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi condemned the incident, comparing it with Ravana-Lila and adding; "It is one of the worst days of Indian history. The Prime Minister had said during the elections that he would bring back black money stashed in Swiss banks within 100 days of coming into power. But today, it is two years and nothing has happened."[78] L. K. Advani said the police action reminded him of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and called it "naked fascism".[78] Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha Sushma Swaraj said: "This is not democracy ... the police cannot alone have taken such a step. It had the approval of the Prime Minister and full approval of the Congress President."[78] Bahujan Samaj Party leader and Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati condemned the government's action against Ramdev, demanded an investigation by the Supreme Court of India and said justice cannot be expected from the central government.[79][80] The Samajwadi Party chief Mulayam Singh Yadav condemned the incident, saying it shows the Union Government has lost its mental balance. Blaming the ruling Indian National Congress party, Yadav said; "A Congress leader said that Baba is a thug. I want to say that Congress is the biggest thug and it should introspect its deeds."[79] He also compared the raid to military action against a foreign enemy.[80]
Rashtriya Janata Dal leader Lalu Prasad Yadav accused Ramdev of being a front for the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[81] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) termed the police action against Ramdev "deplorable and shortsighted" but found fault with him for making the issue of black money "farcical" by entering into a secret agreement with government.[82] The party said; "The manner in which Ramdev's demands were drafted and the way in which he has conducted his interactions with the government, coming to a secret agreement to withdraw the hunger strike on the basis of assurances, then reneging and announcing its extension trivialised the seriousness of the issue of black money and made it farcical".[80] The Shiv Sena strongly condemned the police action.[80] Nitish Kumar, leader of Janata Dal (United) and the Chief Minister of Bihar, condemned the attack, saying; "It is a major blow to democracy and an attack on the democratic rights of the people ... It is also an attack on the fundamental rights of the citizens".[78]
Suo Moto cognizance by the Supreme Court
An advocate of Ramdev petitioned the Supreme Court of India, saying no
August protests
By mid-June 2011, the Jan Lokpal drafting committee was in disagreement and government representatives said if a consensus was not reached, both the government draft and that by the civil society representatives, would be sent to the Cabinet. Hazare said if only the government version of the bill was passed by parliament, he would start a hunger strike on 16 August 2011.[85] On 15 August, he announced the fast would begin the following day.[86]
The government imposed
India will get a sure gold medal if corruption is entered as an item in the Olympic Games. We may not be a force in football or athletics or hockey. But India is the undisputed global leader in corruption.[92]
Delhi police commissioner B. K. Gupta said the police were not keen for Hazare be sent to judicial custody and had been prepared to release him if he had given an undertaking not to break Section 144, and ask his supporters not to do so. In a message released after his detention, Hazare said this was the beginning of the "second freedom struggle" and he called on people to participate in a jail bharo (mass arrest) protest.[93] On 16 August, Hazare and his close associate and lawyer Prashant Bhushan asked government employees across the country to go on mass leave to show solidarity with the movement. Union Home minister P. Chidambaram hoped they would not respond, describing the call as "completely wrong".[94]
Hazare's release
It was decided to release Hazare after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met party General Secretary
Hazare agreed to leave jail after Delhi Police granted him permission to fast for 15 days at Ramlila Maidan, a larger venue than Jai Prakash Narayan National Park. He, however, had to spend another night in jail because the venue was not ready.[97] Hazare left jail on 19 August for the 25,000-capacity Ramlila Maidan, which he said he would not leave until the bill was passed.[98]
- MP, announced he would introduce Hazare's Jan Lokpal Bill in the Lok Sabha as a private member's bill, saying it was better than anything the nation has seen before.[101]
- Hazare's camp called their supporters to confront individual Members of Parliament and Union Ministers at their residences and warned the UPA government its days would be numbered if it failed to pass the Bill by 30 August.[102]
- Over 100,000 supporters visited Ramlila Maidan to show their opposition to corruption.[103]
- Around 50,000 supporters marched in Mumbai to support Hazare. This was reportedly one of the biggest protests in Mumbai.[104][105]
- On his seventh day of fast, Hazare said he would only negotiate with INC MP Chief minister Prithviraj Chavan.[106]
- Manmohan Singh appealed to Hazare to end his fast and stated he would ask Lok Sabha Speaker Meira Kumar if Hazare's Jan Lokpal Bill can be sent to the Standing Committee. Singh also said the government was concerned about Hazare's health.[107]
- An all-party meeting was chaired by Manmohan Singh represented by finance minister Pranab Mukherjee. The meeting ended with Mukherjee appealing for Hazare to end his fast, prompting civil society to say they were "back to square one".[108][109]
- Manmohan Singh said all proposed versions of the Lokpal bill, including those prepared by Aruna Roy's NCPRI and Jaiprakash Narain, would be debated in Parliament.[110]
- Union Minister Vilasrao Deshmukh met Hazare at his protest camp at Ramlila Maidan. Deshmukh conveyed a message to Hazare from the Prime Minister, urging Hazare to end his fast and to consider the Prime Minister's offer to debate all versions of bill in Parliament.[111][112]
- Hazare asked Singh to start the parliamentary discussion the next morning and forward his demands to the Prime Minister; a Citizen's Charter, Lokayuktas in all states with Lokpal powers and inclusion of the entire bureaucracy.[113]
- Initiating the Lok Sabha debate on the bill, Pranab Mukherjee asked Hazare to end his fast,[114][115] BJP leader Sushma Swaraj expressed her party's support for Hazare and said the BJP largely agreed with the conditions laid down by Hazare to end his hunger strike.[116] The government agreed to a voice vote on the debate.[117] Both houses of parliament passed the resolution accepting all three conditions set by Hazare.[118]
Parliamentary debate
A debate on the Jan Lokpal bill was held in Parliament on 27 August 2011. Hazare demanded a citizen charter, lower bureaucracy to be included in the bill, and the establishment of
December protests
On 11 December, Hazare sat on a day-long fast at the Jantar Mantar. This protest was against proposals of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the anti-graft measure. It was the first at which politicians shared the stage with Hazare, with leaders of the BJP, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India,
Hazare announced on 22 December a hunger strike would take place between 27 and 29 December, followed by a Jail Bharo Andolan to pressurise the government.[127] He began his fast on 27 December at the Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai rather than in Delhi because of the cold climate in the latter city.[128] Turnout was well below expectations, in part because of the cold weather.[129] IAC members asked him to end this latest fast because of his poor health, having suffered from cold and mild fever for few days previously, but he refused.[130] On the second day of the fast, Hazare repeated his threat to campaign against Congress in the five poll-bound states for not bringing a strong Lokpal. He ended his fast because of his deteriorating health and the low turn-out across the country. He said the movement had not stopped but was merely postponed.[131] He also announced the cancellation of the "Jail Bharo" movement due to his bad health.
Parliament debate
The Lok Sabha debated the Lokpal Bill on 27 December 2011.[132] The debate resulted in the bill being passed by the Rajya Sabha (upper house) but the new, nine-member Lokpal panel was not given constitutional status because the government failed to get the necessary two-thirds majority of MPs present.[133][134] The Lokpal Bill was sent for review to the then President of India Pratibha Patil on 28 December 2011; a standard procedure for any legislation that has financial implications. Patil gave her assent for the Bill to be tabled in the Rajya Sabha.[135]
2012
2012 Indian anti-corruption movement | |
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Date | 25 March 2012 – 26 November 2012 |
Location | India |
Caused by |
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Goals | Non violent protest |
Resulted in | Aam Aadmi Party Enactment of The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 |
The movement was reinvigorated following a mass gathering at the
Protests
Hazare said the protest movement would recommence and he went on a one-day hunger strike on 25 March 2012.[140] A month later, Hazare held a token one-day fast focussed on the remembrance of whistle-blowers such as Narendra Kumar and Satyendra Dubey, who had died as a result of their support for the anti-corruption cause.[142] On 3 June, Hazare undertook another one-day fast at the Jantar Mantar, where he was joined by Ramdev.[143]
Hazare and Bedi reformed Team Anna while Kejriwal and some others split from the apolitical movement to form what was to become the Aam Aadmi Party.[144]
An indefinite fast began at the Jantar Mantar on 25 July and involved members of Team Anna,[145] although Hazare was not involved until four days later. The fast was a protest against the government's refusal of an inquiry against the prime minister and 14 cabinet ministers whom the protesters had accused of corruption.[citation needed] The fast ended on 3 August.[146] Three days later, Hazare announced he and his fellow activists had decided to end their fast because the government did not seem ready to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill, to discontinue talks with the government and to cease any protests under the Team Anna name.[147]
Aftermath
After failing to press the Indian government to pass
The Parliament of India enacted The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 few days after the Delhi election in December 2013.[156]
Media coverage
An Insignificant Man, a 2017 Hindi/English Indian socio-political documentary, was co-produced and directed by Khushboo Ranka and Vinay Shukla, and was also co-produced by Anand Gandhi.[157][158] The documentary is about the rise of anti-corruption protests in India and the formation and rise to power of the AAP.[159]
See also
- Right to Public Services legislation
- Lokayukta
- Corruption Perceptions Index
- Rent seeking
- Socio-economic issues in India
- Mafia Raj
- International asset recovery
- 2013 Save RTI Movement in India
- List of scandals in India
- Licence Raj
- Arab Spring
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External links
External images | |
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Images of India protests over campaigner's arrest (BBC) | |
Images of Indians protest the arrest of Anna Hazare (Time) | |
Video of Anna Hazare phenomenon (YouTube) | |
Indian anti-corruption campaigner, freed from jail (Guardian) | |
Images of Indian Anti corruption Movement (Times of India) | |
Video of Indian Anti-Corruption Movements (WikiLeaks Forum) |