Aerodramus

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Aerodramus
Temporal range:
Ma
↓
Possible Miocene remains found in New Zealand.[1]
Indian swiftlet
Aerodramus unicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Strisores
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Apodidae
Tribe: Collocaliini
Genus: Aerodramus
Oberholser
, 1906
Type species
Collocalia innominata (Himalayan swiftlet)
Hume, 1873
Species

See text

Aerodramus is a

Harry Church Oberholser in 1906.[2]

This is a taxonomically difficult group of very similar species.

Papuan swiftlet
are not fully resolved. These swiftlets can pose major identification problems where several species occur.

What distinguishes Aerodramus swiftlets from other swifts, and indeed almost all other birds, is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation. This enables them to navigate within the breeding and roosting caves.

The nests of Aerodramus swiftlets are constructed with

bird's nest soup
', the over-collection of which puts pressure on the swiftlet populations.

Distribution

The range of these swiftlets is confined to tropical southern Asia, Oceania, northeastern

Guam swiftlets.[4][5][6] The Mangaia swiftlet is a recently extinct species known only from fossils.[7][8]

Description

White-rumped swiftlet in flight

Aerodramus swiftlets are in many respects typical swifts, having narrow wings for fast flight, and a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight. They have dull plumage which is mainly in shades of black, brown, and grey. Members of this genus typically have dark brown upper wings and upper body, sometimes with a paler rump, light brown underparts, a paler throat, and brownish-white under-wings with dark brown "armpits". Males and female plumages are similar in appearance, as is that of the juvenile, for those species for which it has been described; in some species the juvenile shows pale fringes to the flight feathers.[3]

The legs, as with many swifts, are very short, preventing the birds from perching, but allowing them to cling to vertical surfaces. The flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers and small breast muscles. Aerodramus swiftlets, depending on species, weigh 8–35 grammes (0.28–1.23 oz) and are 9–16 centimetres (0.28–1.23 in) long. These swiftlets are very similar, and where several species occur, such as Borneo, New Guinea and the Philippines, may not be separable in the field.[3]

Behaviour

Germain's swiftlets
have fallen from nests, and are being reared by hand.

Aerodramus swiftlets are aerial insectivores, which take prey like flies on the wing. They roost and breed in caves; during the day they leave the caves to forage for food, and return to roost at night. They are monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings. Males perform aerial displays to attract females and mating occurs at the nest. The breeding season overlaps the wet season, which corresponds to an increased insect population.[3]

Clutch size depends on the location and the food source, but generally Aerodramus swiftlets lay one or two eggs.[3] The eggs are a dull white, and are laid every other day. Many, if not all, species are colonial nesters; some build their nests in high, dark corners on cave walls.[3]

Most Aerodramus swiftlets live in the tropical

Niah Caves and Gunung Mulu National Park, which are both located in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
.

Characteristics of behaviour, such as what materials apart from saliva the nests contain, can be used to differentiate between certain species of Aerodramus.[9]

Echolocation

Niah cave
, a swiftlet nesting site

The genus Aerodramus is of special interest due to its use of echolocation. The swiftlets use this technique to navigate in darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they breed and roost at night. Apart from swiftlets, the only other avian species to use echolocation is the unrelated oilbird.[10][11]

The Aerodramus swiftlets' echolocating double clicks are within the normal human hearing range and up to 3 milliseconds apart, with the interval becoming shorter in darker locations. Unlike the rest of the genus (for those species which have been studied), the Atiu swiftlet, Aerodramus sawtelli, and the black-nest swiftlet, A. maximus, emit only single clicks. The former species also uses echolocation outside its caves.[12]

The use of echolocation was once used to separate Aerodramus from the other non-echolocating

Schoutedenapus). However, recently, the pygmy swiftlet, Collocalia troglodytes, was discovered making similar clicking noises both inside and outside its roosting cave.[13]

It has recently been determined that the echolocation vocalizations do not agree with evolutionary relationship between swiftlet species as suggested by DNA sequence comparison.[14] This suggests that as in bats, echolocation sounds, once present, adapt rapidly and independently to the particular species' acoustic environment.

A study

nocturnal
ancestor.

It has been suggested that the giant or

waterfall swiftlet, Hydrochous gigas, which cannot echolocate, may be descended from an echolocating ancestor.[3]

Saliva nests

An edible nest

The intricately constructed

bird's nest soup
. They therefore command extremely high prices.

Authentic bird's nest soup is made from the nests of the edible-nest swiftlet (or white-nest swiftlet), Aerodramus fuciphagus, and the black-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus maximus. Instead of incorporating twigs, feathers and straw like others in the genus, these two swiftlets make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva, which harden when exposed to air. Once the nests are harvested, they are cleaned and sold to restaurants. Over the past twenty years, the high demand for the nests of these Aerodramus species has had an adverse effect on their populations.[16][17] The Niah caves population of black-nest swiftlets plunged from around 1.5 million pairs in 1959 to 150,000–298,000 pairs in the early 1990s through over-harvesting.[3]

Early authors had doubts about the material used to make the nest, with whale and fish sperm and sea foam being proposed as the basis for construction. Even in the 1830s, when the use of saliva had been fairly well established, it was believed that it was only a cement to bind a sea plant which provided the bulk of the gelatinous material of the nest.[18]

Lice

As with other taxonomically difficult groups, ectoparasites can give information on relationships.[19] A study of swiftlet parasites in northern Borneo involved transferring lice between closely related swiftlet species.[20] The survival of lice in most of these transfers was significantly reduced in proportion to the mean difference in feather barb size between the donor and recipient species of hosts. Thus, adaptation to a particular resource on the body of the host appears to govern the specificity of swiftlet lice. In transfers where lice survived, the lice moved to different areas on the body of the host where the mean barb diameter of the feathers on which the lice occurred had the required value.

Papuan swiftlet

The Papuan swiftlet, Aerodramus papuensis, has three toes instead of the usual four in this group. It has the ability to echolocate, but whereas other previously studied species use echolocation primarily while flying in their caves, the Papuan swiftlet appears to be nocturnal or

waterfall swift Hydrochous gigas, are sister taxa, a relationship that would indicate paraphyly of the genus Aerodramus.[21]

Taxonomy

The genus Aerodramus was introduced (as a subgenus of Collocalia) in 1906 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser. He designated the type species as Collocalia innominata Hume. This taxon is now considered as a subspecies of the Himalayan swiftlet (Aerodramus brevirostris).[22][23] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek aēr meaning "air" with -dromos meaning "-racer" (from trekhō "to run").[24]

The genus now contains 28 species:[23]

John Latham figure of the "Esculent Swallow and its Nest"

There is also an extinct species known from fossils:

  • Mangaia swiftlet, Aerodramus manuoi (prehistoric extinction)

Fossil species

A right

Altonian, 19-16 million years ago),[1]
probably belongs to Aerodramus.

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1017/S1477201906001957
    (HTML abstract)
  2. ^ ITIS standard report page for Aerodramus
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-873403-83-9
    .
  4. ^ Birdlife International species factsheet: Collocalia elaphra. Retrieved on 16 July 2007.
  5. ^ Birdlife International species factsheet: Collocalia whiteheadi. Retrieved on 24 July 2007.
  6. ^ Birdlife International species factsheet: Collocalia bartschi. Retrieved on 24 July 2007
  7. ^ "Aerodramus manuoi". Archived from the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  8. S2CID 84817651
    .
  9. PMID 8692950
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-8014-9792-6
    .
  11. PMID 441731
    .
  12. JSTOR 2388791
    .
  13. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03182.x
    .
  14. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00648.x
    .
  15. PMID 16006151
    .
  16. S2CID 34483704
    .
  17. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008
    .
  18. ^ Rennie, James (1831). The Architecture of Birds. London: Charles Knight. pp. 288–306.
  19. ^ Page, R. D. M., Lee, P. L. M., Becher, S.A., Griffiths, R., Clayton D. H. (1997). "A Different Tempo of Evolution in Birds and their Parasitic Lice" Text retrieved 12 Nov 2007 Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  20. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00297.x
    .
  21. ^
    S2CID 24433492
    .
  22. ^ Oberholser, Harry C. (1906). "A monograph of the genus Collocalia". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 58: 177–212 [179, 182].
  23. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  24. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .

External links
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