Al-Assad family

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"Al-Assad" redirects here. For other uses, see al-Assad (disambiguation).

Al-Assad Family
عَائِلَة الْأَسَد
ʿāʾilat al-ʾAsad
Hafiz al-Assad and his wife, Anisa Makhlouf. Rear, left to right: Maher, Bashar, Bassel, Majid, and Bushra al-Assad
Current regionLatakia
Place of origin Syria
MembersHafez al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad
Maher al-Assad
Rifaat al-Assad
Connected familiesMakhlouf, Shalish

The al-Assad family,

Hafiz al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party. After his death, in June 2000, he was succeeded by his son Bashar al-Assad.[2][3][4][5]

The al-Assads are originally from

Syrian Coastal Mountains.[7]

During his early reign in the 1970s, Hafiz al-Assad created patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites figures loyal to his family. Members of Assad family established control over vast swathes of the Syrian economy and corruption became endemic in the public and private sectors.[8] After Hafiz al-Assad's death, family connections continued to be important in Syrian politics. Several close family members of Hafiz al-Assad also held vital positions in the government since his rise to power, an arrangement which exists to the present day.[9][10] Syrian bureaucracy and business-community are also dominated by members of the Assad dynasty and individuals affiliated with them.[11][12]

Hafiz Al-Assad built his regime as a bureaucracy that was marked by a distinct

Kim dynasty, official propaganda ascribes divine features to the Assad dynasty; and reveres the Assad patriarchs as the founding fathers of modern Syria.[13][14][15]

Origin

The Assad family originates from Ali Sulayman al-Wahsh, Hafiz al-Assad's father, who was born in 1875 and lived in the village of

Aleppo Vilayet sent troops to the area to collect taxes and round up recruits. The troops were reportedly fought off by Sulayman and his friends who were only armed with sabres and old muskets.[18] Because Sulayman was respected, he was a local mediator between quarreling families. He was also one of the local chieftains who were the de facto rulers of the area. The chieftains from the powerful families would provide protection to their neighbours and in return they gained loyalty and respect.[19] He lived until 1963, long enough to see his son's rise to power. He married twice and over three decades had eleven children. His first wife Sa'ada was from the district of Haffeh. They had three sons and two daughters. His second wife was Na'isa, twenty years younger than him. She was the daughter of Uthman Abbud from the village of Al-Qutailibiyah, a dozen kilometres further up the mountain. They had a daughter and five sons. Hafiz was born on 6 October 1930 and was the fourth child.[20]

Al-Assad family is affiliated with the

Shi'ism. Since coming to power in 1970, Assad family traditionally used sectarian loyalty from the Alawite sect as a vital component to legitimize their dynastic rule. Many Sunni loyalists have been assigned to crucial posts in the bureaucracy, security forces, military, judiciary, etc. in-order to consolidate Assad family's grip on power.[21]

Cult of personality

See also: Cult of personality

In no other country in recent memory ... not

personality cult
reached such extremes. Asad’s image, speaking, smiling, listening, benevolent or stern, solemn or reflective, is everywhere. Sometimes there are half a dozen pictures of him in a row. His face envelops telephone poles and trucks, churches and mosques. His is the visage a Syrian sees when he opens his newspaper.

— Middle East Insight magazine[22][23]

A square in Aleppo displaying the statue and portrait of Hafiz al-Assad (2001)

During the 1950s, Syrian

Hafiz al-Assad developed a Stalinist-style personality cult around him; which depicted him as the father figure of Syrian nation. After Hafiz's death, the personality cult was extended towards his son, Bashar al-Assad. Monuments, pictures, statues, symbols and billboards of both the leaders extensively pervade the Syrian society; designed to consolidate the notion of "Assad's Syria". Observers view the state propaganda efforts as a strategy for securing the compliance of the masses and identifying the Syrian nationhood with the Assad dynasty.[25][26][27][28][29]

On the other hand, exaggerations of the propaganda and ever-deepening importance attached to upholding the personality cult around the Assad patriarchs have resulted in the simultaneous de-emphasis on the Syrian identity itself; due to the duplication of reality. In addition to criminalising any and all critiques of the regime; the modes of conveying messages between the state and civil society are restricted strictly within bounds of what is officially acceptable. The state further banned private political opinions critical of the regime and encourages citizens to report relatives and friends who exhibit undesirable attitudes. The policies of economic liberalization implemented during the 2000s worsened the corruption; since the chief grantees of the outcomes were businessmen and relatives close to the Assad family; such as Rami Makhlouf.[30][31][32]

Unlike other Arab dictatorships, this feature of the

Assadism.[38] Fervently loyalist paramilitaries known as the Shabiha (tr. ghosts) deify the Assad dynasty through slogans such as "There is no God but Bashar!" and pursue psychological warfare against non-conformist populations.[39]

Hafiz's family

President Hafiz al-Assad with his family in the early 1970s. Left to right: Bashar, Maher, Anisa Makhlouf, Majid, Bushra, and Bassel

Hafiz al-Assad

  • Hafiz al-Assad
    (1930–2000). President of Syria 1971–2000.
  • Anisa Makhlouf (1930–2016), wife of Hafiz and First Lady of Syria.[40]
    • Bushra al-Assad, died as an infant before 1960.[41]
    • Syrian Civil War
      .
    • Bassel al-Assad (1962–1994), was the original candidate for presidential succession, however, he died in a car accident.[43]
      Billboard featuring Hafiz al-Assad's eldest son Bassel al-Assad (d. 1994), who was initially heralded as the successor of his father
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Related topics
    • Bashar al-Assad (born 1965), is the President of Syria since 2000. Before Bassel's death he was an ophthalmologist. He is married to Asma al-Assad (born 1975). She is the current First Lady of Syria and takes a prominent public role. Before being married she was an investment banker. They have three children.[10] The couple are also regarded as the "main economic players" in Syria and control large parts of Syrian business sectors, banking, telecommunications, real estate, and maritime industries.[44]
    • Majid al-Assad (1966–2009), was an electrical engineer with a reported history of severe mental problems.[citation needed] Died after a long, unspecified illness.[45][46][47] He was married to Ru’a Ayyoub (born 1976) and had no children.[48] Majid died in Damascus on 12 December 2009.[citation needed]
    • Maher al-Assad (born 1967), is the commander of the Republican Guard, which are also known as the Presidential Guard, and the army's elite Fourth Armored Division, which together with Syria's secret police form the core of the country's security forces.[49] He is also a member of the Ba'ath Party central command and is said to have an aggressive and uncontrollable personality. He is married and has two daughters.[45][50] He is reported to have been severely disabled in a 2012 bombing in Damascus during the Syrian Civil War.[51][52] He reportedly shot Assef Shawkat in the stomach in October 1999, during an argument. Maher is also known by many to be the most ruthless in the Al-Assad family.[53]

Hafiz's siblings

Jamil al-Assad

  • Jamil al-Assad (1932–2004), parliamentarian and commander of a minor militia. Politically marginalized years before his death.[10]
    Children:
    • Mundhir al-Assad (born 1961), was arrested in 2005 at the
      Shabbiha militia in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War.[50][55]
    • Fawwaz al-Assad (1962–2015), was the first real Shabiha and gave the meaning known today to the word Shabiha and the concept of Tashbeeh that is to act like a thug.[56] He had sanctions placed on him in 2011 by the EU for being involved with the Shabbiha militia in the repression of protestors during the Syrian Civil War.[54][55]
    • One daughter is married to Yarob Kanaan, whose father is:
      Ghazi Kanaan (1942–2005) who in 2005 during his term as interior minister presumably killed himself. The Kanaans come from the Kalabiyya tribe.[57]

Rifaat al-Assad

Rifaat al-Assad and Hafiz in the early 1980s

Shalish family

  • Sister of Hafiz al-Assad married into the Shalish family. The family through paternal cousin General Dhu al Himma al-Shalish maintains a significant level of influence in the Bashar al-Assad government. The Shalishes are mainly active in the automobile and construction sectors.
    • Gen. Dhu al-Himma Shalish (1956–2022), a cousin of Bashar al-Assad, was the head of presidential security and was part of the inner circle of leadership of the Bashar al-Assad government.[62][63] He had sanctions placed on him by the US government for supplying weapons to Saddam Hussein and his government.[62][64] On 24 June 2011, the EU sanctioned him for being involved in violence against demonstrators during the Syrian Civil War.[65]
      • Asef Isa Shalish, nephew of Dhu al-Himma, is the manager of SES, a company that was involved in the weapons trade with Iraq and Iran.[45][59][66]
    • Riyad Shalish, a cousin of Bashar Assad and the former director of the governmental construction organization the Military Housing Establishment, which during the 1990s he managed to transform into his own company. He made a fortune on construction and contracting deals in Syria involving large scale projects financed by other Arab states. On 24 June 2011, the EU sanctioned him for providing funding to the regime to repress protesters of the Syrian Civil War.[65][67]

Ahmed al-Assad

  • Ahmed al-Assad (1910–1975), was an older half-brother of Hafiz from Ali's first wife Sa'ada.[68]
    • Anwar al-Assad,
      • Hilal al-Assad, was the president of the Syrian Arabian Horse Association. Hilal was killed on 22 March 2014, in the battle for a border crossing with Turkey in the north of Latakia.
        • Suleiman al-Assad, Hilal's son, was arrested in August 2015 after allegedly murdering an off-duty colonel in a 'road rage' incident in Latakia.[69] He was sentenced to 20 years in prison but in late 2020 was released after four years.[70]
      • Hael al-Assad, is the head of the Military Police of the army's 4th Armoured Division, whose official commander is General Ali Ammar, but whose de facto commander is Maher al-Assad. He is also the director of the prison in which Maher al-Assad keeps his personal prisoners outside of state jurisdiction.[68]
      • Haroun al-Assad, is an elected municipal official of the village of Qardaha.[68]
      • Daad al-Assad, is married to General Zouheir al-Assad, who was born in 1958 and is a distant cousin. General Zouheir al-Assad commanded the 90th Regiment, a unit of some 10,000 men, charged with protecting the capital.[68]
        • Karam Al Assad, leads a group of Shabiha. He and his group of shabiha led an assault against the peaceful protests during the "night of destiny". The assault ended in two deaths and dozens injured.[68]

Isma'il al-Assad

  • Isma'il al-Assad (1913–?) was an older half-brother of Hafiz from Ali's first wife Sa'ada.
    • Tawfiq al-Assad,
      • Muhammad al-Assad, another leader of the "Struggle companies". He was killed in a dispute with a powerful person over control in the al-Qerdaha area of Latakia province, on 14 March 2015.[71]
        • Hussein al-Assad, son of Muhammad. He took over the criminal network of his father and reorganized it into a paramilitary unit, the Lions of Hussein.[72]

Ibrahim al-Assad

  • Ibrahim al-Assad, was an older half-brother of Hafiz al-Assad from Ali Sulayman's first wife Sa'ada. He was married to Umm Anwar who took over the smuggling business of her son Malek.[73]
    • Malek al-Assad was the first known smuggler in the Assad family.[73]

About Hafiz's siblings who died early: Bayat, Bahijat and an unknown sister almost nothing is known.[7]

Anisa's siblings

Makhlouf family

The Makhloufs belong to the

financial advisor to Hafiz al-Assad after the former President married Makhlouf's sister. The family headed by Mohammad Makhlouf has established a vast financial empire in the telecommunication, retail, banking, power generation, and oil and gas sectors. The net worth of the family was estimated in 2010 to be at least five billion dollars.[45][75]

  • Mohammed Makhlouf (1932–2020),[76] made a fortune, both through management of state companies and in the private sector.[77]
    • Rami Makhlouf (born 1969), is a wealthy businessman and the main owner of SyriaTel.[45] According to the Financial Times he is thought to control as much as 60% of the economy through his web of business interests that include telecommunications, oil and gas, construction, banking, airlines and retail, and he is widely seen as the business arm of the Assad government.[50][78] He is regarded as Syria's wealthiest man – worth approximately 5 billion dollars.[79] In 2020, intense dispute arose between Makhlouf and Bashar al-Assad over the issue of backtaxes; which severely damaged Assad's reputation amongst Alawite loyalists.[80]
    • General Security Directorate and intelligence chief of the Damascus branch.[81][50][78][82][83][62]
    • General Security Directorate officer. The EU, US,[84] and UK[85] sanctioned him for being involved in violence against the civilian population during the Syrian Civil War.[55]
    • Ihab Makhlouf (born 1973), twin of Iyad Makhlouf, is former Vice-Chairman of SyriaTel[86] and caretaker for Rami Makhlouf's US company. The EU sanctioned him for providing funding to the Assad government and allowing violence against demonstrators in the Syrian Civil War.[55] He is believed to be in charge of the sniper units that are being used to shoot at protestors in the uprising.[87]
  • Fatma Makhlouf, sister of Anisa Makhlouf.
  • General Adnan Makhlouf, first cousin of Anisa, former commander of the Republican Guard.[89]
  • General Talal Makhlouf, cousin of Anisa, former commander of the Republican Guard.[90]

Hafiz's cousins

Other relatives

  • Numeir al-Assad, second degree cousin of Hafiz's children, led the Shabiha in Latakia.[10]
  • Nizar al-Assad, is a cousin of Bashar Al-Assad. He was the head of the Nizar Oilfield Supplies company. He was sanctioned by the EU for being very close to key government officials and for financing Shabiha in the region of Latakia.[65]
  • Fawaz al-Assad, nephew of Hafiz, leader of Shabiha[95]
  • Mundhir al-Assad, nephew of Hafiz, leader of Shabiha[95]
  • Samer al-Assad, son of Kamal and grandson of Ismael who was a half-brother of Hafiz al-Assad, runs one of several
    Captagon factories in Al-Bassah.[96]

See also

Notes

  1. Arabic: عَائِلَة الْأَسَد, romanized
    : ʿāʾilat al-ʾAsad

References

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Bibliography

External links

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